铬污染场地原位修复技术应用现状与展望

六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)是一种来源广泛的重金属污染物,因其形态、价态多样,地球化学反应过程极其复杂,同时国内Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地众多,对其修复具有很大的挑战性。原位修复因不开挖土方、对环境干扰小等诸多优势逐渐成为污染场地修复策略的主流。综述了国内外Cr(Ⅵ)不同类型原位修复技术研究进展,在结合大量原位修复工程案例的基础上重点分析了原位生物、原位化学修复技术与不同注入方式的应用效果。阐明了不同类型原位修复技术的适用地层条件、适用浓度范围、影响半径、修复工期、修复介质、药剂类型及用量与施加方式等关键参数。针对复杂的Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地,建立精准的污染场地概念模型,选取高效适宜的修复药剂和注入方式或者修复工艺组合,是确保修复效果的关键。通过分析现有Cr(Ⅵ)不同原位修复技术在实际应用中的优缺点,探索其在不同场景的适用性,同时对技术发展方向进行了展望。

     

污染沉积物AVS对水丝蚓体内重金属积累的影响

对珠江三角洲一条典型城市污染河流中11个采样站位沉积物、上覆水和底栖动物样本进行了分析,测定了寡毛纲颤蚓科底栖动物水丝蚓(Limnodrilus sp-)体内的Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd含量及沉积物酸挥发性硫化物(Acid Volatile Sulfide,AVS),以及同步提取金属(Simultaneous Extracted Metals,SEM)、有机碳(OC)等环境指标,分析r生物指标与环境指标之间的关系,主要目的是探讨重污染区域沉积物AVS对水丝蚓体内重金属积累的影响.所测28个样品水丝蚓体内重金属含量BIO Pb、BIOzn、BUOcu、BIONI、BIOCd的均值分别为0.108、3.087、1.106、0.250、0.016μmo1.g-1.Pearson相关分析结果表明,水丝蚓体内重金属积累(∑B105)与沉积物重金属含量(∑SEM5)显著相关(r=0.795,P<0·01).当SEM大于AVS时,大部分站位水丝蚓体内重金属较高,但当SEM小于AVS时,水丝蚓体内重金属含量也不低(均值为4.074lxmol.g-1).∑RIO5 与(∑SEM5-AVS)无相关性,与(∑SEM 5-AVS)/foc的相关系数为0.725(p＜O.05),表明OC也是重金属生物积累的重要影响因子,将其作为SEM-AVS判据的一部分,有利于提高预测效果.     

Characterization of Methylocystis strain JTA1 isolated from aged refuse and its tolerance to chloroform

To accelerate the efficiency of methane biodegradation in landfills,a Gram-negative,rod-shaped,non-motile,non-spore-forming bacterium,JTA1,which can utilize methane as well as acetate,was isolated from the Laogang MSW landfills,Shanghai,China.Strain JTA1 was a member of genus Methylocystis on the basis of 16S rRNA and pmoA gene sequence similarity.The maximum specific cell growth rates(μmax=0.042 hr-1,R2=0.995) was derived through Boltzmann simulation,and the apparent half-saturation constants(Km(app)=7.08mmol/L,R2=0.982) was calculated according to Michaelis-Menton hyperbolic model,indicating that Methylocystis strain JTA1 had higher-affinity potential for methane oxidation than other reported methanotrophs.By way of adding the strain JTA1 culture,the methane consumption of aged refuse reached 115mL,almost two times of control experiment.In addition,high tolerance of Methylocystis strain JTA1 to chloroform could facilitate the methane oxidation of aged refuse bio-covers.At the chloroform concentration of 50mg/L,the methane-oxidation rate of bio-cover reached 0.114mL/(day·g),much higher than the highest rate,0.0135mL/(day·g),of reported bio-covers.In conclusion,strain JTA1 opens up a new possibility for environmental biotechnology,such as soil or landfills bioremediation and wastewater decontamination.     

污水河道污泥中大肠杆菌抗生素抗性与金属耐受性的耦合分析

城市污水河道受人为活动的影响,可能作为抗性细菌与抗性基因的储库,给人类生产生活带来巨大的威胁.本研究以中国寒区城市污水河道污泥为取样点,研究大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抗生素与金属的耐药现状,以评估中国寒区城市水环境受抗性细菌污染的情况与传播抗性的风险.利用选择性培养基从河道淤泥中分离出455株肠杆菌,并从中筛选出110株E.coli.抗生素表型结果显示:69.1%的E.coli分离株对至少1种抗生素具有抗性,其中,抗性最高的是氧四环素(42.7%);所有的E.coli对亚胺培南和呋喃妥因没有抗性;分离株E.coli DL27对检测的17种抗生素中的13种具有抗性,分离株E.coli DL18、分离株E.coli DL46对12种抗生素具有抗性.金属抗性表型检测结果显示:40.9%的E.coli对银(Ag)具有耐受性,3.6%的分离株对汞(Hg)、锌(Zn)具有耐受性,所有菌株对铜(Cu)无耐受性;且发现分离株E.coli DL35对9种抗生素和2种金属具有抗性.对E.coli群体15种抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)...     

满江红花青素在镉胁迫下的抗氧化作用

为了研究镉胁迫诱导满江红体内花青素合成的生理功能,采用镉诱导和体外实验的方法评价了满江红体内花青素的抗氧化作用.测试指标包括还原力、清除超氧阴离子(O-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟自由基(·OH)的能力.结果表明,花青素的还原力和对氧自由基的清除作用随花青素提取物浓度的增加而增加.因此,镉胁迫下合成的花青素是一种清除活性氧自由基的良好抗氧化剂.镉胁迫对满江红活性氧代谢影响的试验结果表明,在0.5mg·L-1Cd胁迫下,满江红体内O-2和H2O2大量积累,造成活性氧胁迫,说明花青素只能在一定程度上保护满江红免受过氧化伤害.本实验初步证实,花青素含量的增加是满江红抗性机理之一,可缓解镉的毒害.     

平邑甜茶根毛细胞离子流动性对PAHs胁迫的响应

以苹果砧木-平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd）幼苗为实验材料,采用营养液栽培,利用非损伤微测技术,研究多环芳烃（PAHs）中荧蒽和苯并（b）荧蒽胁迫处理对平邑甜茶幼苗根毛细胞Ca²⁺、K⁺、H⁺流速的影响.结果表明：（1）经荧蒽及苯并（b）荧蒽胁迫处理后,平邑甜茶幼苗根毛细胞Ca²⁺平均流速由对照的（-63.53±9.30）pmol/（cm²×s）分别增加到（+62.85±10.00）pmol/（cm²×s）、（91.33±19.72）pmol/（cm²×s）;K⁺流速平均值由基础流速（-60.56±14.56）pmol/（cm²×s）分别增至（+32.60±5.44）pmol/（cm²×s）、（+36.76±5.23）pmol/（cm²×s）;H⁺平均流速由对照的（+44.38±5.19）pmol/（cm²×s）分别降低至（-0.72±0.055）pmol/（cm²×s）、（-6.34±0.79）pmol/（cm²×s）.经荧蒽及苯并（b）荧蒽处理,根毛细胞表面Ca²⁺、K⁺、H⁺流动性发生明显逆转.Ca²⁺、K⁺表现为外排趋势,且外排量逐渐降低,最终趋于稳定;H⁺表现较稳定的内吸趋势.（2）苯并（b）荧蒽胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗根毛细胞离子流动性造成的毒性效应高于荧蒽.说明PAHs胁迫会破坏植物根毛细胞离子流动性,影响植物正常生长,为深入研究植物受PAHs胁迫所产生的响应提供理论依据.     

塔玛亚历山大藻经蒙古裸腹溞至美国红鱼鱼苗的麻痹性贝类毒素传递与代谢研究

首次采用枝角类作为麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,PSP)海洋食物链传递的媒介,实验研究了PSP从甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)经枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)至美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)鱼苗的动态传递与代谢过程.结果表明,塔玛亚历山大藻为550～4900个·mL-1时,蒙古裸腹潘体内可以检测到麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP),美国红鱼鱼苗因摄入含PSP的蒙古裸腹溞而染毒.整个实验过程中,塔玛亚历山大藻、蒙古裸腹溞、美国红鱼消化腺均含有N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1 2,后者还检测到新生成的氨基甲酸酯类毒素neoSTX.毒素传递给蒙古裸腹溞时,C1 2中β型毒素C2的比例增大,传递给鱼苗时,则α型毒素C1的比例增加.毒素净化期间,鱼苗体内的C1、C2含量基本呈下降趋势,但neoSTX未呈现特定规律性;总毒素含量除藻密度550个·mL-1实验外,随净化时间的推移而下降.     

改良铅锌矿渣对栾树幼苗铅锌富集与耐性机制

植物修复是尾矿区恢复的一项生态技术,添加基质改良剂可以减轻重金属对植物的胁迫,提高修复效率.以木本植物栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）作为供试植物,分别在100%尾矿（S）、90%的尾矿+5%蘑菇渣（SMC）+5% CaCO₃（MS）和天然红壤（RS）中进行盆栽试验.探究不同处理下栾树耐受Pb和Zn的生长富集效应、微观特征变化和基质中微生物多样性变化.结果表明,改良剂的添加相比于尾矿可以显著改善尾矿基质的理化结构,显著提升栾树的生物量、株高和叶绿素含量等相关生理指标,增加栾树中积累的重金属含量.处理组MS相较于对照组RS总根长增长达到69.3%,而对照组RS平均根径相较于对照组S下降118.7%.处理组MS与对照组S相比,Pb和Zn残渣态增加266.67%,弱酸可提取态和氧化物结合态显著降低,重金属对于植株迁移活性减弱.同时,多数重金属被栾树截留在根部,其根系构型的变化表明其在面对高浓度的Pb胁迫时具有较强的适应性.透射电镜（TEM）分析表明,对照组S中较高浓度的重金属含量会破坏细胞壁结构,对植物细胞造成毒害.改良剂的添加有效缓解了重金属胁迫对栾树各组织的影响,影响微生物群落的结构,显著提高微生物丰富度和多样性,增强栾树对重金属的适应性和植物修复能力.     

污染场地土壤中Cd人体可给性影响因素及对筛选值的影响

采用Unified bioaccessibility model (UBM) 模拟胃肠消化的方法测试了来自湖南、广西和大连12个污染土壤样品中Cd的人体可给性.结果显示,Cd在胃提取阶段的可给性为12.24%~81.10%,平均值为53.60%,肠提取阶段的可给性为2.01%~43.30%,平均值为19.74%.胃提取阶段的可给性浓度仅与总镉(TCd) (P<0.000, n=12)和总锰(TMn) (P=0.04, n=12)显著正相关,肠提取阶段的可给性浓度与TCd (P<0.001, n=12)、胃阶段Cd的可给性浓度(P<0.001, n=12)以及TMn(P=0.05, n=12)均显著正相关.胃阶段基于土壤中TCd和TP含量能较好的预测Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度,模型决定系数(R2)达到0.992,肠阶段基于Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度及土壤pH值能较好的预测其在肠阶段的可给性浓度,R2达到0.999.考虑土壤中Cd在胃中的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的1.8倍(以可给性平均值计算)和1.2倍(以可给性最大值计算).考虑土壤中Cd在肠阶段的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的5.0倍(以可给性平均值计算)和2.3倍(以可给性最大值计算).     

砷污染生境下挺水植物香蒲对砷的积累与迁移特性

为探究典型湿地挺水植物香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）不同生长阶段对As（砷）污染生境中As累积与迁移的影响,采用室内模拟方式,通过外源添加Na₂HAsO₄·7H₂O设置不同的As污染生境,w[As（V）]分别为0、50、100、150、200、400 mg/kg,探析As胁迫下不同物候期（幼苗期、花果期、枯黄期）香蒲的生长发育、As累积特征及对土壤中As的提取迁移效果.结果表明:①As对挺水植物香蒲的生长产生低促高抑的作用,在w[As（Ⅴ）]为100~150 mg/kg处理下香蒲的生长状态显著优于其他处理;在w[As（Ⅴ）]为400 mg/kg污染生境下,香蒲的生长存在受害症状,但仍可完成整个生命期.不同生长阶段香蒲对As的耐受性特征存在差异,随着生育期的延长,植株对As污染反应的敏感性下降,表现出较强的耐受性,其中花果期最为突出,在w[As（Ⅴ）]为100 mg/kg时耐性指数最大,比0 mg/kg处理增加了54.0%.②香蒲不同部位对As的积累特征均反映出剂量依赖效应,在幼苗期、花果期和枯黄期香蒲地上部w（As）均低于地下部,转运系数均小于1;但不同生长阶段植株富集转运水平差别较大,以花果期为最高,幼苗期次之,伴随"稀释"效应的产生,枯黄期最低.③在As污染生境下,香蒲对土壤中As的去除作用大于固定作用,其迁移效果表现为花果期>枯黄期>幼苗期,在花果期进行刈割可使其发挥最佳修复效果.研究显示,挺水植物香蒲对As具有较强的耐性,并且对As的积累与迁移在不同物候期存在差异,因此,其可作为修复As污染河湖湿地土壤的推荐性植物加以深入研究与利用.      

Population dynamics and the physical and financial impacts to cereal crops of the Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus on the Agulhas Plain, Western Cape, South Africa

Cereal crop farmers in the Western Cape province of South Africa regard the Egyptian Goose as a serious pest. The Agulhas Plain, in particular, attracts thousands of geese annually primarily because of the abundance and availability of nutritious crops such as wheat Triticum spp. and barley Hordeum spp. for food and permanent water bodies for roosting, moulting and breeding. Therefore, this paper investigates the population dynamics and physical and financial impacts to cereal crops of the Egyptian Goose on the Agulhas Plain, Western Cape. Egyptian Geese inflict damage during three main periods, viz. soon after sowing (surface seeds); young, developing plants (growing plants); and cut plants stacked in windrows (long, linear piles) to dry. The largest numbers of geese were recorded during June and July when they foraged on growing plants less than 25 cm tall. Overall, the mean yield loss was 65.6% in 1997 and 63.5% in 1998. Fields suffering greatest yield loss in 1997 and 1998 were generally those within 600 m of the roosting sites and had about 300 geese grazing on them on areas of around 2 ha in size for about 2 months. By August, geese moved from croplands on to pastures. During October and November, geese once again fed primarily on barley seeds in harvested crops stacked in windrows. Damage by geese to farmers was estimated to be >2.5 and 7% of annual revenue received from barley and wheat farming, in 1997 and 1998, respectively. There are many variables that need to be considered when attempting to quantify and explain damage to cereal crops by Egyptian Geese.     

旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz)对Pb的耐性、富集、转运与胁迫响应研究

耐性机理的系统解析对于旱柳在土壤Pb污染控制上的应用具有重要意义.为了明确旱柳对Pb的耐性机理,通过盆栽试验研究了旱柳对Pb的耐性、富集、转运特征,采用STEM、EDAX、FTIR分析了旱柳对Pb的胁迫响应机制.结果表明:低含量(≤600 mg·kg-1)Pb对旱柳生长有促进作用,高含量(≥1000 mg·kg-1)Pb明显抑制旱柳的生长;旱柳对Pb具有很高的耐性,耐性指数TI(%)可达108.32,属Pb高耐性植物;旱柳对Pb的富集能力较强,富集系数均值可达7.5773,而对Pb的转运能力较弱,转运系数均小于1;低含量Pb胁迫不影响叶绿素的合成,也不会促生丙二醛(MDA),而高含量Pb胁迫明显抑制叶绿素的合成,促使MDA大量生成,导致严重的细胞膜脂过氧化和膜损伤;抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)及可溶性蛋白能够对低含量Pb胁迫做出积极有效的响应,但无法清除高含量Pb胁迫所产生的毒害;扫描透射电镜(STEM)分析表明,Pb胁迫使根系发黑、萎蔫,茎部破败、堵塞,叶片褶皱、卷曲,破坏气孔结构;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,Pb胁迫使导致膜脂过氧化和膜损伤的自由羟基增多,而使对Pb具有络合、螯合作用的连生羟基、巯基、羰基数量减少;能谱(EDAX)分析表明,Pb胁迫抑制了Ca、K的吸收,同时干扰其他矿质元素的吸收利用.     

Effects of salinity on activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase and membrane lipid composition in plasma membrane and tonoplast vesicles isolated from soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings

The effects of NaCI stress on the H^＋-ATPase, H^＋-PPase activity and lipid composition of plasma membrane(PM) and tonoplast(TP) vesicles isolated from roots and leaves of two soybean cultivars( Glycine max L. ) differing in salt tolerance(Wenfeng^7,salt-tolerant; Union, salt-sensitive) were investigated. When Wenfeng^7 was treated with 0.3% (W/V) NaCI for 3 d, the H^＋ -ATP aseactivities in PM and TP from roots and leaves exhibited a reduction and an enhancement, respectively. The H^＋ -PPase activity in TP from roots also increased. Similar effects were not observed in roots of Union. In addition, the increases of phospholipid content and ratios of phospholipid to galactolipid in PM and TP from roots and leaves of Wenfeng^7 may also change membrane permeability and hence affect salt tolerance.     

Physico-chemical indices of breeding sites of Simulium damnosum in the lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria

IntroductionBlackflies (Simulium spp.) act as the vectors ofOnchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of humanonchocerciasis. Blackflies are found mostly in areas with fastflowing water such as rivers and streams, with rocky bedsproviding…     

北极新奥尔松地区粪土中大肠杆菌和肠球菌的分布及耐药性分析

采用滤膜法对2012年北极黄河站科学考察采集的新奥尔松地区8个鹿粪和1个鸟粪样品进行分离鉴定,共获得84株肠球菌和85株大肠杆菌。84株肠球菌分属于10个属,其中屎肠球菌（28株）、鼠肠球菌（28株）及鸟肠球菌（10株）为优势菌。采用K-B纸片法对受试菌株进行药敏试验结果显示:85株大肠杆菌对利福平全部耐药,对氨苄西林的耐药率为81%;对甲氧苄啶（TMP）、喹诺酮类的萘啶酸（NAL）与环丙沙星（CIP）、四环素（TCY）4种抗生素高度敏感。84株肠球菌中屎肠球菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高（89%）,对万古霉素耐药率最低（4%）。10株鸟肠球菌对利福平全部耐药,而28株鼠肠球菌对利福平耐药率最低（4%）,对链霉素耐药率最高（75%）。18株其他肠球菌对利福平耐药率最高（61%）。上述结果表明抗生素耐药性已出现于北极新奥尔松地区野生动物肠道菌群中。     

钝化剂与肥料对油菜和孔雀草间作体系的影响

通过盆栽实验,采用镉(Cd)低积累油菜单作和低积累油菜-超富集植物孔雀草间作两种种植模式,设置施用巯基坡缕石和硫酸钾以及叶面喷施硫酸锰的调控处理,研究不同处理对单作和间作模式下植物生长与Cd累积以及土壤Cd形态的影响.结果表明:施用巯基坡缕石可显著降低油菜和孔雀草地上部Cd含量、油菜Cd累积量、Cd提取率以及土壤有效态...     

Biosorption of copper and zinc by immobilised and free algal biomass, and the effects of metal biosorption on the growth and cellular structure of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from rivers in Penang, Malaysia

In this study, the biosorption of copper and zinc ions by Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from local environments in Malaysia was investigated in a batch system and by microscopic analyses. Under optimal biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of Chlorella sp. for copper and zinc ions was 33.4 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, after 6 hr of biosorption in an immobilised system. Batch experiments showed that the biosorption capacity of algal biomass immobilised in the form of sodium alginate beads was higher than that of the free biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that copper and zinc were mainly sorbed at the cell surface during biosorption. Exposure to 5 mg/L of copper and zinc affected both the chlorophyll content and cell count of the algal cells after the first 12 hr of contact time.     

污泥对樟子松生物量及其重金属积累和土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同剂量污泥(体积分数,即污泥体积占污泥和沙土总体积的百分比,分别为:0、20%、33.3%、50%和100%)施用于风沙土条件下,污泥剂量对樟子松幼苗生物量及其对重金属的累积和土壤中重金属有效性的影响.结果表明,在养分含量低的风沙土中,施用污泥能够显著提高樟子松幼苗生物量,最适剂量为50%;污泥剂量的增加可促进樟子松植株对重金属的吸收和累积,在最适剂量(50%)条件下,樟子松植株中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的累积量分别是对照(不施污泥)的18.0、8.9、17.1、11.5倍;樟子松植株重金属吸收速率顺序为:ZnCuPbCd,而迁移系数顺序为:ZnCdCuPb;土壤中有效态重金属含量随污泥剂量的增加而增加,而植株收获后土壤中有效态重金属下降幅度均小于对照.     

一氧化氮合酶途径参与SO_2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动调节

以蚕豆为材料,研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)途径在SO2诱发气孔运动中的作用.研究发现:浓度7.5~200μmol·L-1的SO2衍生物处理后,蚕豆叶面气孔开度减小,气孔开度与SO2衍生物浓度呈负相关;SO2衍生物处理组叶组织中NOS活性增强;加入NO清除剂c-PTIO或NOS抑制剂L-NAME可抑制SO2衍生物诱发的气孔关闭;SO2衍生物处理组保卫细胞内NO和Ca2+水平升高,用c-PTIO降低胞内NO水平后Ca2+水平随之下降.结果表明,SO2衍生物胁迫可诱发保卫细胞内NO合成增加,NO通过调节胞内Ca2+水平升高,激活下游信号转导途径,调节气孔运动;NOS途径介导的NO合成参与了SO2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动的调节.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.