工业化规模超声波预处理对不同固体浓度污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

针对活性污泥厌氧消化水解速率慢的问题,通过工业化规模超声波反应器对不同固体浓度污泥开展了破解研究。采用粒径分析及溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖浓度监测的方法研究了超声波破解前后污泥物理化学特性的变化;评估了超声波破解对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及有机物降解规律的影响。结果表明:工业化规模超声波破解不同固体浓度污泥后,污泥粒径均有所降低,而溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖的浓度均有增加;超声波对污泥的破解程度与破解时间和固体浓度有关,其随破解时间增加而增加,随污泥固体浓度增加而减弱;超声波破解固体浓度2%和4%的污泥30 min后,累积甲烷产率分别提升41.2%和30.2%,当破解时间和固体浓度进一步增加时,污泥甲烷产率无明显变化。本研究结果可为超声波破解污泥技术的工业化应用提供参考。     

石灰干化污泥对土壤重金属稳定化处理的效果

以采自湖南省嘉禾县重金属复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用城市污水处理石灰干化污泥作为稳定剂,对污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并采用TCLP和BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。研究结果表明,单独使用石灰干化污泥,TCLP浸出浓度随着干化污泥质量分数的增加而显著减少,干化污泥的质量分数为40%时,稳定化率最大为Zn-98.92%、Cd-99.06%、Pb-96.84%;但是干化污泥的高pH值导致稳定后土壤中As的浸出增加。为了恢复植物生长功能,经过亚铁盐和磷酸调节pH后,石灰干化污泥稳定过的土壤pH有效降低,同时亚铁盐和磷酸有利于促进Pb和Zn的稳定效果;但是对Cd的稳定有负面影响;另外,亚铁盐的加入同时可以减少As的浸出浓度。经处理后土壤中重金属形态由不稳定态转为稳定态,使重金属的浸出浓度明显降低,减少了土壤重金属的浸出毒性。该研究结果表明,石灰干化污泥可以作为资源回收利用,应用于重金属污染土壤的修复中,并能改善稳定后土壤适宜植物生长的理化性质。     

MBR污泥热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究

针对MBR污泥开展热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究,考察了热水解对污泥性质、厌氧消化效率和污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,热水解后污泥中总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)的含量基本不变,但污泥的溶解性总固体(s TS)和溶解性挥发性固体(s VS)含量提高至原泥的10倍左右,总固体解离度(TSDD)和挥发性固体解离度(VSDD)分别为31.7%和51.9%,同时污泥的黏度由927.8 m Pa·s降低至550.4 m Pa·s,污泥流动性显著增强。热水解处理可有效提高污泥厌氧消化反应效率,沼气产量和有机分解率均提高1倍,化学需氧量(COD)消减率由33%上升至44%,但热水解厌氧消化后污泥NH+4-N浓度为传统厌氧消化的2倍。此外热水解能有效改善污泥脱水性能,不添加任何药剂时,热水解污泥经板框压滤机脱水后含水率可降至33.29%。     

超声波工作参数对污泥中磷释放的影响

若能有效释放与回收污泥中的磷,对缓解磷资源短缺有重要意义.为获得较好的磷释放效果,本研究以剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了超声波法处理污泥过程中超声波作用时间和声能密度对磷释放的影响.实验结果表明,在超声波作用60 min内,污泥中的磷释放量随超声波作用时间的延长而明显增加;磷释放随声能密度的提高呈现先快后慢的上升趋势,声能密度在0.2～1.2 W/mL范围时,其对磷释放的贡献度随超声波作用时间的提高而降低;污泥所释放的磷以PO3--P为主,占所释放TP的59.5％ ～87.2％;污泥中磷的释放量随超声能量增大而提高,上升趋势为先快后慢,在相同超声能量下,低声能密度长超声波作用时间下的磷释放效果优于高声能密度短时间下的释放效果.     

氧化-铁盐絮凝联合对调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

实验对比考察了活性氯预氧化与铁盐(Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ))混凝改善市政污泥脱水性能。结果表明:预氧化可改善污泥脱水效果,氯投量为200 mg·g~(-1)时污泥比阻(specific resistance to filtration,SRF)由5.3×109m·kg~(-1)降低至2.0×109m·kg~(-1),进一增加氯投量,SRF反而升高;单独三价铁盐可明显改善污泥脱水性能,但二价铁效果有限;预氧化之后再投加Fe(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ),SRF较单独铁盐条件下分别降低40.3%和78.3%。进一步研究证实,预氧化可破坏污泥的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS),并导致胞内蛋白质和多糖的释放,且蛋白质和多糖含量与污泥脱水性能呈明显正相关性。活性氯预氧化与铁盐混凝联合调理可明显改善污泥脱水性能,且氧化与混凝的协同作用是其主要机制。     

钛石膏改性胶结材干化湖泊污泥效果及机理

通过不同养护龄期下钛石膏改性胶结材和生石灰掺量对城市湖泊污泥干化效果影响的对比研究,揭示了钛石膏改性胶结材干化污泥的效果和机理。实验结果表明,随着养护龄期增长,干化污泥含水率减少量逐渐增大;同一养护龄期,掺20%钛石膏改性胶结材的干化污泥含水率减少量明显高于掺20%生石灰的干化污泥含水率减少量;干化污泥p H趋于8时,掺20%生石灰干化污泥所用时间是掺20%钛石膏改性胶结材所用时间的7.5倍。XRD和SEM分析表明,钛石膏改性胶结材水化生成难溶的水化硅酸钙凝胶和钙矾石晶体,将大量自由水转化为结晶水;同时,水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石晶体和污泥中固体颗粒之间的互相搭接和紧密结合,彻底改变了原污泥松散团聚的结构体系,将干化污泥中各相牢固地粘结成一个整体,这是钛石膏改性胶结材干化效果好的关键。     

电镀污泥中铜镍回收方法及工艺的研究

研究了电镀污泥中铜、镍的回收方法及工艺,采用硫酸浸出,浸出液在电压为2.4 V时电解3.5 h,铜的总回收率在99%以上,同时将Fe2 氧化成Fe3 ,电解余液(电解铜之后的溶液)加热至90℃,用磷酸盐调节pH至3.0,磷酸钠投加倍数为形成磷酸盐沉淀理论用量的1.4倍,99%的铁、铝、铬被去除.镍的总回收率约在97%以上.     

含油污泥焦化液相油收率影响因素研究

油田产生的高含油污泥,采用催化焦化的方法进行处理,回收其中的原油,分析了影响含油污泥焦化液相油收率的主要因素,采用正交和单因素实验方法对各因素进行考察,确定了高液相油收率的含油污泥焦化操作条件;处理后的焦化固体产物能够达到农用污泥标准。     

钢铁厂冷轧废水污泥中铬回收实验研究

钢铁厂冷轧废水污泥中含有10%以上的铬、20%以上的铁和1.5%以上的锌(均以质量分数计).为了从污泥中回收铬,首先研究了污泥中铬的形态,确定为Cr(Ⅲ);然后以碳酸钠为氧化助剂,将污泥与碳酸钠按一定比例混合后焙烧,再用水浸取.研究了碳酸钠的添加量、焙烧温度和时间、浸取时间和浸取方式对铬回收率的影响.研究表明,每克干污泥中添加0.6 g或以上碳酸钠,在固定床上700 ℃焙烧4 h以上,可实现60%以上的总铬浸出率,残渣为Fe2O3基脱硫剂原料.     

超声波预处理提高污泥好氧消化性能研究

为评价超声波预处理对提高污泥生物消化的作用,采用超声波预处理与好氧消化衔接,测试了污泥消化的溶解性有机物(SCOD)、TSS及蛋白酶变化过程.结果表明,污泥超声波预处理效果较好的能量密度与时间分别为12 kW/L和10 min,此时有机物释放与能量输入之比较优;在此条件下,经预处理后的污泥好氧消化性能明显比未处理的高.消化时间为10.5 d时,经超声波预处理的污泥TSS减量42.7%,而未处理的污泥仅减量20.9%.经超声波预处理后,污泥中的蛋白酶活性明显提高;同时,超声波预处理释放出较多的可溶性物质.因此,增加的可溶性物质与蛋白酶活性使得污泥迅速降解,提高了污泥好氧消化效率,缩短了污泥好氧消化时间.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.