新型改性淀粉水处理剂在水体中的降解实验研究

研究了二硫代氨基甲酸改性玉米淀粉(DTCS)及其捕集重金属后产物在水体中的稳定性,考察了氧化剂、光催化氧化等不同方法下的降解效果.确定了降解的最佳反应条件.当氧化剂和紫外光共同作用时,降解效果更好.对降解产物的定性、定量分析结果表明,降解产物无毒,该水处理剂在水体中可安全降解.     

交联淀粉微球微波辅助反相乳液法合成及性能研究

以甲基紫吸附去除效率作为考核指标,研究了淀粉(ST)、交联剂N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)、引发剂(K2S2O8/NaHSO3)用量、聚合温度以及聚合反应时间等因素对微波辅助反相乳液法制备交联淀粉微球(CSM)的影响,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、电镜扫描仪(SEM)、比表面积分析仪等对CSM进行了表征,对比了优化条件下水浴和微波两种不同加热方式合成CSM的吸附效率.结果表明,MBAA成功与淀粉交联成类球状聚合物,聚合微球平均粒径约为9.253μm,聚合微球明显增加了微孔面积,微波加热合成的CSM对甲基紫的吸附率高于水浴加热合成的CSM.     

聚苯乙烯树脂吸附水中磺基水杨酸的研究

研究了两种聚苯乙烯树脂对水中磺基水杨酸的吸附行为,同时探讨了氨基修饰聚苯乙烯树脂的吸附动力学特性．结果表明,在所研究的磺基水杨酸浓度范围内,Langmuir和Freundich吸附等温方程都能很好地描述吸附平衡数据．采用氨基修饰制备的NDA-900树脂具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是NDA-900树脂吸附磺基水杨酸速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型加以描述．     

新型交联壳聚糖材料对地下水重金属Zn~(2+)的吸附性能

地下水重金属污染的原位修复技术研究日益受到关注.利用课题组研发的聚乙二醇(PEG400)作为交联剂合成的新型交联壳聚糖材料,用该新型材料吸附地下水中重金属Zn~(2+),探讨CTS:PEG比例和Zn~(2+)印迹量对吸附效果的影响,通过该材料对Zn~(2+)的吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学关系,讨论其吸附的内在机理.研究发现CTS:PEG=1:2和印迹的Zn~(2+)量是0.5%的交联壳聚糖,去除重金属Zn~(2+)的效率最高;其非平衡吸附遵循准二级动力学模型,吸附速率为0.1260mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1);在20℃,溶液pH值为7条件下,PEG-CTS对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附容量是18.20 mg·g~(-1),平均吸附能量是9.66kJ·mol~(-1);化学吸附为主,也包含物理吸附.     

树脂吸附法去除水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚

研究后交联反应前后氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球对水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP10EO)的吸附.结果表明,后交联反应能显著改善氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球对NP10EO的吸附性能.两种吸附剂的吸附行为均不受溶液初始pH值的影响.吸附动力学结果显示,NP10EO在后交联反应前后氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球上的吸附符合二级动力学.     

黄河中下游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河中下游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：（1）不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的变化趋势,吸附速率均在前8h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物含量增大而减小;（2）不同沉积物在不同P初始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber-Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在11.9866～157.55g·mg^-1·h^-1和0.0005～0.0119mg·g^-1·h^-1/2之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内扩散控制。     

苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)的动力学和热力学研究

利用化学氧化法合成苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物,通过静态吸附实验研究了该共聚物吸附水中汞离子的动力学和热力学.对实验数据采用准一级和准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程进行拟合,并进行相应的热力学分析.研究结果表明,苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物对水中Hg(Ⅱ)具有很好的去除效果,最大吸附容量达800mg·g-1,吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附焓变化量ΔH=58.51kJ·mol-1,表明该吸附反应为化学吸附且为吸热反应;三种实验温度下吉布斯自由能变化量均为负值,表明该吸附反应能自发进行。     

壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附作用研究

以壳聚糖和螺旋藻粉为原料,采用滴加成球的方法制备一种新型的重金属吸附剂——壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球。通过反应温度、搅拌速度、提取时间和交联剂的加入量的条件控制研究壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的成球效果;通过正交试验设计研究壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球对Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳吸附条件;通过SEM分析其表面和局部结构;通过吸附动力学实验研究其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程。实验结果表明,(1)制备壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的成球效果受反应温度、搅拌速度、提取时间和交联剂的加入量的影响。交联剂戊二醛的最佳质量分数为50%,反应温度应控制在65℃左右。(2)各个因素对壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响强弱顺序为:Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的初始质量浓度壳聚糖与螺旋藻配比搅拌时间初始p H值。理论上壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球吸附Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的最佳条件组合为:壳聚糖与螺旋藻配比为1∶1,Cr(Ⅵ)溶液初始质量浓度为120 mg·L~(-1),初始p H值为6,搅拌时间为2.5 h。利用此组合对Cr(Ⅵ)进行吸附研究,得出壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的吸附量达到24.795 mg·g~(-1),比正交试验中最大吸附量高出13.80 mg·g~(-1)。(3)壳聚糖交联螺旋藻小球的电镜扫描结果显示小球表面粗糙,具有疏松多孔网状结构。(4)吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,基本符合准一级动力学模型。     

糯小麦回交改良群体中Wx基因的遗传和品质效应

在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失对降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。研究发现,在Wx基因的所有8种基因型之间,直链淀粉含量差异显著;研究单缺失基因型发现,对直链淀粉含量减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b,而Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b没有显著差异;研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力以Wx-B1a最高,Wx-A1a最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a差异很小.直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合.直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质.全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其它粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932).表5参37     

交联壳聚糖乙酸酯冠醚对金属离子的吸附性能研究

本文合成了二苯并-16-冠-5-氯代乙酸酯冠醚和3,5-二叔丁基-二苯并-14-冠-4-双氯代乙酸酯冠醚,然后分别将之与交联壳聚糖(简称CCTS)反应,制备了交联壳聚糖二苯并-16-冠-5-乙酸酯冠醚(简称CCTS-1)和交联壳聚糖3,5-二叔丁基-二苯并-14-冠-4-双乙酸酯冠醚(简称CCTS-2),并研究了它们对Pb~(2+),Cu~(2+),Cr~(3+),Ni~(2+),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能。结果表明:这两种吸附剂对pb~(2+),Cu~(2+)有较高的吸附选择性。     

Ammonia and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff using cash crop waste-derived biochars

• Orange tree residuals biochar had a better ability to adsorb ammonia. • Modified tea tree residuals biochar had a stronger ability to remove phosphorus. • Partially-modified biochar could remove ammonia and phosphorus at the same time. • The real runoff experiment showed an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of about 80%. • The removal rate of total phosphorus in real runoff experiment was about 95%. Adsorption of biochars (BC) produced from cash crop residuals is an economical and practical technology for removing nutrients from agricultural runoff. In this study, BC made of orange tree trunks and tea tree twigs from the Laoguanhe Basin were produced and modified by aluminum chloride (Al-modified) and ferric sulfate solutions (Fe-modified) under various pyrolysis temperatures (200°C–600°C) and residence times (2–5 h). All produced and modified BC were further analyzed for their abilities to adsorb ammonia and phosphorus with initial concentrations of 10–40 mg/L and 4–12 mg/L, respectively. Fe-modified Tea Tree BC 2h/400°C showed the highest phosphorus adsorption capacity of 0.56 mg/g. Al-modified Orange Tree BC 3h/500°C showed the best performance for ammonia removal with an adsorption capacity of 1.72 mg/g. FTIR characterization showed that P = O bonds were formed after the adsorption of phosphorus by modified BC, N-H bonds were formed after ammonia adsorption. XPS analysis revealed that the key process of ammonia adsorption was the ion exchange between K⁺ and NH₄⁺. Phosphorus adsorption was related to oxidation and interaction between PO₄^3– and Fe³⁺. According to XRD results, ammonia was found in the form of potassium amide, while phosphorus was found in the form of iron hydrogen phosphates. The sorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich equation fits better for phosphorus adsorption, while the Langmuir equation fits better for ammonia adsorption. The simulated runoff infiltration experiment showed that 97.3% of ammonia was removed by Al-modified Orange tree BC 3h/500°C, and 92.9% of phosphorus was removed by Fe-modified Tea tree BC 2h/400°C.     

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Iron-modified corn straw biochar was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff. When agricultural runoffs with a total phosphorus (TP) concentration of 1.86 mg·L⁻¹ to 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ were filtered at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h through a filtration column packed with the modified biochar, a TP removal efficiency of over 99% and an effluent TP concentration of less than 0.02 mg·L⁻¹ were achieved. The isotherms of the phosphorus adsorption by the modified biochar fitted the Freundlich equation better than the Langmuir equation. The mechanism of the phosphorus adsorbed by the modified biochar was analyzed by using various technologies, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the surface of the modified biochar was covered by small iron granules, which were identified as Fe₃O₄. The results also showed that new iron oxides were formed on the surface of the modified biochar after the adsorption of phosphorus. Moreover, new bonds of Fe-O-P and P-C were found, which suggested that the new iron oxides tend to be Fe₅(PO₄)₄(OH)₃. Aside from removing phosphorus, adding the modified biochar into soil also improved soil productivity. When the modified biochar-to-soil rate was 5%, the stem, root, and bean of broad bean plants demonstrated increased growth rates of 91%, 64%, and 165%, respectively.     

黄河沉积物对磷的吸附行为

研究了黄河流域9个沉积物对磷的吸附行为,用修改后的Langmuir等温吸附模型对吸附实验数据进行了拟合,得到最大吸附容量PAC、Langmuir吸附平衡常数k.利用所得拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到EPC_0,以此判断沉积物是磷"源"还是磷"汇",分析了沉积物组成及其理化性质与磷吸附特征的关系.结果表明,各沉积物的吸附,解吸平衡磷浓度EPC_0范围在0.0031～0.109 3 mg/L,,其值也较低,与可解吸的内源磷含量正相关,与地理位置没有表现出相关性.在本研究条件下,在壶口张家湾断面,沉积物对磷表现为"汇";而其他沉积物对磷表现为"源",但释放量和吸附量不大.黄河沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量PAC的范围为0.073～0.454 mg/L,吸附能力较弱,沉积物的最大吸附容量与沉积物的有机质有较好的正相关关系.此外,沉积物对磷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度C_S效应,吸附滞后角随着C_S的增加而增大,随着同体浓度的增加,沉积物对P的吸附量逐渐降低,但EPCC_0值却增大,体现了颗粒物在磷循环中的两性作用.     

黄河上游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河上游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的趋势,吸附速率均在前8 h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48 h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物质量浓度增大而减小,且也受水体pH值的影响,在pH为6.0~9.0范围内吸附量比较大。不同沉积物在不同P起始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber–Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在10.85~229.29 g.mg-1.h-1和0.7×10-3~5.2×10-3 mg.g-1？h-1/2）之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内的扩散控制。     

Turnover of tracer (14C, 3H labelled) alanine in inshore marine sediments

The turnover rate constants (k) of alanine in coastal marine sediments were measured using ³H-and ¹⁴C-alanine in tracer amounts (less than in situ concentrations of alanine in the porewater). After incubation ¹⁴C-label was recovered in free dissolved alanine, adsorbed alanine, volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide pools. Alanine left the free dissolved pool by two processes: 1) adsorption (k=0.06 min^-1) and 2) biological uptake (k=0.16 min^-1). Adsorption of alanine was deduced from the persistence of ¹⁴C-alanine, which was slowly metabolized after an initial rapid rate of degradation. Adsorption was confirmed in biologically inactivated sediments. The adsorbed ¹⁴C-alanine was only partially exchanged by the addition of excess non-labelled alanine, indicating the existence of at least 2 different adsorbed pools. The rates of adsorption and desorption were equal, but the k-values were different, indicating that the adsorbed pool was 2500 fold greater than the free pool. From the biological turnover rate constant (0.16 min^-1), the mineralization percentage (80%) and the concentration of alanine (800 nmol l^-1 of porewater) a mineralization rate in the sediment of 75 nmol cm^-3 d^-1 was determined. This was in excess of the measured total NH ₄ ⁺ production. It is concluded that much of the dissolved alanine (800 nm) was biologically unavailable and a more realistic free dissolved pool would be 10 nM.     

铝铁改性淀粉复合絮凝剂对甲基紫的絮凝机理

以模拟甲基紫染料废水为处理对象,通过测定絮凝R值、Zeta电位、脱色率与CODCr去除率,研究了自配铝铁改性淀粉复合絮凝剂(CAFS)的絮凝特性,初步探讨了其絮凝机理.结果表明,该复合絮凝剂为阳离子型高分子絮凝剂,絮凝初期作用机理趋于"吸附电中和",絮凝后期作用机理以"絮凝架桥"和"卷扫网捕"为主,絮凝性能受pH值影响显著.在pH=11.0,投加量为0.330 mg·L-1时,甲基紫处理效果最优,CODCr去除率达41.0%,色度去除率高达98.0%,其絮体形态密实、含水率低.     

湘南红壤对NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸附机理研究

本文研究了湘南第四纪红粘土发育的红壤对NO_3和SO_4~(2-)的吸附等温线。结果表明红壤对NO_3~-的吸附在浓度低时为负吸附,浓度高时为正吸附,吸附机理为非专性吸附,红壤对SO_4~(2-)的吸附等温式以Freundlich方程最好,在达到最大吸量(X_m)之前,SO_4~(2-)以置换羟基(—OH)的配位吸附为主;而在达到最大吸附量以后,以非专性物理吸附为主。     

The adsorption of lead and copper from aqueous solution on modified peat-resin particles

Raw peat was modified with sulfuric acid, then mixed modified with resin to prepare the modified peat-resin particles. Using the batch experimental systems, the removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) on the modified peat-resin particles was investigated. The data of the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir equation well. The adsorption rate of heavy metals on modified peat-resin particles was very swift. The removal processes of heavy metals on modified peat-resin particles could be well described by pseudo-second order model. The adsorption rate of lead was affected by the initial heavy metal concentration, initial pH, particle size, agitation speed and particle mass. In the adsorption of heavy metals (lead and copper) on the modified peat-resin particles, ion exchange was the major reaction mechanism. Desorption data showed that the lead adsorbed by modified peat-resin particle could be desorbed by 0.5 N or 1.0 N HNO3. The desorption rate was swift. The experiments indicated that the modified peat-resin particles have great potential for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.