Effects of landscape complexity on farmland birds in the Baltic States

Data on birds occurring in farmland in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were related to the spatial organisation of farmed habitats in three different agricultural landscape types. Species richness, abundance, and diversity of farmland bird communities, as well as abundance of the most frequently observed species were positively related to the number of residual non-cropped elements within farmland, the local mixture of annual crop and grass fields, and the variety of field types. The positive association of the species richness and abundance of the farmland bird community with richness in residual habitats and crops was most prominent in open landscapes. The results suggest that, by simplifying farmland structure and making it more homogenous, EU agricultural policies will have a detrimental effect on farmland bird populations in Eastern Europe. Ways of better targeting of the agri-environment schemes are suggested.     

Field-breeding birds on organic and conventional arable farms in the Netherlands

In this study territory densities of field-breeding farmland birds were compared on pairwise-selected organic and conventional arable farms for two years. Differences in territory densities between the two farm types were explained examining the effects of three factors on territory densities: (1) non-crop habitats, (2) crop types and (3) within-crop factors. In both years, densities of most species did not differ between organic and conventional farms. Only skylark and lapwing were more abundant on organic farms, but only skylarks showed a consistent pattern over both years. Differences in crop types grown between the two systems were the only explaining factor for differences in densities of skylark. For lapwing, the difference was only partly due to differences in crop type, but differences in within-crop factors (probably as a result of crop management) were likely to have had an effect as well. There were no significant differences in abundance of non-crop habitats between the two farming systems, so this could not explain differences in territory densities.     

Early succession arthropod community changes on experimental passion fruit plant patches along a land-use gradient in Ecuador

Many tropical landscapes are today characterized by small forest patches embedded in an agricultural mosaic matrix. In such highly fragmented landscapes, agroforests have already been recognized as refuges for biodiversity but few studies have investigated the potential of non-forested land-use types to contribute to overall biodiversity of functionally important taxa in the tropics. This study experimentally investigated species richness, abundance, and community similarity of arthropods on Yellow Passion fruit plants, planted in standardized patches in 30 sites along a land-use intensity gradient. The gradient comprised all major land-use types of the area: forest fragments, abandoned coffee agroforests, coffee agroforests managed under shade trees, pastures, and rice fields in Coastal Ecuador. We found a total of 2123 individuals belonging to 242 species. Overall arthropod species richness increased with light intensity and leaf-surface area and decreased with land-use intensity: forest fragments and abandoned coffee agroforests harboured significantly more species than rice or pastures. Overall diversity in managed coffee agroforests was intermediate between the intensively managed and more natural habitats. However, the three most abundant taxa of arthropods (ants, spiders, and beetles) had the highest number of species in managed coffee agroforests, while ant abundance was highest in abandoned coffee agroforests and spider abundance highest in managed coffee agroforests. Analyses of community similarity revealed that open (pasture, and rice) and shaded (forest, abandoned and managed coffee agroforests) land-use types had distinct arthropod communities. In conclusion, although open agricultural land-use types tend to have fewer species in lower numbers, all land-use types contribute to overall biodiversity of the agricultural matrix because of distinct communities in shaded vs. non-shaded land-use types.     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.     

Influence of conservation tillage on winter bird use of arable fields in Hungary

Bird use of conservation tillage-established (CT—seedbed preparation without soil inversion) crops was assessed at two adjacent sites in western Hungary, in comparison with conventionally established (mouldboard ploughed—P) fields. Bird abundance was assessed in a typical rotation of spring-sown maize and winter wheat in three consecutive winters. In the first winter, several species and the guild of seed-eating passerines were significantly more abundant on CT established plots, in both crop types. In the second winter, only starlings were more abundant on CT plots. In the third winter, only skylarks favoured CT over P plots. In combination with agri-environment scheme measures designed to provide resources for biodiversity, conservation tillage could play a role in softening the impact of agriculture on farmland birds in Hungary and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in addition to its potential for reducing soil erosion and diffuse pollution.     

农田对太子河大型底栖动物群落的影响

为研究农田对大型底栖动物的影响,以太子河南、北支为例,应用无度量多维标定分析(NMS)和典范对应分析(CCA),探讨大型底栖动物群落对农田的响应.研究发现:太子河北支物种组成以摇蚊科为主,其次是毛翅目和蜉蝣目,而積翅目相对多度较少;在南支则以蜉蝣目、積翅目和毛翅目物种为主,摇蚊科相对多度有所下降;北支主要的功能摄食类群是直接收集者和过滤收集者,刮食者和捕食者较少,撕食者几乎没有,南支各类功能摄食类群均有出现,直接收集者和刮食者较多.太子河南、北支的水温、pH值、电导、悬浮物(SS)、总溶解性固体(TDS)和总氮(TN)存在显著差异,其中北支的水温、电导和TDS显著高于南支;两条支流的水体均为弱碱性水质,南支的pH平均值高于北支;北支的SS和TN略高于南支.利用CCA开展土地利用因素对水质影响分析的总体结果表明,在河段和河流廊道尺度,农田面积比对第一轴的贡献率最高,分别为-0.76和-0.79,且水质要素-土地利用相关性在河流廊道尺度上为0.84,而在河段尺度上为0.71.对土地利用类型和物种的CCA分析可以看出,农田、河滩、居民用地方向多为耐污和中度耐污类群,且沿农田方向物种分布较少.而与此相反的,和旱田轴相反的第四象限内多为四节蜉科(如B.bicaudatus)等敏感类群.     

Effects of irrigation and landscape heterogeneity on butterfly diversity in Mediterranean farmlands

Irrigation effects on biodiversity are poorly known, particularly in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. In this study we analyzed irrigation effects on butterfly species richness, abundance and diversity as well as on species composition in a farmed landscape under Mediterranean climate. The study area consisted of four contiguous agricultural sub-areas with a decreasing degree of intensification: irrigated, mixed (dry and irrigated), dry and environmentally protected (i.e. Special Protection Area, SPA) dry farmland. Forty one km-transects (ten per sub-area) were searched for butterflies in 2008 and 2009. Contrary to expectations, species richness (alfa, beta and gamma diversity) was highest in both years in the most intensified sub-area (i.e. irrigated) followed by SPA, dry and mixed sub-areas. Landscape characteristics accounted for most of the between-subareas differences in species richness. Species richness was negatively related to mean field size at the landscape level and positively related to the number of trees and large shrubs along transects. Therefore, the higher number of butterfly species recorded in the irrigated farmland could be due to a more complex landscape. In contrast, butterfly abundance was highest in cereal steppes (i.e. dry and SPA sub-areas), with abundance being negatively affected by mean field size. Inter-annual change in butterfly abundance was much sharper in rainfed (i.e. dry and SPA) than in irrigated (i.e. irrigated and mixed) sub-areas. Irrigated farmland may provide more favorable conditions for butterflies by buffering the (year-to-year and summer) drought periods characterising Mediterranean climate. Species composition differed among sub-areas, with differences being partly explained by field size and number of trees and shrubs along transects. Our study suggest an important role of landscape characteristics in boosting butterfly biodiversity in intensively managed irrigated croplands and emphasizes the importance of encouraging studies on farmland butterfly diversity in different (bioclimatic) regions allowing the design of region-specific agri-environmental schemes.     

西藏尼洋河区域发展玉米问题研究

尼洋河区域位于西藏林芝地区境内。其耕地面积占林芝地区的64.7％,种植业的发展对林芝地区农业发展有重要影响。本文就尼洋河区域发展玉米种植的可能性、必要性、重要性、发展规模和战略对策等重要问题进行了充分论证。旨在引起有关决策部门和学术界的重视,以促进该区域农业的变革性发展。     

华北引黄灌区粮食产量与农业土壤资源质量时空分布特征

明确作物产量和土壤养分时空变异可以更好地掌握农田生产力和土壤质量情况,对农业资源合理配置以及提高生产力可持续性有着非常重要的意义。利用华北平原引黄灌区下游农田作物产量数据和耕地质量监测数据,对华北平原引黄灌区下游作物产量的演变以及有机质和养分的空间分布进行分析,阐明该地区作物产量、土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明：灌区的农田生产力水平存在显著的空间和时空差异。20世纪80年代末以来,农田生产力水平整体呈上升趋势,冬小麦高产田分布在黄河下游北岸中部地区的齐河县和下游南岸三个县,范围是6084.0~6861.0 kg/hm²,夏玉米产量空间分布整体上呈现出中间高两端低的特征,其中齐河县的产量最高,为7524.0 kg/hm²。灌区农田土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分具有明显的时空分布差异,有机质和速效钾含量最高的德州市分别为16.30 g/kg和202.40 mg/kg,全氮含量最高的淄博市为1.17 g/kg,有效磷含量最高的泰安市为34.56 mg/kg。研究表明,灌区的生产力水平一直不断在提升,仍有很大的增长空间。掌握养分分布特征和土壤肥力的空间差异来制定合理的施肥措施,可为今后该地区实现精准农业和高产稳产提供科学依据。     

沙质农田作物不同间作采收模式休耕期的防风效应

油沙豆(Cyperus esculentus)是集粮、油、牧、饲于一体的高利用价值新兴经济作物,在我国沙区调整种植结构及沙化土地改良中有重要作用. 油沙豆茎块在采收过程中易破坏表层土壤、引发风蚀,因此,探究油沙豆防风阻沙的保护性耕作模式是实现油沙豆在沙区种植的重要前提. 本文基于乌兰布和沙漠油沙豆农田现有间作模式,通过风洞模拟试验,探究不同风速下6种间作模式(2种间作作物×3种带间距)的防风蚀效果. 结果表明:①不同带间距模式在各风速下的风速廓线均呈对数形式,粗糙度随带间距的增加而减小. ②间作作物对垂直流场结构分布特征有显著影响,间作玉米各带间距模式近地表风速均低于当地起沙风速(6 m/s);间作向日葵各带间距模式近地表风速均高于起沙风速,约为9 m/s. ③风速对各间作模式的防风效能具有显著影响,防风效能随风速的增大呈减小趋势. ④间作带的防风效能随带间距的增加而减小,表现为带间距8 m>带间距16 m>带间距24 m. 间作玉米模式的防风效能大于间作向日葵模式,其中,玉米带间距8 m及16 m的模式其近地表防风效能均大于50%,是油沙豆农田防风阻沙的最优模式. 研究显示,考虑到农田的经济效益,带间距16 m的间作玉米模式是油沙豆农田兼顾生态效益和经济效益的最优间作模式.      

黄河下游冲积平原轮作休耕农田土壤真菌群落结构与功能

通过明确不同轮作休耕方式对土壤真菌群落结构及功能的影响,探索农田土壤肥力对轮作休耕方式响应的微生态变化特性,为促进黄河下游冲积平原农田生态修复和耕地质量提升提供参考依据.以2018年开始的长期轮作休耕定位试验农田土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,通过FUNGuild真菌功能预测工具,分析田间定位条件下不同轮作休耕方式［长期休耕(LF)、冬小麦-夏休耕(WF)、冬休耕-夏玉米(FM)和冬小麦-夏玉米周年轮作(WM)］,土壤真菌群落组成和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,LF使耕层(0~20 cm)土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性增加,而WF则使冬小麦收获后深层(20~40 cm)土壤的真菌丰富度和多样性增加;所有土壤样本中共获得2262 OTU,划分为14门、34纲、75目、169科、309属和523种,两个土层中共有的OTU分别包含420类(0~20 cm)和253类(20~40 cm);4种轮作休耕土壤真菌群落门水平上的结构组成相似,但相对丰度各异,优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota),总丰度分别为91.69%~96.91%(0~20 cm)和91.67%~94.86%(20~40 cm);PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2可以分别累计解释45.56%(0~20 cm)和46.20%(20~40 cm)的群落组成差异;LEfSe的LDA (阈值为4.0)结果可知,LF、FM、WF和WM中共有64个真菌进化枝在统计学上具有显著差异(P＜0.05);RDA分析表明,土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)和含水率(SWC)同是显著影响0~40 cm土层真菌群落变化的主要环境因子(P＜0.05).通过FUNGuild功能比对发现,不同土层不同处理间的主要营养类型同为腐生营养型、腐生-共生营养型、病理-腐生-共生营养型和病理营养型,但其相对丰度存在差异;LF耕层土壤以病理-腐生-共生营养型真菌为主,深层土壤中则以病理营养型真菌相对丰度最高,而种植过小麦或玉米的处理(FM、WF和WM)两个土层都以腐生营养型为主.由此可见,不同轮作休耕方式改变了土壤真菌群落结构、多样性及营养类型,季节性休耕可用于调控集约化种植的农田土壤微生态环境,促进农田土壤生态系统健康和谐.     

湘中矿区不同用地类型面源Cd输出负荷的原位实验研究

受污染土壤重金属随降雨径流输出已成为河流、湖泊等水体重金属超标的主要来源之一,近年来日益受到关注.研究表明湘江中下游农田土壤重金属超标问题日益严峻,以镉超标最为严重.研究以湘中矿区Cd超标农业小流域为实验场,选取流域内水稻、旱田、荒草地这3类土地利用模式设置径流小区进行自然降雨水文过程的原位观测.结果表明,雨水pH值由春季到夏季呈升高趋势,径流水相溶解态Cd浓度呈明显的季节性差异,春季显著高于夏季,雨水pH值可显著影响土壤溶解态Cd向径流水相迁移,与径流水相溶解态Cd浓度呈负相关关系.相同降雨条件下,稻田径流水相溶解态Cd浓度显著低于旱田和荒草地,旱田与荒草地Cd面源输出负荷显著高于水稻田,由于降雨量差异,3类土地利用类型溶解态Cd面源输出负荷的季节性规律不明显.本研究可为流域尺度重金属面源输出负荷定量估算以及湘江流域水环境安全与水质预警提供数据支持和科学依据.     

三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征及潜在硝化速率

氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤,氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)是氨氧化作用的主要驱动者,其分布特征及其对硝化作用的相对贡献是氮素循环的研究热点.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征,并通过测定潜在硝化速率分析了AOB和AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率.结果表明,多数采样点中,AOA amoA基因丰度高于AOB amoA基因丰度; AOB丰度冬季较高,AOA丰度夏季较高,且冬季AOA和AOB丰度的比值较低;溶解氧、pH、总有机碳和硝态氮对AOB和AOA丰度影响较大; AOB和AOA在夏季的潜在硝化速率均高于冬季,冬季AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率较高而夏季则是AOB在硝化作用中占主导地位,AOB和AOA的潜在硝化速率与amoA基因丰度均不存在显著相关性.     

Effects of crop diversification and low pesticide inputs on bird populations on arable land

This 6-year experimental study measured the response of bird populations and abundance to combinations of mixed cropping and low pesticide regimes associated with a commercial crop rotation. The results show a rapid and sustained population increase among a wide range of bird species, in contrast to local regional trends for the same species. Seventy percent of the increase occurred within the first 3 years of the experiment, with species of high conservation concern, and those monitored as environmental indicators on lowland farmland in the UK, increasing on average, by 30% and 20% respectively (reaching respective peaks of 44% and 33% after 4 years). For some individual species, the increase was higher still, i.e., 300% (1–4 pairs) for grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and 46% (13–19 pairs) for skylarks (Alauda arvensis) in peak years. The results demonstrate that bird species typical of lowland arable farmland in the UK are responsive to suitable farm-scale changes in habitat and food provision (roughly, manipulation within less than 1-km²). They show that the carrying capacity of modern, commercially viable, arable farmland can be increased significantly for birds, in this case, mainly by using crops mosaics to create habitats alongside the appropriate use of herbicides on non-cropped habitats.     

Patterns of bird abundance along the agricultural gradient of the Pampean region

Bird and land-use surveys were conducted along the agricultural gradient covering from pure croplands through mixed-farming to pure pastoral-farming scenario in the Pampean region of Argentina. Simple regression analyses were performed to analyse the responses of bird abundance to the percentage of land devoted to crop-production. The specific variables associated to bird abundance within both the crop and pastoral-farming landscapes were identified by running redundancy analyses (RDA). The abundance of 20 out of 43 species (47%) was significantly related to the percentage of cropland, finding negative (65%), positive (25%) unimodal (5%) and bimodal (5%) responses of birds to increasing intensity of crop production. The results showed three types of negative and two types of positive responses of bird abundance to the agricultural gradient. RDA revealed the importance of crop-field types in the crop-production scenario and of cattle presence and grass height in the pastoral-farming scenario for the structuring of the grassland bird community. As most species were negatively affected by crop production, the current land-use homogenisation towards high-intensity croplands will most likely result in population decline of many birds in the region.     

辽河口海域浮游动物多样性及对河口环境的指示

于2013年8月（夏）、10月（秋）和2014年5月（春）在辽河口海域开展浮游动物多样性监测,研究了浮游动物种类组成和数量分布的时空变化特征,探讨了浮游动物多样性与河口盐度变化、富营养化等的关系。结果表明:辽河口海域浮游动物种类的季节更替明显,从夏季到秋季更替率为40.91%;从秋季到春季更替率为35.29%;夏季第一优势种为小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）,春、秋季为双毛纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）。夏季浮游动物种（类）数明显高于春、秋季,由夏季阶段性浮游动物类群数增加所致,而桡足类的种类数季节间差异很小。春季浮游动物数量显著高于夏、秋季,其数量高达（6.4±1.3）×104 ind./m3,秋季数量最低为（5.5±0.6）×103 ind./m3。夏季多样性指数和均匀度指数高于春、秋季。浮游动物多样性的平面分布与盐度呈显著正相关,与无机氮和磷酸盐浓度显著负相关。河口指示性种类火腿伪镖水蚤（Pseudodiaptomus poplesia）的数量的平面分布与盐度呈显著负相关,与无机氮、磷酸盐浓度显著正相关。本研究能够为我国河口海域的生态监测和管理等提供参考依据。     

北方典型灌区不同灌期农田系统中氮素迁移特征分析

以内蒙古河套灌区杭锦后旗解放闸灌域为研究区,分析2009年夏灌和秋浇前后土壤中、浅层地下水和土壤渗滤液中的硝态氮、总氮的分布特征,研究不同灌期农田系统中氮素的迁移规律及其影响因素.结果表明:夏灌对氮素的稀释作用明显,反硝化作用也会降低地下水中硝态氮的浓度,此外玉米地块的氮流失在夏灌时相对明显;秋浇是农田氮素淋失的主要阶段,一方面是硝态氮 (NO3-N) 在灌水作用下向下淋失,另一方面是土壤中的NO3-N 在反硝化作用下转变成N2O、N2和O2释放;夏灌与秋浇两次灌水前后地下水中总氮 (TN) 的峰值滞后于NO3-N,表明氮素的流失除以NO3-N的形式发生之外,部分氨氮以及有机氮等其他形式的氮素在灌溉驱动下也发生一定程度的纵向流失.     

亚热带丘陵区人工湿地底栖动物群落特征研究

以湖南长沙亚热带丘陵区为研究区域,以处理农村综合污水（含畜禽养殖废水、农村生活污水及农田排水）为主要目的,通过野外小区控制试验,设置梭鱼草（Pontederia cordata）、绿狐尾藻（Myriophyllum elatinoides）、梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合（Pontederia cordata+Myriophyllum elatinoides）及无植物对照（CK）4个湿地处理,分别于2019年4、7、10、12月采集底泥样品,研究不同植物湿地底栖动物物种组成与优势种、丰度与生物量及生物多样性的季节变化特征,并探讨其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：4个季节共采集到底栖动物27种,以水生昆虫居多（22种）.耐污性较强的霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）和黄色羽摇蚊（Chironomus flaviplumus）为4个季节共同存在物种.与单一植物湿地相比,水质处理效果最好的梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地的底栖动物年均丰度和生物量最低,仅为522ind/m²和52.1g/m²,而无植物对照湿地的底栖动物年均丰度和生物量最高,分别为3665ind/m²和146.3g/m².夏、秋季各处理湿地底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）、Margalef丰富度指数（d）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）总体上高于春、冬季.其中,春季Margalef丰富度指数表现为梭鱼草、无植物对照湿地显著高于绿狐尾藻和梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地（P<0.05）,夏季Pielou均匀度指数表现为无植物对照湿地显著低于有植物配置的湿地（P<0.05）,冬季Margalef丰富度指数则表现为梭鱼草、梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地显著高于绿狐尾藻和无植物对照湿地（P<0.05）.Spearman相关分析结果表明,底栖动物物种数与pH值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,丰度与DO呈负相关,而与其他环境因子呈正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析结果进一步表明,DO是影响腹足纲的主要环境因子,而寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫受制环境因子较多,主要与TN、COD相关性较大.     

农田施用沼液的重金属污染评价及承载力估算——以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为例

以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为对象，研究沼液施用0，3，5a对土壤和作物籽粒重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）含量的影响，评价其污染风险并估算农田沼液承载力.结果表明：沼液施用3，5a后，土壤和作物籽粒中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均未超标，内梅罗指数与土壤和农产品综合质量指数显示农田重金属污染程度属于清洁.土壤Cu和Zn显著富集，沼液施用5a后，小麦季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为22.59，63.08mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了19.52%和28.89%.水稻季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为26.12，78.74mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了27.73%和31.80%.小麦和水稻籽粒Zn含量随沼液施用年限增加而增加（P<0.05），沼液施用5a分别达到25.07，30.98mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了23.50%和16.29%.小麦季和水稻季0~15cm土壤中Cu的累积速率分别为0.74，1.13mg/（kg·a），Zn的累积速率分别为2.83，3.80mg/（kg·a）.基于土壤重金属累积速率，江苏滨海稻麦轮作田沼液安全施用年限为63a.