ZSR-10生物质闪速热解转化生物燃油装置的研制

在介绍生物质能开发的迫切性基础上,阐述了生物质闪速热解转化生物燃油装置的原理、总体设计及关键技术。     

生物质液化燃油代用燃料的应用及展望

主要介绍了生物质液化燃油代用燃料的概念、特点及优势,分析了其它几种代用燃料优势与不足,并阐明了生物质液化燃油代用燃料发展的必然趋势.     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体输送技术的研究

如何将高温热载体连续、稳定、高效地输送到反应器中，保证生物质颗粒充分的热解，以提高生物燃油的转化率，是转锥式生物质热解装置设计中的一个研究重点。本文提出了自行设计的高温热载体的两种主要输送装置，链式输送装置和气力输送装置，分析了各自装置的研究方案特点，最后对存在问题进行了探讨。     

生物质液化燃油的工业适用性及安全性探讨

简要介绍了中国石油安全面临的问题及其对国家经济可持续发展的可能影响;一般生物燃油的用途、物理性能指标、主要元素含量及其与石化轻油、重油同类指标的对比;论述了生物燃油的工业适用性、安全性和环保性;探讨了生物燃油的生产成本、市场销售预测、生产设备造价、产业化开发的经济收益以及农林剩余物资源潜力和产业化开发可能创造的就业机会等问题。     

基于微藻养殖的沼液资源化利用与高价值生物质生产耦合技术研究

综述了微藻培养技术研究进展,并分析了沼液作为资源制备微藻生物质可行性,提出了沼液资源化利用与高价值生物质生产耦合工艺技术系统。结果表明,沼液预处理技术、目标藻种筛选技术、微藻规模化培养技术和藻渣高值利用技术是耦合系统的四大关键技术。基于微藻培养技术,该耦合系统促使沼液处理系统从"处理工艺"向"生产工艺"转化,实现了多元功能耦合,即沼液除磷脱氮耦合氮磷回收,沼液净化处理耦合生物能源生产以及CO2的固定耦合沼气净化。     

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧技术发展现状及趋势

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器具有热效率高,污染物排放量低,控制性好等优点,可以用于家庭取暖、热水、工业干燥等领域.目前国外生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器已发展成熟,但我国在这方面还有一定差距.通过分析典型生物质颗粒燃烧器的构造,以及点火方式和控制系统,指出国内目前存在燃烧器自动化程度低,核心技术缺乏,原料适应性差,相关技术标准缺乏等问题,最后提出加快点火和自控系统研发,制定行业标准等建议.     

杭州在用工业锅炉改造运行能效状况分析

本文对200台煤改气、煤改生物质工业锅炉进行了能效测试,从排烟温度、过量空气系数、炉渣含碳量、炉体外表面温度、CO含量及锅炉热效率方面对结果进行了分析。结果表明:燃煤工业锅炉改造基本完毕;锅炉平均排烟温度为181.9℃,总体趋稳;过量空气系数超标严重,仍有80%超标;炉渣含碳量略有下降;炉体外表面温度平均值为45.1℃,保温措施一般;燃煤/生物质锅炉平均热效率为75.71%,燃油/气锅炉为88.16%,热效率基本持平;燃煤/生物质锅炉漏风严重,影响热效率提高;总体负荷率偏低,燃煤/生物质锅炉平均只有50%。     

太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统的能量平衡研究

介绍太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统的组成结构和基本工作原理,依据能量守恒定律提出光合生物连续制氢系统的能量平衡模型及其分析方法,指出该系统的能量有效利用率小于17.5%,进一步从太阳能辐射的光谱耦合技术、高表面积比的光合生物反应器结构、迅速搅拌技术、均匀分散光照技术、光合细菌和藻类生物混合培养技术和微生物浓度优化等方面探索了提高光合生物连续制氢系统能量利用率和节能减耗途径,为推进光合生物制氢技术应用的工业化进程提供科学参考.     

生物质炭施用和不同水分管理对水稻生长和Cd吸收的影响

向实际Cd污染土壤中添加不同质量比(0.5％、1％和2％)的生物质炭,并结合不同水分管理方式,研究该处理对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,添加生物质炭提高了淹水处理中水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH值和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度及土壤pH值,且增幅随生物质炭添加量增加而升高;旱作处理中仅2％生物质炭添加量处理显著提高了各生育期土壤溶液pH值和DOC质量浓度,但所有处理均提高了土壤pH值;生物质炭显著降低了土壤Cd生物有效性,下降幅度达5.09％～68.7％.施用生物质炭后,水稻的株高、稻米产量和水稻总生物量均有显著提高.淹水条件下施用生物质炭显著降低了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比(下降幅度为36.9％～73.4％),而在旱作条件下则增加了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比,这可能与不同水分条件下生物质炭的分解及其携带的Cd有关.研究表明,采用1％生物质炭施用量和淹水的农业措施可有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻籽粒中Cd含量.     

加强河流生物栖息地保护

<正>水资源是人类生存不可或缺的资源之一。除了饮用,人类还利用水资源进行发电、航道运输、农业灌溉等社会生产活动。涉水工程会对水环境尤其是河流生物栖息地造成扰动影响,有些甚至是长期的、不可逆转的累积影响。河流生物栖息地关乎生物食物链及能量流过程,直接反映河流健康状况。近年来,人类活动影响下的河流生物栖息地生态环境愈发脆弱,被污染、被迁移、细碎化等现象愈演愈烈,导致栖息地生物多样性不断减少甚至丧失,直接威胁河流生物的生存和繁衍。     

Effect of solvent on the hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata

Hydrothermal liquefaction is an attractive approach for the conversion of aquatic biomass like algae as it does not require the energy intensive drying steps. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of various solvents (H₂O, CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH) on product distribution and nature of products of hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata (MAUF). Hydrothermal liquefaction of MAUF was performed using subcritical H₂O (300 °C) as well as supercritical organic solvents CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH (300 °C). The use of alcoholic solvents significantly increased the bio-oil yield. The bio-oil yield was 44% and 40% in case of liquefaction with CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH respectively whereas the bio-oil yield was 11% with H₂O. Use of alcoholic solvents converted the acids obtained in bio-oil to the corresponding methyl and ethyl esters. ¹H NMR data showed that use of alcoholic solvents (C₂H₅OH and CH₃OH) increased aliphatic content of bio-oil1 (ether/methanol/ethanol fraction). FTIR and SEM results showed the difference in the bio residue obtained using alcoholic solvents and H₂O. The results showed that liquefaction with supercritical alcohols is an effective way to produce functional hydrocarbons for chemical feedstock.     

生物质闪速热解技术及生物油的应用

目前可利用的石油资源在日益耗竭,许多国家纷纷开始寻找石油的替代品,其中生物质热解液化制油技术已被认为是最具有发展潜力的技术之一.本文介绍了国内外的主要热解反应器研制情况,并阐述了生物油的应用.     

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Influence of the Acidity of H-Beta Zeolite

Catalytic pyrolysis of pine biomass was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor at 450°C. The acidic catalysts used as bed material in the reactor were β-zeolites with varying silica to alumina ratio, thus having different acid strengths. Quartz sand was used as bed material in the non-catalytic experiment. The yield of the different product phases was clearly influenced by the zeolites acidity. The chemical composition of the bio-oil was dependent on the catalyst. Zeolites with stronger acidity formed less organic oil, and respectively more water and polyaro-matic hydrocarbons than less acidic zeolites.     

Is biochar or straw-bale construction a better carbon storage from a life cycle perspective?

Biochar has been presented as a key technology for avoiding dangerous climate change. Pyrolysis converts part of the biomass feedstock into a gaseous fraction, which can be used for energy production. The remaining fraction is char, which is highly stable and resistant to biodegradation. When char is added to soil it increases carbon storage, reduces emissions and improves soil quality. Agricultural residues such as straw, stover and hulls are seen as the most accessible raw material. These residues could also be used as insulation in passive energy housing. Straw bale construction is a relatively simple technology, which has been applied for decades. It can store the carbon of the straw material into walls structures and in the process provides energy efficient housing. The climate benefits from improved energy efficiency depend on local conditions and energy production forms. In this study life cycle assessment was used to compare the climate impacts of biochar production and straw bale construction. On a life cycle perspective, straw bale construction results in higher net carbon storage than biochar production (3.3 t CO₂eq vs. 0.9 t CO₂eq/t of straw). However the result was found to be highly dependent on the assumptions on the overall energy efficiency of the replaced building stock.     

Major accident hazard in bioenergy production

Some recent accidents involving the bioenergy production and feedstock supply chain raised concern on the safety of such technologies. A survey of major accidents related to the production of bioenergy (intended as biomass, bioliquids/biofuels and biogas) was carried out, and a data repository was built, based on past accident reports available in the open literature and in specific databases. Data analysis shows that major accidents are increasing in recent years and their number is growing faster than bioenergy production. The results obtained represent an early warning concerning the major accident hazard of bioenergies, and suggest the importance of risk awareness and safety culture in bioenergy production, in the perspective of a safe and sustainable exploitation of renewable resources.     

国内生物质热解技术的研究进展探究

在了解我国石油和生物质能现状的基础上，我们探究国内主要从事生物质热解技术的研究部门的进展，展望热解液化技术的应用前景。