自然资源与区域经济发展

在进行西部大开发时 ,应正确认识自然资源 ,尤其应明白资源优势并不等于经济优势。本文认为自然资源要给拥有者带来经济收益 ,首先要使自然资源成为现实的生产要素 ,转化为市场所需的产品。而今资源节约型的经济发展模式 ,给自然资源的开发者造成了更大的压力 ,使自然资源型的经济发展日趋困难 ,通过新疆与上海经济结构与发展速度的比较 ,说明自然资源型经济若不及时调整发展方向 ,与其他类型经济的差距将会越拉越大     

中国资源利用与产业结构的调整

产业发展与资源开发有密切关系,但产业不同其对自然资源的依赖程度也不同。从第一产业、第二产业到第三产业受自然资源直接影响的程度减弱。当代由于社会经济发展程度不同,存在自然资源结构、自然资源开发结构、资源开发导向经济结构、技术导向经济结构等区域类型。当前我国单位国民生产总值资源消耗大、浪费严重。这与产业结构陈旧落后,一、二产业比重大,重工业比重大,加工业水平低,产业规模结构不合理以及技术经济条件差等有密切关系。实现资源节约必须对产业结构进行调整,建立起资源节约型的产业体系。     

论社会经济发展主导要素的演替

社会发展是人有目的的行为的结果，因此，社会发展的决策者对社会发展趋势与规律的正确认识与把握是至关重要的。基于此，选取社会发展实践活动中最基本、最具决定意义的经济领域，探讨经济发展主导要素的演替规律，并用中国近50多年经济发展的实证研究佐证理性分析的结果。结论是：在经济发展的不同阶段，主导性发展要素不同，要素整合形式也不同，大致表现为“劳动力为主导→资本（自然资源、人造资本、资金）为主导→知识（科技、信息、管理）为主导→环境质量为主导”各个发展阶段的逐步演替。     

香溪河移民安置区经济发展与生态建设

系统地分析香溪河流域移民安置区的自然资源和区域发展动态、生态环境问题及制约经济发展的主要因素，研究该区资源开发和产业经济发展的重点，讨论区域生态环境建设与可持续发展的对策。     

论可持续发展中的循环经济

未来经济发展模式应当是知识经济和循环经济。循环经济是一种以资源的循环利用为内核 ,以环境生产为前提 ,以自然资源、经济、社会协调发展为目的的新型经济发展模式     

城市化对周边土壤资源与环境的影响

城市化快速发展对土壤资源产生巨大压力。因而对粮食安全与环境生态健康带来严峻挑战，作为一种非再生性自然资源，土壤的各种功能在城市化过程中强烈的人为活动影响下转化，演变和消失，那么，寻求城市化过程中土壤资源的可持续利用，在环境友好的模式下协调土壤自然生态与社会经济发展，最大限谋发挥土壤生态，生产和社会，经济功能，也是城市化快速发展的重要前提，也是最终实现可持续城市目标的基础。     

发挥区域优势 搞好整体协调——评《河南人口、资源、环境丛书》

人口、资源、环境自人类出现以来就发生着紧密的联系,并随着社会的发展和生产力水平的提高而日趋加深和复杂。人口是经济发展、社会进步的原动力,资源是经济发展的基本物质基础,环境是经济发展的重要保障条件。同时,社会经济要持续发展,必须考虑控制人口增长、自然资源的供应能力和生态环境的承受能力。社会经济的发展既要满足当代人现实的需要,又要足以支撑后代人的潜在需求,既要注重发展数量与速度,又要重视发展的质量和可持续性。人口、资源、环境与经济、社会协调发展已成为全人类共同关注的重大问题。     

中国县域资源组合结构的分类研究

按区域经济的发展，遵循资源分布的地域分异规律，论述了中国县域资源的地域组合结构的分类问题。首先对采用多因素综合作用、自然资源与经济资源兼容组合、资源优势、资源系统良性循环等原则进行了必要性的论证；在此基础上重点对其分类方法进行了具体说明，其主要步骤是在确定10种主要的县域资源，建立相关在指标体系的前提下，鉴于威弗组合指数对于划分县域资源组合结构类型的可行性，运用改造过的,角立县域资源地域组合结构类型的划分程序与计算方法。最后，按此分类法，把我国县域资源地域组合结构类型划分为自然资源型、自然资源主导型、自然资源与经济资源混合型、经济资源主导型、经济资源密集类等5个一级类型及其下属的8个二级类型。     

循环经济:可持续发展战略的新探索

从200多前的欧洲工业革命开始，随着人类社会的不断进步，经济发展与生态环境两者之间逐渐对立起来，由于过分偏重经济发展，轻视生态环境保护，出现了许多生态环境问题，给人类生活带来了许多不便。21世纪将是人类与自然和谐共生的时代，为了保持生活水平的不断提高和经济的可持续发展，实现生态保护与经济发展二者之间的平衡，循环经济的发展和循环型社会的建立日显重要。     

中国资源富集地区资源禀赋影响经济增长的机制研究

自然资源禀赋对经济增长来说究竟是“财富”还是“诅咒”是一个存在争议的问题.我国资源富集地区经济发展过程中呈现了对自然资源的高度依赖,自然资源禀赋与经济增长总体上呈现负相关关系,但资源禀赋通过何种渠道影响经济增长尚缺乏理论和实证检验.本文以“条件收敛”假说为基础,构建了资源禀赋对人均收入影响的理论模型,并将自然资源对经济增长所产生的影响区分为直接效应和间接效应;在此基础上,以我国煤炭、石油、天然气和铁矿石地域分布与储量前十名的18个省(区)19年的自然资源储量以及经济社会面板数据为研究对象,在分析了自然资源对经济增长所产生直接、间接和总效应大小的同时,对我国资源富集地区资源禀赋影响经济增长的渠道和机制进行了比较.研究结果显示:自然资源禀赋对我国经济增长的影响既存在正面的直接效应,也存在负面的间接效应,且间接效应大于直接效应;自然资源禀赋主要是通过影响投资、受教育水平、开放度、R&D等社会经济变量,降低了自然资源对经济增长的促进作用.     

资源,生存空间与扶贫战略

本文在对资源和人类生存空间的讨论中,提出了自然资源、经济资源和社会资源的概念以及人类生存空间的地理性、经济性和社会性,并从资源和人类生存空间的角度对贫困问题进行了分析,认为社会资源贫乏及社会空间狭小是贫困的主要原因,因此,如何从资源的整体性出发,开发贫困地区的社会资源、扩展生存的社会空间是制定扶贫战略的重点。     

Ecological Impacts of Chile's Neoliberal Policies, with Special Emphasis on Agroecosystems

Although Chile has been touted for developing a broad market liberalization and opening to the international economy, evidence is emerging that such neoliberal economic policies are dramatically impacting biodiversity and the natural resource base. This paper examines the evidence on the plundering of forestry and fishery resources and the damming and pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Although it may be argued that economic liberalization policies have been effective in reallocating agricultural resources toward more competitive activities, the ecological toll imposed by the expansion of export-led modern agriculture has been heavy. An effective agricultural development strategy in Chile should confront such ecological costs and should promote alternatives to high input agriculture.     

自然资源资产审计制度的供给侧改革

自然资源是可持续发展的基础。完善自然资源资产审计制度,是保护自然资源、践行生态文明的要求。自然资源资产审计的前提是自然资源的确权和量化,是自然资源与自然资源资产在审计上的“融合”。作为自然资源资产审计的依据,相关制度应该对自然资源的确权、计量和有效利用作出合理安排,才能有效抑制资源滥用冲动。但立足于自然资源资产审计实践,综合运用文献研究、个案调查、跨学科研究等方法,分析现行的自然资源制度,没有发现可操作性的自然资源产权制度、计量制度和评价制度,已有制度存在权责不匹配、责任界定不清晰、公众参与有困难、审计指标不健全;制度系统呈现存量不足、增量困难、实践不力,不能适应新时代要求和自然资源合理利用需要。因此,可以从制度存量、增量和协同三条路径实施制度供给侧改革;在完善制度存量方面,可以在经济责任审计规定中嵌入自然资源资产审计内容,完善自然资源资产评价标准、责任制度和审计结果运用办法等;在提高制度增量方面,完善自然资源资产的权利制度、计量制度、信息公开制度和公众参与制度等;同时,通过适时修订审计法、制定自然资源资产法,强化制度协调,以突破自然资源资产的制度瓶颈,方便审计算好“生态账”、把好“生态关”。在自然资源资产制度改革过程中,需要借助决策层和专家力量,摆脱部门立法局限,强化制度协调;同时,制度改革也是一个不断优化的过程,要兼顾公众、个人、政府及其职能部门等多方利益,才能有效满足资源节约型和环境友好型社会的需要。     

21世纪初华中地区发展的资源环境基础

作为中国21世纪资源开发的重要场所,华中地区资源环境开发利用将对国家社会经济发展起到举足轻重的作用。对华中地区资源本底特征、人地关系演进状态及发展趋势进行了分析,认 为华中地区拥有较好的资源基础,特别是在水土两大资源的结合方面。但是从现状和未来国家高速工业发展看,未来华中地区自然资源承载负荷将面临较以往更为巨大和更为艰难的挑战。一方面,优越的地理位置使华中地区在国家未来经济发展与资源环境协调过程中的重要地位更为突出,另一方面,当地的人口增长和经济发展同样会对有限的资源基础造成越来越大的压力。因此,区域发展政策应当做出相应调整。     

Trade and the environment: An application of the WIOD database

The new WIOD database allows for improved empirical analysis on a wide range of important environmental research questions.In this paper we demonstrate the scientific power of the WIOD database and analyze very urgent policy questions on the impacts of international trade and structural change on the environment.We apply recent econometric approaches to show the impact of international trade on the environment via its different channels as for instance to increase welfare and potentially affect environmental regulation as well as countries’sector.This approach has become known as the econometric structural decomposition method.In addition to these guidelines by the literature,an econometric panel data approach is offered to shed some light on the impact of structural change and international trade on environmental pressure,where we especially address and solve several endogeneity issues that add further complexity to the analysis.     

The disappearing sustainability triangle: community level considerations

This article challenges the application of the sustainability triangle to conceptualise sustainable development by looking at how weak sustainability can be obtained via the reinforcing increase in social capital and natural capital. Sustainable development is often visualised as a triangle consisting of social, environmental, and economic aspects. Would it be possible to conceive a flattened system, with diminishing economic resources or without refilling financial resources? The possibility involves mutual reinforcement between social capital and natural capital. The consideration of the diminishing economic dimension relates to the concept of development without economic growth, such as degrowth, zero-growth, and sustainable growth, that has been revived in the face of the recent economic crisis. Several countries have imposed extreme budget cuts in development collaboration and in other government expenditures. When the economic resource is not at a satisfactory level, can we rely on the reinforcement between social and environmental aspects for sustainability? Although it is not new to acknowledge the contribution of social capital to environmental conservation, research has long ignored the reinforcing relationship between environmental and social dimensions. This article provides a prototype model to demonstrate how social capital and natural capital can reinforce each other. The prototype is studied and verified at the community level using a comparative method. This article concludes with principles and practices that may encourage sustainability with merely the reinforcement between social capital and natural capital.     

Re-reading Steady-state Economy: Calm Thinking on Hot Circular Economy

Steady-state economics claims that a low circulation rate of the natural system and social-economic system is necessary for us, whose aim is to keep the balance between substance and energy, namely, sustainable development. Due to its intrinsic tendency of anti-consumptionism and anti-technical omnipotence, steady-state economic theory has never been the mainstream. However, in the process of promoting circular economy in China, it is urgent to reappraise and re-study the steady-state economics. For China, which is not rich in natural and environmental resources, not only the material recovery, but also the cost of energy and low-entropy material should be taken into consideration in the process of developing circular economy.     

Water Resource Management in Botswana: Balancing Sustainability and Economic Development*

Botswana is a rapidly developing country in southern Africa. Over the last three decades, diamond mining and tourism have provided double-digit rates of economic growth. Yet most of Botswana’s land is in the Kalahari desert where the climate is subject to sustained periods of severe drought. In this environment, water resources are the most crucial of all environmental resources. Water use directly affects economic development because water utilization impacts all the major national economic sectors. A sustainable water use resource management plan must stretch several decades into the future to assure the availability of adequate supplies of water to future generations while not compromising the ability of the current generation to reasonable rates of economic development. Yet thinking about sustainability is present in Botswana water policy mostly only in rhetoric. A series of cultural traditions and political constraints, coupled with bureaucratic managerial weaknesses, serve to maintain a system of water allocation that is unsustainable in the long run and inefficient in the short-term. Unless sustainable water use patterns are adopted, the results for the short-term, as well as the long-term, will be devastating. Drawing on data obtained through a series of interviews with government officials, leaders of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and water resource researchers, this paper explores water policy in Botswana within the larger context of sustainable natural resource management practice and the pressures of economic development. This research was partially funded under U.S. Department of State, College and University Affiliations Grant # ASCS-1095.