高分子重金属絮凝剂MAC除Cu2+、去浊性能

以壳聚糖、巯基乙酸等为原料合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰壳聚糖(MAC),研究了其除Cu2 与去浊的机理,并对几个因素做了考察.实验结果表明:①MAC具有除铜与去浊的性能,当MAC与HPAM复配时,效果优于单独使用MAC,Cu2 去除率可达98%以上;②用MAC处理Cu2 和浊度共存的体系时,废水中的重金属离子和致浊物质可以起到相互促进去除的作用,出水中[Cu2 ]＜0.5mg·L-1,浊度＜3NTU;原水浊度越大,越有利于Cu2 的去除;③Cu2 的去除率随原水pH值的增大而提高,浊度的去除率则反之.     

新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化磺甲基聚丙烯酰胺除铜除浊性能研究

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、亚硫酸氢钠、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸为原料,通过化学方法制备出一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂—巯基乙酰化磺甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MASPAM).采用含Cu(Ⅱ)、含浊水样及其混合水样为处理对象,研究了不同Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度、原浊、pH值等条件下MASPAM对Cu(Ⅱ)和浊度的去除性能.结果表明,MASPAM对水样中的Cu(Ⅱ)和浊度均具有一定的去除效果.对于单一体系,Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度为25mg·L-1、pH值为6.0时,Cu(Ⅱ)的最高去除率为94.7%;原浊为230 NTU、pH值为6.0时,浊度的最高去除率为88.9%.对于含Cu(Ⅱ)、含浊混合体系,Cu(Ⅱ)、浊度的去除效果相比单一体系均明显提高,最高去除率分别为98.7%、99.8%,表现出显著的协同效应.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂ISXA与ISX除浊、除Ni2+性能的比较研究

以交联淀粉、丙烯酰胺、CS2、NaOH等为原料,在一定条件下合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(ISXA).比较了它与不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯(ISX)的除浊、除Ni2 性能,探讨了各自的作用机理,并研究了几个影响ISXA和ISX去除水中浊度和Ni2 的因素.结果表明:1)在各种条件下,ISXA的除浊、除Ni2 性能均优于ISX;2)ISXA和ISX的投加量均为250mg·L-1时,Ni2 的去除率分别达到97%和87%;3)原水pH值对絮凝剂的除Ni2 效果有影响;4)在致浊物质和金属离子共同存在的水体中,两者会相互促进彼此的去除,Ni2 的去除率可达99%以上,浊度去除率提高10%左右;5)反应时间越长,处理效果越好,12min以后结果趋于平缓.     

PEI-TGA复配絮凝除浊、去铜的研究

本实验将阳离子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和重金属络合剂巯基乙酸(TGA)进行复配,以达到既能除重金属又能除浊的目的.确定了PEI和TGA的最佳投药范围,研究了其对Cu(II)和浊度去除的机理及影响因素.结果表明,对含Cu(II)50mg·L-1的废水,TGA和PEI最佳投药范围分别为80mg·L-1-120mg·L-1和5mg·L-1-20mg·L-1,Cu(II)去除率可达80%以上;在pH2.0-4.0的范围内,Cu(II)去除率随pH升高而升高,在pH＞4.0后达最大值并基本稳定;当Cu(II)和致浊物质同时存在时,二者会促进彼此的去除率,并使最佳投药范围变宽.     

淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的水解特性及絮凝性能研究

研究了淀粉-接枝-聚丙烯酰胺(St-g-PAM)的水解特性及其絮凝处理效能,并与相近分子量阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺产品作比较.结果表明,无论单独使用还是与无机絮凝剂复配使用,阴离子型淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的处理效果均优于阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺;淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的水解度大于1 7%时水解度对絮凝处理效果的影响不大,且絮凝处理效果均很好,而聚丙烯酰胺的最佳水解度为30%,大于或小于该值絮凝处理效果都会明显变差.     

复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1的制备及其絮凝特性

采用机械混合的方法,将微生物絮凝剂MBF8与植物胶粉羧甲基改性絮凝剂CG-A复合制备了新型高效复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1.采用FT-IR、zeta(ξ)电位、透射电镜分析,确定了CBF-1的特征官能团、电荷性及分子胶束形态等物化性质;采用烧杯絮凝实验,探究了CBF-1的絮凝特性.结果表明,制备CBF-1的最佳CG-A∶MBF8质量复合比为4∶6;CBF-1为含少量沉淀物的淡黄色液体(不溶物0.013%),有效成分为0.5%,pH6.1,相对粘度1.72;有效成分0.1%时等电点约pH1.5;主要特征官能团有羟基、羧基、氨基、酰胺基及磷酸基.采用PAC(3mg·L-1)+CBF-1(1.0～8.0mg·L-1)复配絮凝,适用的pH为6.0～10.0,离子强度为0.5～5.0mmol·L-1;对浊度100NTU的高岭土悬浊液,在最佳条件PAC(3.0mg·L-1)+CBF-1(1.0～2.0mg·L-1),pH8.0,离子强度3.0mmol·L-1下,浊度去除率>92%,残余铝<75μg·L-1;对浊度6～300NTU的水,浊度去除率为61%～98%.     

淀粉改性阳离子絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

以淀粉─丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物为母体．加入阳离子化试剂，合成了阳离子型改性高分子絮凝剂FNQE。以高岭土悬浊液为处理体系，探讨了FNQE的絮凝性能，结果表明FNQE投加量4mg／L时即有理想的絮凝除浊效果，处理水上清液剩余浊度可降至3．ZNTU．其性能明显优于均聚型丙烯酰胺。对城市污水及饮食业污水的絮凝实验表明．投加量6～10mg／L时．FNQE对浊度、色度的去除率均在90％以上，COD去除率也在75％～80％以上。     

壳聚糖接枝三元共聚阳离子絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝特性

采用烧杯混凝实验研究了壳聚糖(CTS)、CTS与丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸乙酯季铵盐三元接枝共聚阳离子絮凝剂(CAS)对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝特性.结果表明,CAS具有比CTS絮凝效果好、用量少、pH值适用范围广等优点.CAS絮凝效能受胶体颗粒性质的影响小,对自来水和蒸馏水配置的高岭土悬浊液均具有较好的絮凝效能.中性条件下,CAS的最佳投加量仅为CTS的1/10.在pH值2.0-11.0范围内,CAA对浊度的去除率在95%左右.CAS投加量与原水浊度的关系为:投加量低于0.5nag·L-1时,絮凝效果随原水浊度的升高降低;投加量大于0.5 mg·L-1,浊度去除率随原水浊度的增大而提高;投加量超过1.0 mg·L-1后,对浊度(10～160 NTU)的悬浊;液浊度去除率均在85%以上.悬浮颗粒聚集状态的变化分析、颗粒ξ电位测定、絮体粒径分布测定及其形态结构的观察结果表明,电性中和、吸附架桥是CAS的主要絮凝作用机理,絮凝过程是多种机制共同起作用的动态变化过程.     

改性壳聚糖絮凝剂处理印染废水的研究

研究了用壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物做为絮凝剂对印染废水的絮凝处理,并与壳聚糖进行了絮凝效果比较,结果表明,其絮凝效果明显好于壳聚糖,在pH值为5～8范围内,PAC和接枝共聚物浓度分别为400mg·L-1和100mg.L-1时,其对印染废水的色度和COD去除率分别为最好,达到95.92%和76%。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAPEI的制备及性能研究

通过酰胺化反应将重金属络合剂巯基乙酸(TGA)接入高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)的分子链中,合成了新型高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI),以达到用同一种絮凝剂既能除重金属又能除浊的目的.实验结果表明:①该絮凝剂对Cu2 有很好的捕集功能,Cu2 的最高去除率可达95%以上;②pH值对MAPEI除Cu2 、去浊的效果有一定的影响但影响不大,pH值低时除浊效果较好,pH值较高时除Cu2 效果较好;③当Cu2 和致浊物质共存时,会互相促进彼此的去除;④废水中Ca2 的存在会促进Cu2 的去除,Fe3 的存在会抑制Cu2 的去除.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.