网围养殖对骆马湖水体富营养化的影响

对骆马湖 1 998年度湖体内网围养殖入湖营养盐的研究结果表明 ,入湖氮、磷量分别为 3 3 9和 5 7t,分别占湖体滞留氮、磷总量的 2 7%和 3 3 % ,说明网围养殖对湖体水质有一定影响。另外 ,从近 1 0a湖区网围养殖面积和产量变化状况分析 ,1 995年以来网围养殖面积趋于稳定 ,因此网围养殖对湖体水质富营养化的影响也趋于稳定。     

基于粒度的土壤团聚体中砷的形态分布特征

为明确土壤团聚体对砷分布和形态的影响,探讨污染农田中砷的可移动性及其环境风险,采集辽宁省某冶炼厂周边污染与非污染(对照)农田表土,采用湿筛法获得2 mm、2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和0.053 mm 4个粒级的团聚体,分析明确了污染与对照土壤团聚体中全砷及污染土壤团聚体中各提取态砷的分布特征。结果表明,污染土壤0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量(78.49%)以及其中砷的分配量(80.83%)均显著高于对照土壤(64.33%、67.8%),其中0.25~0.053 mm粒级团聚体中砷的分配量最高(43.13%)。2 mm、0.25~0.053 mm以及0.053 mm粒级团聚体中各形态砷分布规律一致:残渣态(20.21~99.10 mg·kg~(-1))铁锰氧化物结合态(13.38~26.39 mg·kg~(-1))专性吸附态(5.19~8.86 mg·kg~(-1))非专性吸附态(1.13~2.94mg·kg~(-1))。而2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体中各形态砷为:残渣态(85.91 mg·kg~(-1))专性吸附态(28.48 mg·kg~(-1))铁锰氧化物结合态(25.63 mg·kg~(-1))非专性吸附态(6.00 mg·kg~(-1))。非专性吸附态和专性吸附态砷在0.25 mm粒级团聚体中的含量显著高于0.25 mm粒级团聚体。     

瓜环与苯甲酸和萘的组装及热力学规律

以苯甲酸和萘分别作为腐殖酸的模型物,通过摩尔比率法和等摩尔系列法,采用紫外吸收和荧光分光技术共同研究了瓜环与苯甲酸及萘的功能组装作用.研究表明:Q[7]与萘可发生组装作用,形成1∶1的组装体Ⅰ.Q[6]及Q[8]与苯甲酸也可以发生组装作用,分别形成1∶1及1∶2的组装体Ⅱ和Ⅲ.热力学计算表明,组装体可自发形成,形成过程放热,组装反应的驱动力是焓变,疏水作用力是反应的主要驱动力.红外光谱对组装体进行了表征,结果表明,瓜环与模型物发生了组装作用.荧光光谱表明,瓜环对模型物具有荧光增敏的作用.     

水旱长期耕作下土壤团聚体及有机碳动态变化

分析比较新疆水旱长期耕作不同年限下土壤团聚体组成及其各粒级团聚体有机碳的动态变化,探讨水田和旱地土壤团聚体有机碳的赋存能力。采用湿筛法对新疆水田和旱地的土壤团聚体及其有机碳的变化进行研究。研究发现,(1)水田和旱地土壤有机碳随着种植时间的延长呈现增加趋势,旱地显著低于水田土壤有机碳的增加。(2)水田种植100 a内,53—250μm微团聚体和>250μm水稳性团聚体增加了199.80 g·kg^-1和321.60 g·kg^-1,<53μm团聚体则逐步减少;旱地种植下,53—250μm微团聚体在0—5 a间快速增加了231.21 g·kg^-1,5 a后基本维持在一个相对稳定的水平;<53μm团聚体0—10 a间快速下降后,维持在230.67—252.33 g·kg^-1之间的稳定水平。(3)团聚体有机碳水田显著大于旱地,100 a间水田>250μm水稳性团聚体有机碳质量分数,与荒地相比增加了22.95 g·kg^-1;而旱地则在种植0—10 a间表现出增加的趋势...     

改良剂对矿区复垦土壤机械稳定性团聚体及有机碳的影响

为探究不同改良剂及施用时间对矿区复垦土壤结构和肥力的影响,在襄垣煤矿复垦区设置田间微区,研究施用改良剂6个月和1年时,泥炭和腐殖酸对复垦土壤机械稳定性团聚体分布与稳定性、土壤有机碳含量及土壤红外光谱特征的影响.结果显示,施用泥炭和腐殖酸6个月时大团聚体( 0.25 mm)含量增加,施用泥炭和腐殖酸1年时大团聚体含量减少,微团聚体(0.25 mm)含量增加.施用改良剂6个月时,泥炭和腐殖酸各处理土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均高于空白对照,均以5%腐殖酸处理最高,与空白对照相比分别增`加了10.95%和22.43%;施用泥炭和腐殖酸1年时,泥炭各处理土壤MWD和GMD仍高于空白对照,腐殖酸各处理土壤MWD和GMD则均低于空白对照.施用泥炭和腐殖酸能够增加土壤总有机碳及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量.施用改良剂6个月及1年时均以5%腐殖酸处理土壤总有机碳含量最高,分别较空白对照增加了566.35%和502.59%.施用泥炭6个月和1年时土壤 0.25 mm大团聚体有机碳增量最大,而施用腐殖酸6个月和1年时土壤0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳增量最大.综上所述,泥炭和腐殖酸有利于大团聚的形成,能改善团聚体的稳定性,增加土壤有机碳、碳水化合物、含氧官能团、多糖及取代芳香类物质的含量,但施用改良剂1年大团聚体含量和有机碳含量会减少,施用腐殖酸1年会降低复垦土壤团聚体稳定性.(图4表1参33)     

水浮莲干体对甲基橙的吸附研究

研究了水浮莲干体对模拟染料废水中甲基橙(MO)的吸附行为,考察吸附时间、溶液初始pH值、水浮莲干体用量和MO初始质量浓度等因素对MO吸附的影响.结果表明,在MO溶液初始pH值为5.5、初始质量浓度为25 mg·L-1条件下,添加12.5g·L-1粒径为0.250～0.425 mm的水浮莲干体,于25℃条件下以120 r·min-1振荡吸附90 min后,MO吸附率可达72.1％.酸性环境有利于MO吸附;一定范围内,水浮莲干体用量的增加以及MO初始浓度的升高都会导致吸附率升高.水浮莲干体对MO的吸附过程更符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,Lagergren准二级动力学方程更适合模拟其吸附动力学行为.随温度升高,MO平衡吸附量呈减少趋势.水浮莲干体及浸出液中Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Pb含量远低于GB 5085.3-2007 《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》中的限量值,因此将水浮莲干体作为新型吸附剂应用于染料废水处理,不会导致二次污染.     

不同浓度和多样性的根系分泌物对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

土壤团聚体是维持其物理结构和肥力的基础.为探究根系分泌物的浓度和多样性对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,通过添加不同碳浓度(0.5 g/kg、1 g/kg)和多样性(3种碳源、9种碳源)人工模拟根系分泌物,研究土壤团聚体稳定性、粒级结构及其内部微生物生物量的变化.结果显示:(1)与对照相比,添加根系分泌物提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性,平均质量直径(Mean weight diameter,MWD)数值增加了28%-142%,几何平均直径(Geometric mean diameter,GMD)增加了20%-33%;(2)与低碳浓度根系分泌物相比,高碳浓度根系分泌物显著增加团聚体稳定性,且主要是通过增加 2 mm粒级团聚体的含量和微生物生物量碳;而根系分泌物多样性的增加并未提高团聚体的稳定性,也未增加 2 mm粒级团聚体的含量和微生物生物量碳,其中在高碳浓度+低多样性处理(High carbon concentrations+low diversity,HC+LD)下 2 mm粒级团聚体的含量显著增加了560倍, 2 mm粒级团聚体中微生物生物量碳增加了3.6倍.本研究表明根系分泌物能够通过刺激微生物生长,增加土壤中大粒级团聚体的含量,进而提高团聚体的稳定性,其效应与根系分泌物的浓度和成分显著相关.(图3表2参37附图1)     

荔枝胚性愈伤组织体胚发生系统的优化及转化抗性愈伤组织培养再生植株

首先优化了荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)幼胚胚性愈伤组织(embryogenic calli,EC)体胚发生的条件，在附加5mg L^-1 ZT的高糖(60g L^-1)高琼脂(10g L^-1)的MS培养基上获得了荔枝高频率(100％)体胚发生；同时，对荔枝体胚成熟和成苗的关键问题作了分析，建立了一套完整的荔枝体胚发生与再生系统，在附加10％椰子汁的高糖(6％)MS培养基上诱导体胚正常成熟，并在无激素MS培养基中诱导体胚萌发，为荔枝转基因研究提供了良好的受体系统．利用此再生系统对荔枝转基因抗性愈伤组织进行体胚发生与再生植株研究，获得了大量再生植株．图1表7参11     

柠檬醛对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)再生的影响

用不同浓度柠檬醛处理不同部位剪切的蚯蚓,和处理剪切后不同时间段的蚯蚓体段,探讨了柠檬醛对赤子爱胜蚓再生作用的体段、作用浓度和敏感时间段.结果表明,柠檬醛对蚯蚓再生有明显影响,但这种作用依不同体段而异,以体段P7和P25作用最显著,而A25,A90和P60的受柠檬醛影响较小; 柠檬醛影响蚯蚓头部再生,而不影响尾部再生;对再生有影响的柠檬醛浓度为1mmolkg-1, 0. 1mmolkg-1和0. 01mmolkg-1 (土壤),对蚯蚓再生作用的时间为切后0. 5~1d.试验显示,柠檬醛干扰蚯蚓再生头部形成而且还影响再生头尾体轴形成;内源视黄酸在蚯蚓头尾轴再生图式形成中有重要作用. 图4表4参18     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒结构蛋白的抗体制备及免疫性

质型多角体病毒的病毒粒子结构蛋白是由衣壳蛋白VP1(Capsid protein,CP)、塔状蛋白VP3(Turret protein,TP)和大突起蛋白VP5(Large protrusion protein,LPP)组成,这3个蛋白分别由病毒基因组片段S1、S4和S7编码.为了解质型多角体病毒结构蛋白的免疫定位情况,本研究从马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒湖南株中提取病毒核酸,回收、纯化S1、S4和S7片段,经RT-PCR扩增得到对应片段的ORF全长或抗原区的片段,克隆于原核表达载体上,在大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行了表达,免疫家兔制备了多克隆抗体.Western blot结果显示DpCPV基因组的S1、S4和S7片段分别编码其结构蛋白VP1、VP3和VP5,与推测的结果一致.免疫胶体金的方法也证明S1、S4和S7编码的蛋白定位于病毒粒子衣壳的外表面.本研究首次通过免疫学方法确定了质型多角体病毒结构蛋白在病毒粒子上的定位,为质型多角体病毒的结构蛋白功能和侵染机制研究提供了免疫学方面的基础,对质型多角体病毒的研究有较重要的意义.     

团花锦蛇、绿锦蛇和三索锦蛇的核型及Ag-NORs

报道了锦蛇属团花锦蛇（Ｅ．ｄａｖｉｄｉ）、绿锦蛇（Ｅ．ｐｒｖｓｉｎａ）和三索锦蛇（Ｅ．ｒａｄｉａｔａ）３个种的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ,团花锦蛇的型２ｎ＝３６（８Ｖ＋６ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０Ｍ）,绿锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝３６（７Ｖ＋７ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０ｍ）,三索锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝４０（６Ｖ＋３ｓＶ＋２ｓＩ＋５Ｉ＋２４ｍ）;①团花锦蛇和绿锦蛇的染色体数目和结构与此属大多数咱的相似,;②此种为雄性,未见染色体异型。③Ａｇ     

不同寄主植物上烟蚜的染色体组型研究

对采自桃树、油菜和烟草上的烟蚜的核型研究表明：在红、黄绿两种体色的烟蚜中发现５种核型,即２ｎ＝１２,正常;２ｎ＝１２,Ａ１与Ａ３易位;２ｎ＝１１;２ｎ＝１３;３ｎ＝１８,Ａ１与Ａ３易位。同时,在核型为２ｎ＝２３的烟蚜中,体色为红色的个体全为Ａ１与Ａ３易位个体,体色为绿色的个体中既有Ａ１与Ａ３易位个体,又有正常个体。寄主植物不同的烟蚜的各条染色体相对长度在２ｎ＝１２核型中差异不显著（α＝０．０５）。     

安徽沿江地区4种蛇的染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究

本文报道游蛇亚科４种蛇的核型、Ｃ带和ＡｇＮＯＲｓ,结果：黄链蛇２ｎ＝４６．虎斑游蛇２ｎ＝４０,第４号染色体（Ｎｏ．４）有随体．鸟梢蛇和紫灰锦蛇２ｎ＝３６,鸟梢蛇的Ｎｏ．５短臂近着丝粒区有一次缢痕．虎斑游蛇Ｎｏ．５为性染色体,其余３种的性染色体为Ｎｏ．４．这４种蛇均为ＡＦ＝５０;Ｃ带型的种属性特征明显,其中紫灰锦蛇的端粒型Ｃ带特别发育,其余三种以着丝粒Ｃ带较发达．黄链蛇、虎斑游蛇和紫灰锦蛇的Ｗ染色体Ｃ带正染呈现整条异染色质化;银染结果４种蛇均只显示一对ＮＯＲｓ,但其分布不同,其中虎斑游蛇ＮＯＲｓ呈异态现象．文章讨论了核型的演化和次缢痕、ＮＯＲｓ及Ｃ带的关系     

Identification and field evaluation of the female sex pheromone of Stathmopoda masinissa in Korea

The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick, an important pest of persimmon fruit in East Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan, was investigated. A lure using (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac), which was identified as a sex pheromone compound of Japanese population, did not work at all for Korean population. Therefore, components in the abdominal extract of the moth were identified and their attractiveness was evaluated in the field. Two components, E4,Z6-16Ac and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadien-1-ol (E4,Z6-16OH) were identified from the extract of female abdominal extract in a ratio of 10–15:90–85 by GC–MS analysis with synthetic standards. E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH were previously identified as EAG-active components of this moth in Japanese population. However, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald), which is one of the abdominal extract components and EAG-active component in Japanese population, was not detected in our samples. In the persimmon orchard, single component of E4,Z6-16Ac or E4,Z6-16OH was not attractive. However, the 1:1 mixture of the two components significantly increased the captures of male S. masinissa. Interestingly, traps baited with E4,Z6-16Ac captured significantly higher number of Oedematopoda ignipicta (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) than the traps baited with E4,Z6-16OH or blend of the two components. The attractiveness of E4,Z6-16Ac to O. ignipicta is a new finding.     

Identification of Tsuga Germplasm by Morphological Characters and RAPD Markers

Germplasm collection is important to preserve and maximize genetic diversity for germplasm conservation. Tsuga dumosa （ D. Don） Eichler in Engler ＆ Prantl. and T. chinensis var. forrestii （Downie） Silba germplasm was collected from three localities in China： Mt. Yulong, Wenfeng Temple and Mt. Dishiergu, Yunnan Province. Accessions were identified based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. The shapes of the apices and margins of needles were examined, and the length and width of needles, cones and seeds from accessions of mature plants were used to compare the morphological differences and to identify the germplasm. Molecular markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） were also used to characterize the taxa. Although the clustering based on RAPD markers was inconsistent with the morphological characters of the needles, based on the overall morphological characters and on RAPD markers, the accessions from Mt. Yulong and Wenfeng Temple were identified as T. chinertsis var. forrestii, and those from Mt. Dishiergu identified as T. dumosa. Taxonomic identification of the accessions was made based on morphology and by RAPD markers concurred. The results indicate that the shapes of the apices and margins of needles particularly from young plants could not be used as a possible key to identify T. dumosa and T. chinertsis var. forrestii. Fig 6, Tab 3, Ref24     

甲醛对洋葱根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应

将不同浓度(0.1%、1.0%、1.5%和3%)的甲醛溶液作为诱变剂,分别处理洋葱根尖24、36和48 h.通过常规染色体压片技术,观察洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂现象.研究甲醛对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂指数(MI)和染色体畸变的影响,探讨甲醛的遗传毒性和洋葱作为甲醛污染指示植物的可行性.结果表明:不同浓度的甲醛溶液均能使洋葱根尖...     

Electrophysiological responses and field attraction of the grey corn weevil, Tanymecus (Episomecus) dilaticollis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to synthetic plant volatiles

The grey corn weevil, Tanymecus (Episomecus) dilaticollis, is an economically important polyphagous pest in Eastern and Central Europe. The present research is the first published electrophysiological study of olfactory sensitivity of adult T. dilaticollis to plant volatiles. The electrophysiological responses of male and female antennae were recorded to 20 synthetic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), previously identified to be released from the preferred host plants, maize and sunflower. Antennae of both sexes responded to a wide range of volatiles from different chemical classes: fatty acid derivatives, aromatic compounds and terpenoids. Two green leaf volatiles, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and one terpenoid, (±)-linalool, elicited the strongest electrophysiological responses by male and female antennae. Relatively high electrophysiological activity by T. dilaticollis antennae was also recorded to benzaldehyde, eugenol and caryophyllene. In the field, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, when presented individually, caught significantly more male and female T. dilaticollis than unbaited controls. These compounds could be developed into an attractive trap for the detection and monitoring of T. dilaticollis.     

与甘蔗抗黑穗病基因连锁的RAPD标记筛选

为了寻找与由黑粉菌(Ustilago sictaminea Syd．)引起的甘蔗黑穗病抗病基因连锁的分子标记，从而借助分子标记辅助选择(MAS)手段提高抗病育种效率，用甘蔗抗病亲本Co1001为母本，用感病亲本Ya71-374为父本，配置杂交组合创制抗病性分离群体为材料，采用人工接种新植蔗，田问种植方法鉴定分离个体新植和宿根的抗病性，借助RAPD和集群分离分析法(BSA)，筛选出一个与抗病基因连锁的多态性片段，并在抗、感池中的个体和池外部分个体上得到验证，该片段大小约520bp．对该片段的进一步克隆、测序和转换研究还在进行中，研究结果为抗病育种的MAS奠定了基础．图2表3参12     

Alterations of biochemical parameters in malformed Indian rice frogs, Rana limnocharis from Southern Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that cause malformed frogs in upstream Kaoping river (KP site) and Tungkang river (T site) of Southern Taiwan. In this experiment, the activities of monooxygenase (MO), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) as well as the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in the liver were measured. Results show that activities of MO, GST and AchE, and Vg levels in normal frogs (male/female) were 0.09 +/- 0.02/0.09+/-0.01 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.12 +/- 0.04/0.13 +/- 0.04 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 6.13 +/- 2.69/6.01 +/- 2.09 U mg(-1) protein and 0.87 +/- 0.42/2.18 +/- 0.50 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively. Activities of MO, GST and AchE, and Vg levels in malformed frogs (male/female) were 0.15 +/- 0.04/0.21 +/- 0.07 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.27 +/- 0.08/0.30 +/- 0.12 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 4.59 +/- 2.71/5.19 +/- 3.74 U mg(-1) protein and 1.46 +/- 0.61/3.15 +/- 0.88 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively in KP site, and were 0.16 +/- 0.69/0.1 +/- 80.07 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 0.21 +/- 0.07/0.24 +/- 0.08 deltaA min(-1) mg(-1) protein, 5.13 +/- 4.58/3.94 +/- 1.33 U mg(-1) protein and 2.23 +/- 1.47/4.11 +/- 1.63 microg mg(-1) protein, respectively in T site. These results indicate that male and female malformed frogs in both rivers upstream are found with higher activities. No significant difference in AchE activity was found between normal and malformed frogs in this investigation. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that the organic chemicals released from agricultural activities are presumable the main factors that lead to the malformation of frogs.