我国城市环境基础设施市场化运作的现状与法律思考

鼓励引导私营企业进入环境基础设施领域,实行投融资多元化和运作市场化政策是我国建设环境友好型城市的需要.我国城市环境基础设施项目尚处于民营化、市场化的初级阶段,我国相关法律政策还存在规范效力层级低、操作性差、不系统等不足.为了适应城市环境基础设施市场化发展要求,我国环境法律与环境政策都应当相应协调发展.     

定海区乡镇污水处理厂建设运行现状和建设、运营机制探讨

污水处理厂及其配套管网是一项必备的环保基础设施,同时也是一项投资巨大的环保基础设施。按照市场经济规律,根据政府监管、企业运营的总体思路,对建立健全政府主导、市场化运作、企业化管理、社会投资的污水处理厂建设和运行机制进行探讨。     

“南通模式”与时俱进 市场运作再结硕果

市场经济下的环保工作如何与时俱进,是各地普遍重视并致力研究与实践的新课题。近年来,南通市在通过市场化运作,促进环境管理和环保基础设施建设方面作出了有益的探索。     

新加坡的环境机构与环境基础设施

醉介绍了新加坡国政府环境机构设置与职能配置、主要环境法律和环境基础设施的现状和运营机制，总结出可供城市参考的环境管理经验。     

污水处理厂节能运行相关问题探讨

作为城市环保基础设施的重要组成部分,污水治理厂的建设与运行是保阵城市环境质童和用水资源的有效措施,从污水设施管理角度提升城市污水处理的及时性与有效性是当前依法监管污水治理问题的必要路径。污水治理必须充分遵循市场经济原刘和企业运营锐律,从企业化管理角度实现对污水处理的市场化运作。纵观当前污水处理厂的建设与运营,在水资源治理和环境保护方面都或多或少地存在一些弊端,本文针对污水治理厂的节能运行问题进行了深入探讨。     

创新政府配置资源方式

正金砖城市财政金融中心FINANCIAL CENTER OF THE DEVELOPING CITY去杠杆·推进供给侧结构性改革中国深圳金砖创新基础设施管理公司公财数据技术有限公司金砖创新基础设施管理有限公司,是城市基础设施市场化创新配置机构,专注于基础设施经营权(城市道路、桥梁、隧道、路灯、广场、公园)的收购、受让与运营管理。深圳公财数据技术有限公司,专注于政府自然资源、非经营性国有资源的资产登记、资产定价、资产交易等系统平台和数据技术服务。     

我国城市市政基础设施项目投融资研究

我国现阶段基础设施的投资、建设和运营模式，主要还是以政府为投资主体，虽然进行了市场化和产业化运作的推广，但也仅局限于少数领域和地区。基础设施建设滞后的局面并没有从根本上改变，随着经济体制改革的深入和市场经济的发展，我国基础设施建设筹资将越来越困难，面临的问题也越来越多。因此，当前改革方向就是要深入推进基础设施建设投融资方式的改革和创新，通过改革投融资体制，进一步确立企业的投资主体地位，实行谁投资、谁决策、谁收益、谁承担风险，深化行政审批制度改革，下放审批权限、简化审批手续、切实把政府经济管理职能转到主要为市场主体服务和创造良好发展环境上来，实行招投标制、项目法人责任制、项目资本金制度，促进投资主体多元化、融资渠道多样化以充分发挥政府投资的引导作用，调动社会投资积极性，以满足加快基础设施建设的需要。     

基于属性差异的垃圾处理政策及市场化机制运用研究

随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，消费产品的极大丰富使得生活垃圾的种类也飞速增长，各种材质的垃圾不仅给垃圾处理技术带来很大挑战，也给政府的公共服务能力带来很大压力。上海市作为一个与国际接轨的大都市，近年来积极推进投融资体制改革和作业服务市场化，根据不同性质的垃圾处理项目制订不同政策，并据此采取不同的运作方式，以政府和社会、市场共同参与的方式开展城市管理，既能降低城市管理成本，又可提高城市管理服务水平。     

国家重大污染治理工程实施机制研究

"十二五"期间,以工程减排为重点,国家层面重点推进八项污染治理工程项目实施,为改善城市环境基础设施、提升工业污染治理水平、改善农村环境面貌提供了重要支撑。工程项目实施过程中存在工程建设与项目管理自主推进动力不足、项目谋划运作能力弱、项目全过程管理机制不健全、项目投融资市场化机制不完善4个方面的问题。为提高重大工程项目实施和资金保障,应进一步强化地方主体责任,提升环保工程项目管理能力和信息化水平,加强重大环保工程项目储备,建立资金保障机制和以绩效为导向的资金使用机制。     

东亚促进城市环境基础设施发展的战略趋势

如何通过发展政府部门和私人部门的合作伙伴关系（PPP）推进城市环境基础设施建设，已成为东亚各国今后环保投资中的重大战略课题之一。政府应对城市环境基础设施的建设运营与服务负有主要责任，但从政府财政困难和设施管理运营效率低等问题来看，同时也需鼓励并引导私人部门的投资（PFI）。地方政府一直是城市环境基础建设的核心。到目前为止，多种财政和经济手段已发挥了有效的作用。私人部门可以在生活污水处理，垃圾处理领域里发挥一定的作用，但私人部门参与的成功与否，与其所能获得的经济效益和面临的项目风险有直接关系，也与政府的政策扶值和制度支撑紧密相关。     

The value of urban ecosystem services in New York City: A spatially explicit multicriteria analysis of landscape scale valuation scenarios

Mapping, modeling, and valuing urban ecosystem services are important for integrating the ecosystem services concept in urban planning and decision-making. However, decision-support tools able to consider multiple ecosystem services in the urban setting using complex and heterogeneous data are still in early development. Here, we use New York City (NYC) as a case study to evaluate and analyze how the value of multiple ecosystem services of urban green infrastructure shifts with shifting governance priorities. We first examined the spatial distribution of five ecosystem services – storm water absorption, carbon storage, air pollution removal, local climate regulation, and recreation – to create the first multiple ecosystem services evaluation of all green infrastructure in NYC. Then, combining an urban ecosystem services landscape approach with spatial multicriteria analysis weighting scenarios, we examine the distribution of these ecosystem services in the city. We contrast the current NYC policy preference – which is focused on heavy investment in stormwater absorption – with a valuation approach that also accounts for other ecosystem services. We find substantial differences in the spatial distribution of priority areas for green infrastructure for the valuation scenarios. Among the scenarios we examined for NYC, we find that a scenario in which only stormwater absorption is prioritized leads to the most unevenly distributed ES values. By contrast, we find least variation in ES values where stormwater absorption, local climate regulation, carbon storage, air pollution removal, and recreational potential are all weighted equally.We suggest that green infrastructure planning strategies should include all landscape components that contribute to the production of ecosystem services and consider how planning priority alternatives generate different ecosystem services values.     

Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study

This study investigates the environmental burdens due to the provision of potable water and sanitation in the eThekwini Municipality (Durban), South Africa. This was achieved by employing LCA studies for the individual parts of the urban water system (impoundment, water treatment, distribution, collection, sewage treatment and water recycling). Based on the results of the individual LCAs a base case was constructed.For the provision of potable water and sanitation to new customers, which have not been previously served, two different scenarios (200 000 new customers in an urban environment with waterborne sewage and in a peri-urban environment with on-site sanitation) and three different options (maximising use of existing assets, recycling water and building new infrastructure) were considered and analysed. With regard to the impact scores calculated for both scenarios (urban and peri-urban), the recycling of water is followed by maximising the use of existing assets as the most environmentally friendly options. The construction of new infrastructure carries a higher environmental burden and the use of bottled water for drinking (an additional scenario) carries the highest environmental burden.     

Exploring citizen infrastructure and environmental priorities in Mumbai,India

Many cities worldwide seek to understand local policy priorities among their general populations. This study explores how differences in local conditions and among citizens within and across Mumbai, India shape local infrastructure (e.g. energy, water, transport) and environmental (e.g. managing pollution, climate-related extreme weather events) policy priorities for change that may or may not be aligned with local government action or global environmental sustainability concerns such as low-carbon development. In this rapidly urbanizing city, multiple issues compete for prominence, ranging from improved management of pollution and extreme weather to energy and other infrastructure services. To inform a broader perspective of policy priorities for urban development and risk mitigation, a survey was conducted among over 1200 citizens. The survey explored the state of local conditions, the challenges citizens face, and the ways in which differences in local conditions (socio-institutional, infrastructure, and health-related) demonstrate inequities and influence how citizens perceive risks and rank priorities for the future design and implementation of local planning, policy, and community-based efforts. With growing discussion and tensions surrounding the new urban sustainable development goal, announced by the UN in late September 2015, and a new global urban agenda document to be agreed upon at ‘Habitat III’, issues on whether sustainable urbanization priorities should be set at the international, national or local level remain controversial. As such, this study aims to first understand determinants of and variations in local priorities across one city, with implications discussed for local-to-global urban sustainability. Findings from survey results indicate the determinants and variation in conditions such as age, assets, levels of participation in residential action groups, the health outcome of chronic asthma, and the infrastructure service of piped water provision to homes are significant in shaping the top infrastructure and environmental policy priorities that include water supply and sanitation, air pollution, waste, and extreme heat.     

城市水域生态系统的调控机理及评估模型

城市水域是人类赖以生存的重要生命支持系统之一,城市水域生态系统的调控机理对维护城市水资源及环境的健康、持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。论文从城市水域问题的生态学实质出发,基于五律协同原理,研究城市水域生态系统的调控机理及模型。研究表明,城市水域生态系统的"六位一体"调控具有时空层次性、综合性、阶段性特征,灰色评估模型可定量评估城市水域生态系统的健康、持续程度,随着城市水域生态系统的结构和功能不断完善,其六位一体度亦随之增高。选取我国著名水域北京颐和园昆明湖、杭州西湖、南京玄武湖、济南大明湖进行案例比较研究,为我国城市水域生态建设提供借鉴和参考。     

基于水资源调度的平原河网区城市河道氮迁移转化研究

研究平原河网区城市河道在水资源调度过程中的水文特征和理化特征,探讨基于水资源调度的城市河道氮素形态与组成;在实验模拟条件下,研究基于水资源调度的城市河道沉积物NH+4-N释放过程.结果表明,研究河段在水资源调度作用下水深日变化过程明显;以农历月为单位,水资源调度可以分为轻度置换阶段和深度置换阶段;沿调水路径河道上覆水DO有下降趋势,高锰酸盐指数则呈现升高趋势;沿调水路径上覆水NO-3-N浓度逐渐减少,NH+4-N浓度显著升高;DO与高锰酸盐指数是影响上覆水NO-3-N、NH+4-N浓度的主要因素;沉积物内源NH+4-N释放是上覆水NH+4-N的一个重要来源;水资源调度显著影响(P<0.05)上覆水NH+4-N浓度,对沉积物内源NH+4-N的释放影响不显著(P>0.05).     

基于雨水的南方丘陵城市环境景观基础设施网络研究

针对雨水的南方丘陵城市环境景观基础设施网络问题,以雨水排泄和汇集为导向,以GIS为分析工具,计算出雨水汇集点和排泄路径的适宜性分析图,结合城市内现有环境,如公园、广场、废弃地、绿地等用地选择环境景观基础设施节点,根据现有城市用地布局、水系、道路系统,具体计算出这些环境景观设施廊道,构建一个多功能景观基础设施网络体系,在一定程度上缓解环境雨水内涝问题,同时又能改善城市景观环境,促进城市环境景观基础设施与城市环境基础设施的融合.     

Managing climate change risks in New York City’s water system: assessment and adaptation planning

Managing risk by adapting long-lived infrastructure to the effects of climate change must become a regular part of planning for water supply, sewer, wastewater treatment, and other urban infrastructure during this century. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), the agency responsible for managing New York City’s (NYC) water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems, has developed a climate risk management framework through its Climate Change Task Force, a government-university collaborative effort. Its purpose is to ensure that NYCDEP’s strategic and capital planning take into account the potential risks of climate change—sea-level rise, higher temperature, increases in extreme events, changes in drought and flood frequency and intensity, and changing precipitation patterns—on NYC’s water systems. This approach will enable NYCDEP and other agencies to incorporate adaptations to the risks of climate change into their management, investment, and policy decisions over the long term as a regular part of their planning activities. The framework includes a 9-step Adaptation Assessment procedure. Potential climate change adaptations are divided into management, infrastructure, and policy categories, and are assessed by their relevance in terms of climate change time-frame (immediate, medium, and long term), the capital cycle, costs, and other risks. The approach focuses on the water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems of NYC, but has wide application for other urban areas, especially those in coastal locations.     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.     

浅谈城市排水体制的选择及建设

城市排水系统是城市重要的基础设施,是污水收集和集中处理的关键,是污水处理保护水资源和改善环境的必要手段。而排水体制的选择需要结合当地的城镇及工业企业的规划、环境保护的要求、污水利用情况、原有排水设施、水质、水量、地形、气候和水体等条件综合考虑。     

FloodProBE: technologies for improved safety of the built environment in relation to flood events

The FloodProBE project started as a FP7 research project in November 2009.Floods, together with wind related storms, are considered the major natural hazard in the EU in terms of risk to people and assets. In order to adapt urban areas (in river and coastal zones) to prevent flooding or to be better prepared for floods, decision makers need to determine how to upgrade flood defences and increasing flood resilience of protected buildings and critical infrastructure (power supplies, communications, water, transport, etc.) and assess the expected risk reduction from these measures.The aim of the FloodProBE-project is to improve knowledge on flood resilience and flood protection performance for balancing investments in flood risk management in urban areas. To this end, technologies, methods and tools for assessment purposes and for the adaptation of new and existing buildings and critical infrastructure are developed, tested and disseminated.Three priority areas are addressed by FloodProBE. These are: (i) vulnerability of critical infrastructure and high-density value assets including direct and indirect damage, (ii) the assessment and reliability of urban flood defences including the use of geophysical methods and remote sensing techniques and (iii) concepts and technologies for upgrading weak links in flood defences as well as construction technologies for flood proofing buildings and infrastructure networks to increase the flood resilience of the urban system.The primary impact of FloodProBE in advancing knowledge in these areas is an increase in the cost-effectiveness (i.e. performance) of new and existing flood protection structures and flood resilience measures.