随身自动空气净化处理器的研究

随身自动空气净化器，采用了活性炭、光催化技术相结合的空气过滤装置。空气污染传感器与单片机组成空气质量监测电路，当空气污染超标时，产生语音提示，液晶屏显示空气质量的等级，自动（或手动）控制引风机工作，供给个人清新无污染的空气。     

基于双权重模糊综合评判的南京空气质量评价

为了更加合理地评价空气污染程度,基于传统的浓度超标赋权单因子法,将污染物毒性纳入考虑,建立了双权重因子模糊综合评价模型,并应用于南京市空气质量评价。双权重评价结果与浓度超标赋权单因子法评价结果对比如下:南京市空气主要污染物为PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_23种,2013—2016年空气质量逐年改善,夏秋季节空气质量明显优于冬春季节。双权重因子模型计算所得的PM_(2.5)的空气污染权重是单因子法的2倍,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)所占的空气污染权重占60%以上,显著高于其他污染因子,这是由于颗粒污染物较强的毒性所致。相对于单因子法,双因子权重法考虑了不同污染因子的危害程度,是一种更客观的空气污染评价方法。     

美国加州空气质量政府管理模式及对中国的启示

中国城市空气污染呈区域化和恶化趋势,亟需突破当前空气质量管理模式的制约.从管理体制和管理内容两方面对美国空气质量政府管理模式的先进经验进行了分析,并与北京市空气质量管理模式进行了初步比较,得出中国空气质量政府管理模式缺乏外部性的考虑；政府部门内部机构按照行政管理过程划分,导致管理成本偏高；决策机制与执行机制未分离,影响行政效率；对污染源的管理不专业；缺乏信息公开和公众参与等问题.建议成立空气质量管理分局,对固定源实行排污许可证管理,对移动源实行统一综合管理,细化面源的管理,建立空气质量管理信息公开平台.     

北京与伦敦空气中气态污染物的比对研究

城市空气质量问题已经引起广泛关注.通过对中英2个大城市北京与伦敦 2004 年 8 月～2005 年12 月空气中气态污染物 O3、NOx、SO2 和 CO 浓度变化的分析与对比发现:参照世界卫生组织空气质最准则、欧盟空气质量标准、美国国家空气质量标准或国家空气质量二级标准,北京O3、NO2、SO2和 CO 浓度的超标天数或时数明显高于伦敦.观测期内,北京 O3、NOx、SO2 和 CO 浓度明显高于伦敦,平均值分别是 17.9±22.1×10-9、72.4±76.1×10-9、19.5±21.8×10-9、2 004.6±1 509.8×10-9与10.8±9.9×10-9、54,6±38.9×10-9、1.8±2.2×10-9、372.3±235.0×10-9.两城市 O3 统计日变化形式均表现为白天高、夜晚低,峰值出现在午后 14:00 左右,日较差分别为 31.5±30.9×10-9与 11.1±7.7×10-9;NO、NO2、SO2 和 CO 呈双峰态日变化,峰值出现在交通的早高峰与晚高峰附近.北京 O3 最高值出现在夏季,而伦敦出现在春季;但两城市NOx、SO2 和 CO 最高值均出现在冬季.北京与伦敦的NO2与 NO 呈显著线性相关,且斜率与截距十分相似,分别是 1.25 和 1.28 与 28.1 和 23.2;同时两城市 CO/NOx 比率明显高于 SO2/NO 分别为 14.0、4.5 与 0.13、0.03.由此可以判断:对于两城市空气污染问题,交通源的贡献要远大于点源;但点源也对两城市空气质量造成影响.此外,连续逆温的天气是造成重污染事件的原因.     

杭州市太阳辐射与空气污染的关系

本文根据大气物理学的原理,通过研究太阳辐射量的变化,讨论杭州空气质量的长期变化及空气污染现状,这对研究环境污染及保护是很有意义的。     

苏州市区环境空气质量自动监测点位调整设想

介绍了苏州市区空气质量自动监测系统现状,自市区建城区面积扩大后,依据环境空气例行监测数据和中意环保合作示范项目之“苏州空气质量监测系统”数据,提出了苏州市区空气质量自动监测点位调整的设想和调整方案。     

简讯

第六届世界空气质量会议,定于1983年5月16日至20日在法国巴黎召开。会议组织者是防止空气污染协会国际联合会(IUAPPA)的成员法国大气污染防止协会。会议的议题有:1.污染物的物理学、化学问题和测量方法;2.大气污染与健康,3.嗅觉公害,4.大气     

城市空气质量连续监测数据处理方法研究

规范的城市空气质量连续监测数据处理方法是客观表述空气质量状况的前提,是将科学数据转化为决策信息的桥梁。城市空气质量的表述应包含污染物、时间、空间和信息服务对象4项基本要素,因此,连续监测数据的处理应采用多时空尺度分析方法,结合污染物特性及污染源排放信息分析空气污染状态、趋势和原因,为各干系人提供可靠的城市空气质量信息。按照国家标准,时间的表述应细化到小时尺度,空间的表述则按照监测点及其代表区域,并将受体暴露程度纳入评价指标,以不同时空尺度下污染物浓度达标率和空气质量人口天数为主要指标评价城市空气质量。针对各干系人的具体要求提供不同类型的城市空气质量报告,并及时收集公众的信息反馈,补充和完善城市空气质量评估。     

基于中小城市空气污染指标的时间序列模型构建

以楚雄市空气污染指标为样本,采用多元统计分析方法求出了3种空气污染指标之间的偏相关系数,讨论了它们之间的关联性和各个指标的相关性。运用时间序列分析方法分别建立了SO2、NO2及PM10的动态时间序列模型,并进行了检验和预测。结果表明,模型对数据的拟合较好,精度较高,可以用模型对楚雄市未来空气污染指标进行预测和分析,并对该市的空气质量作出合理的评价。     

廊坊“突发”空气重污染的环境气象条件演变特征

利用2013—2014年中国气象局下发的气象信息处理和天气预报制作系统(MICAPS)中的气象资料、廊坊环保局空气污染资料、廊坊气象观测站自动站资料,应用天气学、数理统计等方法对观测期间廊坊市63次"突发"空气重污染的大气环流形势、环境气象要素条件、风场输送通道等演变特征进行深入分析,为后期"突发"空气重污染的预报预警、科学防控提供线索和依据。     

Research on the strategic interaction of China’s regional air pollution regulation: spatial interpretation of “incomplete implementation” of regulatory policies

Research on the current strategic interaction of local governments in air pollution control is a key breakthrough. Based on the theory of Chinese style decentralization, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework to explain the incomplete enforcement of air pollution regulation. Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016, this study employs spatial Durbin model, empirically tested the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and further explores the effect of performance assessment indicators on this strategic interaction. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) Empirical results confirm that adjacent provinces do exist strategic interaction of air pollution regulation. Furthermore, the strategic interaction of air pollution regulation belongs to complementarities. (2) Meanwhile, from a regional perspective, due to the low level of economic development stock and the low level of air pollution, the interaction effect of air pollution regulation strategies in northwestern region is weaker than that in southeastern region. (3) In addition, under the national sample and the southeast sample, the air environment performance assessment indicators weaken the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and economic performance assessment indicators on the contrary.

     

An investigation of distributed lag models in the context of air pollution and mortality time series analysis

In particulate air pollution mortality time series studies, the particulate air pollution exposure measure used is typically the current day's or the previous day's air pollution concentration or a multi-day moving average air pollution concentration. Distributed lag models (DLMs) that allow for differential air pollution effects that are spread over multiple days are seen as an improvement over using a single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measure. However, at the current time, the statistical properties of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure have not been investigated. In this paper, a simulation study is used to investigate the performance of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure in comparison with single- and multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures under various forms for the true effect of air pollution on mortality. The simulation study shows that DLMs offer a more robust measure of the effect of air pollution on mortality and avoid the potential for a large negative bias compared with single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures. This is important information. In many U.S. cities, particulate air pollution concentrations are observed only once every six days, meaning it is often only possible to use single-day particulate air pollution exposure measures. The results from this paper will help quantify the magnitude of the negative bias that can result from using single-day exposure measures. The implications of this work for future air pollution mortality time series studies are discussed. The data used in this paper are concurrent daily time series of mortality, weather, and particulate air pollution from Cook County, IL, for the period 1987-1994.     

An interprovincial cooperative game model for air pollution control in China

The noncooperative air pollution reduction model (NCRM) that is currently adopted in China to manage air pollution reduction of each individual province has inherent drawbacks. In this paper, we propose a cooperative air pollution reduction game model (CRM) that consists of two parts: (1) an optimization model that calculates the optimal pollution reduction quantity for each participating province to meet the joint pollution reduction goal; and (2) a model that distribute the economic benefit of the cooperation (i.e., pollution reduction cost saving) among the provinces in the cooperation based on the Shapley value method. We applied the CRM to the case of SO₂ reduction in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China. The results, based on the data from 2003–2009, show that cooperation helps lower the overall SO₂ pollution reduction cost from 4.58% to 11.29%. Distributed across the participating provinces, such a cost saving from interprovincial cooperation brings significant benefits to each local government and stimulates them for further cooperation in pollution reduction. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed using the year 2009 data to test the parameters’ effects on the pollution reduction cost savings.

Implications: China is increasingly facing unprecedented pressure for immediate air pollution control. The current air pollution reduction policy does not allow cooperation and is less efficient. In this paper we developed a cooperative air pollution reduction game model that consists of two parts: (1) an optimization model that calculates the optimal pollution reduction quantity for each participating province to meet the joint pollution reduction goal; and (2) a model that distributes the cooperation gains (i.e., cost reduction) among the provinces in the cooperation based on the Shapley value method. The empirical case shows that such a model can help improve efficiency in air pollution reduction. The result of the model can serve as a reference for Chinese government pollution reduction policy design.     

Deconstruction of annoyance due to air pollution by multiple correspondence analyses

Annoyance caused by air pollution is a matter of public health as it can cause stress and ill-health and affect quality of life, among other burdens. The aim of this study is to apply the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) technique as a differential tooling to explore relationships between variables that can influence peoples’ behaviour concerning annoyance caused by air pollution. Data were collected through a survey on air pollution, environmental issues and quality of life. Face-to-face survey studies were conducted in two industrialized urban areas (Vitoria in Brazil and Dunkirk in France). These two regions were chosen as their inhabitants often report feeling annoyed by air pollution, and both regions have similar industrial characteristics. The results showed a progressive correspondence between levels of annoyance and other active variables in the “air pollution” factor group: as the levels of annoyance increased, the levels of the other qualitative variables (importance of air quality, perceived exposure to industrial risk, assessment of air quality, perceived air pollution) also increased. Respondents who reported feeling annoyed by air pollution also thought that air quality was very important and were very concerned about exposure to industrial risks. Furthermore, they often assessed air quality as horrible, and they could frequently perceive air pollution by dust, odours and decreased visibility. The results also showed a statistically significant association between occurrence of allergies and high levels of annoyance.

     

Relationship between atmospheric pollution processes and synoptic pressure patterns in northern China

The air pollution index (API) sequences in 10 cities in northern China and the synoptic pressure patterns during autumn and winter from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed with diagnostic and statistical methods. The results showed that the air qualities in northern China had a prominent correlation with the pressure systems. It revealed that (a) the increasing phase of API was associated with high pressure and the successive low pressure, (b) the preceding part of front (i.e. the retral part of low pressure) was associated with the maximum of API values during a cycle of air pollution process, (c) the pressure systems with high gradient led to the decrease of API, and (d) the synoptic pressure patterns and their evolvements were the main causes of regional air pollution processes. These relations can be used to analyze the variation characteristics and mechanism of regional atmosphere pollution process, and provide important basis for the qualitative prediction, control, and management of regional air pollution problems.     

SAGA: a decision support system for air pollution management around a coal-fired power plant

Air quality models are currently feasible approaches to prevent air pollution episodes. From one of the first source-oriented modelling approaches for air pollution forecasting (Souto et al., 1994, 1996, 1998), a new decision support system for air quality management, SAGA, was developed to provide support to As Pontes Power Plant (APPP) staff. SAGA can provide air pollution forecasts and manage meteorological and air quality measurements. Power plant decisions are supported by the results of a non-hydrostatic meteorological model (ARPS, Xue et al., 2001) to produce Meteorological Forecasts (MFs), and to be coupled to different Lagrangian dispersion models.     

Evaluation of Nationwide Health Costs of Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoking

Total nationwide health costs due to air pollution and cigarette smoking were evaluated by determining the percentages of the total respiratory disease cost for 1970 due to the separate and the synergistic effects of smoking and air pollution. Previous studies known to the authors did not properly account for the well established synergistic effect of smoking and air pollution, and also assumed that the urban factor (ratio of urban incidence to rural incidence) was due primarily or exclusively to air pollution. Recent evidence strongly indicates that air pollution is not the primary cause of the urban factor, although it does make a contribution. Taking a minimum of 10% and a maximum of 50% of the urban factor to be due to air pollution, the total 1970 nationwide health cost due to air pollution was found to be between $62 million and $311 million, and the nationwide health cost due to cigarette smoking was found to be $4.23 billion.     

Determinants of perceived air pollution annoyance and association between annoyance scores and air pollution (PM2.5, NO2) concentrations in the European EXPOLIS study

Apart from its traditionally considered objective impacts on health, air pollution can also have perceived effects, such as annoyance. The psychological effects of air pollution may often be more important to well-being than the biophysical effects. Health effects of perceived annoyance from air pollution are so far unknown. More knowledge of air pollution annoyance levels, determinants and also associations with different air pollution components is needed. In the European air pollution exposure study, EXPOLIS, the air pollution annoyance as perceived at home, workplace and in traffic were surveyed among other study objectives. Overall 1736 randomly drawn 25–55-yr-old subjects participated in six cities (Athens, Basel, Milan, Oxford, Prague and Helsinki). Levels and predictors of individual perceived annoyances from air pollution were assessed. Instead of the usual air pollution concentrations at fixed monitoring sites, this paper compares the measured microenvironment concentrations and personal exposures of PM_2.5 and NO₂ to the perceived annoyance levels. A considerable proportion of the adults surveyed was annoyed by air pollution. Female gender, self-reported respiratory symptoms, downtown living and self-reported sensitivity to air pollution were directly associated with high air pollution annoyance score while in traffic, but smoking status, age or education level were not significantly associated. Population level annoyance averages correlated with the city average exposure levels of PM_2.5 and NO₂. A high correlation was observed between the personal 48-h PM_2.5 exposure and perceived annoyance at home as well as between the mean annoyance at work and both the average work indoor PM_2.5 and the personal work time PM_2.5 exposure. With the other significant determinants (gender, city code, home location) and home outdoor levels the model explained 14% (PM_2.5) and 19% (NO₂) of the variation in perceived air pollution annoyance in traffic. Compared to Helsinki, in Basel and Prague the adult participants were more annoyed by air pollution while in traffic even after taking the current home outdoor PM_2.5 and NO₂ levels into account.     

2011-2013年中国雾霾易发生期间API的分布格局

以2011-2013年每年的1-3月和10-12月的中国120个城市逐日空气污染指数(API)数据为基础,通过选取最优的空间插值方法获得雾霾易发生期间每月的API空间分布;采用面向对象的分形网络演化算法对API分布图进行图像分割,获取"污染场"基元,通过G*指数的空间聚集分析提取"污染岛"范围;构建城市污染效应比例指数来反映污染效应的时空变化趋势;利用小波变换分析城市大气污染时间序列的多尺度变化特征。结果表明:近3年来雾霾易发生期间API空间分布的高值区域面积呈现不断增大的态势,京津冀、山东半岛、长三角等地污染岛分布面积较大;在时间尺度上,全国七大地理分区的API强度呈现出一定的周期性,污染强度虽未表现出明显的时间差异,但1-3月西部的污染大于东部,10-12月北方的污染大于南方。