杭州湾南岸滩涂环境状况及与贝类养殖的关系

浙江省慈溪市滩涂环境与贝类养殖的调查结果显示，杭州湾海域水中石油类及无机氮含量介于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类海水水质标准之间，无机磷平均含量超过Ⅳ类海水水质标准。滩涂底质总体上符合海洋沉积物第一类标准，但一些样点多氯联苯（PCBs）超标。分离N2976株细菌，隶属17个属及肠杆菌科的部分属，具有明显的陆源性特点。发现浮游生物71种，主要为硅藻类等广盐性种类，大部分为贝类的主要天然饵料。石油类、Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu及PCBs残留量在一些贝体内不同程度地超过GB18421-2001《海洋生物贝类质量标准》。为有效改良和保育滩涂环境，提高养殖贝类的产量和质量，在揭示滩涂环境与贝类养殖关系的基础上，提出了一些统筹兼顾的措施和建议。     

海洋滩涂贝类养殖环境的研究现状

随着海洋滩涂贝类养殖业的发展，滩涂贝类养殖环境日趋恶化，生物病原大量滋生，养殖生产受到了严重的阻碍。文章介绍了我国滩涂的分布、类型和资源开发利用状况；结合滩涂贝类养殖生产和发病状况，从微生物学、底栖生态学和污染生态化学等角度，对我国在海洋滩涂贝类养殖环境方而取得的研究成果进行了综述；提出了滩涂贝类养殖环境方面亟需解决的问题。这些问题包括养殖容量的确定、底栖生物生态的研究、健康养殖模式的确立和污染环境的生物修复等。     

海口市售6种海洋贝类中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量及其潜在致癌风险评价

运用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定海口市售6种贝类中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,评价其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,7种指示性PCBs在海口市售海洋贝类中的含量为17.51～47.43 ng·g-1(以干重计),平均含量为32.78 ng·g-1。贝类中指示性PCBs的组成以中、低氯代PCBs为主(三氯-PCBs、四氯-PCBs和五氯-PCBs),其中四氯-PCBs占总PCBs的38.49%。与我国其他相关研究相比,海口市售海洋贝类中PCBs的总含量处于中等水平。成人通过贝类摄入途径暴露指示性PCBs对消费者的5%、50%以及95%致癌风险均小于美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,表明海口市售海洋贝类中指示性PCBs对成人消费者的致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。     

胶州湾贝类养殖区沉积物中汞分布与无机汞不同结合态的初步探究

为了研究贝类养殖对沉积物中汞的分布与不同结合态的影响,2012年5月至2013年5月在胶州湾的红岛、黄岛、胶南以及营海贝类养殖区采集55份沉积物样品,分别用冷原子吸收法和连续提取法测定其总汞及不同结合态汞的含量.研究结果表明,胶州湾贝类养殖区沉积物中总汞含量范围为0.037—0.228 mg·kg~(-1),其中红岛养殖区汞含量最高,超过环境背景值3.2倍.总汞含量在垂直方向上呈从底部到表层增加的趋势,且在沉积物表层富集.通过对比不同区域及不同年代胶州湾表层沉积物总汞含量,发现贝类养殖使得胶州湾养殖区沉积物汞污染程度加重.此外,沉积物中汞主要以残渣态为主,占总汞含量的31.46%,交换态与可溶态所占比例最少,仅占总汞含量的9.06%.几个养殖区域的汞污染程度依次为:红岛营海黄岛胶南,汞的潜在生态风险因子计算结果表明,胶州湾养殖区沉积物存在中等以上的生态风险.     

红树种植–养殖耦合系统牡蛎石油烃含量及红树净化效果

为减少滩涂养殖中的石油烃污染危害、提高水产品的品质,以珠江口滩涂红树林种植–养殖系统耦验示范研究基地A、B两系统的7个红树种植–养殖塘[包括桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的单种或组合种植]为对象,采用荧光分光光度法监测了水体、底质及吊养的近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)肉质的石油烃含量.结果表明,牡蛎体内石油烃含量在11.10~29.3 mg/kg之间;与水体中石油烃含量呈正相关(r=0.88),牡蛎能很好地指示水体水质状况.单种或组合种植秋茄、桐花树、木榄、红海榄4种红树植物能有效降低水体石油烃含量,与对照相比降幅为50%~80%;使牡蛎的石油烃含量受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,红树种植塘牡蛎石油烃含量降幅在20%~60%不等.木榄和桐花树种植塘中,牡蛎中石油烃平均含量分别为11.20 mg/kg、14.13 mg/kg,能达到无公害水产品标准.因此红树种植–养殖塘具有"种植岛基质–红树植物–微生物"的协同效应,通过物理、化学和生物的共同作用降低了水体石油烃的含量,从而提高了养殖生物的品质.     

小窑湾双壳贝类筏式养殖对海域环境的影响

在对小窑湾海水交换、海域环境现状、底质环境、养殖区生物代谢产生的IN、IP以有浮游植物消长的研究中，首次发现了在没有陆域污染源入海的海湾型双壳贝类筏式养殖区养殖生物产生的IN、IP与浮游植物消长有其独特的平衡关系和制约机制：一方面养殖贝类排泄的IN、IP被浮游植物利用，另一方面贝类摄食又控制了浮游植物的爆发性增殖，同时解释了养殖区水质质量相对较好的原因。     

椒江河口滩涂贝类时空分布与环境因子的关系

在椒江口两岸共布设6条潮间带采样断面,于2007年10月和2008年1月、4月和7月进行大型底栖动物及环境因子(水温、沉积物温度、沉积物结构、盐度、滩涂宽度、总有机物和油类含量)的调查和测定;运用典范对应方法分析了贝类栖息密度和生物量与各环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)研究区域共记录到贝类动物23种,其中腹足纲16种,双壳纲7种;(2)贝类柄息密度和生物量季节变化不显著,空间变化显著,平均值分别为610.01 ind m~(-2) 和25.40 g m~(-2);岩头断面中国绿螂的栖息密度和生物餐的季节均值分别可达2 415.28 ind m~(-2) 和110.41 g m~(-2),远高于其他物种;(3)典范对应分析结果显示,滩涂宽度、油类含量、有机质含量和沉积物粒度等环境因子与贝类的分布存在较大相关性.图5表3参28     

自动固相微萃取-气相色谱法分析无公害海水养殖用水的多氯联苯

建立了AutoSPME-GC联用分析无公害海水养殖水环境中8种痕量PCBs的方法,优化了萃取温度,研究了萃取时间、盐度和涂层中PCBs的残留量对萃取方法的影响.该法最低检出限为0.7-1.9ng·μl-1,RSD(n=5)为2.2%-8.2%,回收率为79.8%-108.0%,该法简单、快速,适合海水中PCBs分析.     

多氯联苯在土壤中的吸附规律及其影响因素研究

为了建立定量描述土壤中多氯联苯（PCBs）迁移规律的数学模型,以采自现代黄河三角洲地区的土壤为研究对象,针对类二噁英类多氯联苯PCB81及阻转类多氯联苯PCB95在土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,获得了其吸附等温方程并分析了土壤有机质含量、颗粒组成、pH、矿物质含量等特性参数对吸附量的影响。结果表明,PCBs在土壤中的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;PCBs的吸附量与土壤中有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量呈正相关关系,与土壤pH值及土壤矿物质含量无明显相关关系。     

浙江省沿海地区四种贝类中砷的形态及含量分布

贝类等海产品中砷的含量比其它食品高,因为贝类不同程度地具有富集砷的能力.通过检测它的组织污染程度能反映水体环境的化学物质变化.贝类中砷的形态多种多样,包括无机砷和有机砷,有机砷包括甲基砷、二甲基砷、砷甜菜碱、砷胆碱等,通常是低毒或者无毒的,而无机砷的毒性远大于有机砷.因此,考察海洋食品中砷的限量主要是检测其无机砷的含量.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).