养殖场沼气工程应用模式

介绍了厌氧发酵制沼气的技术、沼气的应用,及我国农村沼气发展模式,分析了养殖场沼气工程的应用模式以及沼气利用的市场前景。     

上海南汇地区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理模式探讨

概述了上海南汇地区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理的现状,从处理设施运行情况、管理水平和运行成本等方面分析当前农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理模式的利弊和条件;进一步阐述上海农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理应当因地制宜、综合考虑;最后从农村环境管理层面以及处理技术角度,提出了健全上海郊区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理体系的总体思路。     

我国农村生活垃圾的产生现状及处理模式

推进农村生活垃圾分类、收集与处理是建设整洁美丽新农村的迫切要求。我国典型农村地区生活垃圾产生量目前大多数在0.4kg/(人·d)左右,约是城市的1/3。垃圾中可堆肥的易腐垃圾约占60%,可回收的废品类约占20%。经过垃圾分拣分流后,最终需要处置的垃圾量不足垃圾收集总量的20%。"组保洁、村收集、镇转运、县(市)集中处置"的农村生活垃圾处理模式对许多农村地区仍有较大局限性,在农村生活垃圾分拣分流的基础上发展与有机农业或高效农业相结合的农村生活垃圾就地处理或资源化技术(如堆肥、沼气发酵、蚯蚓或昆虫幼虫处理)有较大推广应用价值。针对我国农村生活垃圾的产生特征与处理现状,提出了适应于农村地区的垃圾处理模式和管理政策。     

上海市郊农村能源资源调查与评价

一、现状概况农村能源是实现农业现代化和农村经济发展的重要物质基础,关系到农业生产与农村经济的发展,农民生活与农业生态环境改善的大事。目前上海市郊10个县农村能源供需矛盾突出。近几年除增加常规能源(煤、电、油)的供应量外,重点抓了生活用能的开发、节约和综合利用、大力推广省柴灶、稳步发展沼气,取得了较好的社会和经济效益,对缓和生活用能起了重要作用。随着外向型经     

浅谈养殖场粪便的沼气化处理工艺

对沼气工程处理养殖场粪便技术进行分析,并提出了适应于东北地区气候、环境特点的养殖场粪便处理方式。     

大城市郊区农村环境污染现状及治理对策

在城市环境日益得到改善的同时,农村环境正日趋恶化。尤其是在经济发达的大城市郊区农村,工业化、城镇化进程较快,各类污染源相互交织,严重阻碍了大城市发展和新农村建设的进程。本文以上海市某郊区为例,通过对农村地区实地调研,综合分析了郊区农村环境特点、环境污染现状,并探讨了农村环境污染的成因,在此基础上提出农村环境污染的治理对策建议。     

农村能源生态工程技术在社会主义新农村建设中的应用

以沼气建设为纽带的农村能源生态工程建设,是生态农业建设的重要内容,也是促进农业可持续发展、构建社会主义新农村建设的客观需要。它把＂一池三改＂、＂四位一体＂等农村能源技术与发展庭院经济、无公害农产品生产有机结合,实现农产品无公害化生产,改善农村村容村貌和农民生活环境,控制农业面源污染,增加农民收入,促进了循环经济应用和农业可持续发展。     

瑞典垃圾分类处理对我国农村垃圾处理的借鉴意义

农村生活垃圾是伴随着农村经济发展而出现的新的农村环境污染源,我国虽对农村生活垃圾治理出台了某些政策,但总体而言,相关体制机制及政策依然存在不完善之处,急需借鉴发达国家成功经验改善我国农村生活垃圾处理落后的现状。本文从宣传教育、基础设施建设、体制机制及法规建设、产业化运营、技术研发等5个方面介绍了瑞典生活垃圾处理的成功经验,同时结合我国农村生活垃圾产生及排放特点,提出了分类收集、加强基础设施建设、转变政府职能、改变垃圾经济运营模式、加强宣传教育、完善体制机制及加大技术研发等7项政策建议。     

南方城市近郊农村生活垃圾现状调查与处理模式研究

随着生活水平的提高,农村生活垃圾的数量和种类正趋向于城市垃圾,基于农村人口居住地较为分散,经济发展水平也低于城市水平,农村生活垃圾的处理技术与模式是建设新农村的重要技术课题。本文在湖南省长沙县、安徽省巢湖市等地近郊农村生活垃圾调查的基础上,对可腐熟降解类生活垃圾的养分含量进行检测,并对农村生活垃圾的处理模式进行了探讨,通过分类处理模式可使农村生活垃圾在村级水平减量60%~70%。     

农村经济发达地区沼气发展的前景与对策

中国人工制取沼气,已经走过了六十多个春秋。解放以后,特别是在近十多年来,中国沼气得到了迅速的发展,在国内外产生了深远的影响,农村沼气建设在世界上处于领先地位。近几年来,我国调整了农业生产关系,生产力得到了解放,农村经济迅速发展,产业结构调整,乡镇企业兴起,劳动力转移,人民生活提高,需求发生交化,农村经济发达地区办沼气出现了一系列新情况、新问题。我们对成都市新都县、金牛区进行了深入细致的调查研究,现探讨如下。     

张家口市农业源污染现状及农业减排分析

随着农村经济的快速发展,农业污染问题日趋严重。张家口市农业的污染源主要是畜禽养殖业,根据其污染特点,提出适合张家口市规模化养殖和专业户养殖的以沼气为纽带的生态养殖场模式和户用沼气池生态庭院模式,这两种模式基本都能达到畜禽养殖业的"零排放"。此外,加强政府管理力度、积极发挥政府引导作用,也是农业减排的重要措施之一。     

农村畜禽养殖污染的综合防治

畜禽养殖污染已成为农村环境污染的突出问题。本文通过调查分析广安市辖区内畜禽养殖业的发展和污染现状,在实地研究广安市两个畜禽养殖示范工程的基础上,借鉴现有的畜禽养殖污染防治技术成果,提出了一套以"养殖—沼气—农灌"和"养殖—堆肥—沼气—农灌"两种模式为技术基础,结合政策和法律措施,系统防治畜禽养殖污染的方案,有助于指导农村畜禽养殖的科学、绿色发展。     

农村面源污染现状分析与防治对策——以四川省南充市为例

通过走访、问卷调查及查阅文献等形式对四川省南充市农村面源污染现状进行调研,为加强农村环境质量监督监测及污染防治提供依据。结果表明:过量施用化肥和农药,畜禽废弃物、生活废水和垃圾、污水灌溉等是农村面源污染日趋严重的主要原因。为此,本文针对性地提出了推广循环农业和先进适用技术,加强基础设施建设及完善法规体制等对策。     

四川省农村环境污染的现状与保护对策

通过大量的调查、监测四川省农村的生活污染、土壤污染、畜禽养殖污染、湖库和小流域污染的现状,本文对农村环境污染分散面广、污染源种类多、污染负荷重、治理技术滞后、治理资金不足等特点进行了分析,提出了相应措施。为防治农村环境污染提供了基础数据、信息和有效途径。     

Exergy and economic analysis of organic Rankine cycle hybrid system utilizing biogas and solar energy in rural area of China

Due to the existing huge biogas resource in the rural area of China, biogas is widely used for production and living. Cogeneration system provides an opportunity to realize the balanced utilization of the renewable energy such as biogas and solar energy. This article presented a numerical investigation of a hybrid energy-driven organic Rankine cycle (ORC) cogeneration system, involving a solar ORC and a biogas boiler. The biogas boiler with a module of solar parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) is employed to provide heat source to the ORC via two distinct intermediate pressurized circuits. The cogeneration supplied the power to the air-condition in summer condition and hot water, which is heated in the condenser, in winter condition. The system performance under the subcritical pressures has been assessed according to the energy–exergy and economic analysis with the organic working fluid R123. The effects of various parameters such as the evaporation and condensation temperatures on system performance were investigated. The net power generation efficiency of the cogeneration system is 11.17%, which is 25.8% higher than that of the base system at an evaporation temperature 110°C. The exergy efficiency of ORC system increases from 35.2% to 38.2%. Moreover, an economic analysis of the system is carried out. The results demonstrate that the profits generated from the reduction of biogas fuel and electricity consumption can lead to a significant saving, resulting in an approximate annual saving from $1,700 to $3,000. Finally, a case study based on the consideration of typical rural residence was performed, which needs a payback period of 7.8 years under the best case.     

对新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的思考

新疆边境贸易的发展促进了新疆经济的发展,但是在发展的过程中也存在跨境水体污染、固体废物危险废物跨境转移、消耗臭氧层物质非法贸易、外来物种入侵、跨境保护区与野生动物跨境迁徙和沙尘等跨境环境问题,并针对性提出了相应的科技需求,旨在为新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的研究提供一些思考。     

Modeling and simulation of biogas-fueled power system

The main objective of this paper is to develop a complete model that fully simulate a biogas-fueled power plant which can be used to supply a rural farm with sufficient electricity. The reactor is fed with animal manure of the farm. The proposed model consists of three main parts; a biogas reactor, a microturbine (MT) coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator, and a storage system. The model describes the dynamics of an MT and it is suitable for both steady state and transient simulation and analysis. The volume of biogas output delivered from the Anaerobic Digester depends on the reactor volume, reactor temperature, and animal manure type. The storage system is used to store the excess value of biogas if any. It is composed of two parts: a comparator and a storage tank. The comparator compares the volume of biogas produced by the reactor with that needed to supply the load. An adaptive controller is developed to withstand the system against any transient condition such as suddenly load increase/decrease. The proposed model is implemented for chemical and physical behaviors of the biogas production process, as well as for different variables of MT-generator operations. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment and tested under different operating conditions in both steady state and transient status to study the impacts of different variables on the system output. The output results prove its applicability and effectiveness under different operating conditions.     

Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production

In this study, industrial and agro-industrial by-products and residues (BRs), animal manures (AMs), and various types of organic wastes (OWs) were analyzed to evaluate their suitability as substitutes for energy crops (ECs) in biogas production. A comparison between the costs of the volume of biogas that can be produced from each substrate was presented with respect to the prices of the substrates in the Italian market. Furthermore, four different feeding mixtures were compared with a mixture of EC and swine manure (Mixture A) used in a full-scale plant in Italy. Swine manure is always included as a basic substrate in the feeding mixtures, because many of the Italian biogas plants are connected to farms. When EC were partially substituted with BR (Mixture B), the cost (0.28 € Nm⁻³) of the volume of biogas of Mixture A dropped to 0.18 € Nm⁻³. Furthermore, when the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and olive oil sludge (OS) were used as possible solutions (Mixtures C and D), the costs of the volume of biogas were −0.20 and 0.11 € Nm⁻³, respectively. The negative price signifies that operators earn money for treating the waste. For the fifth mix (Mixture E) of the OFMSW with a high solid substrate, such as glycerin from biodiesel production, the resulting cost of the volume of biogas produced was −0.09 € Nm⁻³. By comparing these figures, it is evident that the biogas plants at farm level are good candidates for treating organic residues of both municipalities and the agro-industrial sector in a cost-effective way, and in providing territorially diffused electric and thermal power. This may represent a potential development for agrarian economy.     

我国环保产业“十二五”技术发展重点领域

基于我国环保产业的发展现状及政策背景,介绍了"十二五"我国环保产业发展重点技术领域及发展方向,包括水污染控制、大气污染控制、固体废弃物处理处置、噪声污染控制、土壤污染控制、重金属污染控制、农村面源污染控制等领域。     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION IMPACTS OF A WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT - BOISE PROJECT,IDAHO, 1950–19701

ABSTRACT: Public investments in water resource development projects are continually under scrutiny in terms of economic, environmental, and social impacts. Results of an analysis of a water development project that supplies irrigation water in Idaho are discussed in terms of the impact on income distribution and income growth 44 to 64 years after the project was initiated. Gini ratios for the rural farm population of these counties were consistently lower than they were for the United States as a whole and for the state of Idaho. In addition, income distributions tended to become more equitable over time in the water project counties. Rural farm population income growth rates were found to be similar to those for the nation as a whole. Some of the reasons for these results may be related to the tendency for income distribution to become more equitable as income increases, and the fact that average farm size is relatively small.