我国各省市报废汽车量预测

根据统计数据,采用加权平均法计算我国汽车平均使用年限为12年;根据各省市1998—2008年汽车新增消费量统计数据,推测得到2010—2020年各省市汽车报废量;分析了报废汽车中载货车、客车和轿车结构特征和报废汽车东、中、西部区域分布特征。     

预测家电报废量的PQR法

提出了一种对某地区家电报废量的预测办法,该办法考虑了该地区的人口密度、人均拥有家电量及更新速度三个因素。用该办法对浙江省的家电报废量进行了预测。     

蒋省三会长在“两会”上提出设立“回收日”

<正>1我国废旧资源即将进入报废高峰中国再生资回收利用协会预测,第一,2010—2030年电力和建筑行业是铜需求的主导行业,我国铜资源需求量将在2040年达到峰值,而电力和建筑业在2030年之前也将成为废铜资源主要的报废来源。第二,2020年以后电子行业的报废量最大,各种废弃电器电子产品将进入报废高峰。第三,交通和机械是目前废钢铁的主要来源,建筑将成为钢铁需求最大和存量最大行业。第四,交通和建筑行业的铝资源社会存     

报废汽车回收率不到30% 大部分入黑市改装上路

正公安部最新数据显示,截至2017年底,我国汽车保有量已达2.17亿辆。相应的,汽车报废量也不断攀升,市场调查机构智研咨询测算,2018年我国报废汽车数量预计907万辆。如此多的报废汽车都流向了哪里?"新华视点"记者调查发现,流入正规拆解企业的报废汽车不到30%,一些报     

废旧冰箱的回收处理及关键技术研究

冰箱产品从其制造到废弃是一个庞大的产业领域,如何以较经济的方式实现废旧冰箱的可拆卸性与可回收性,已经成为当今国际社会关注的热点.目前我国已迎来了废旧冰箱报废的高峰期,而我国又是一个人均资源占有量很低的国家,对废旧冰箱进行可回收性利用则具有极其重要意义.对废旧冰箱的拆卸与回收的经济性、再生利用以及回收关键技术研究等方面进行了分析.     

我国报废汽车回收拆解企业发展的关键问题研究

报废汽车回收拆解具有巨大的经济、环境和社会效益。我国报废汽车回收拆解企业正面临极佳的发展环境,但目前存在着诸多问题,需要进行转型升级。提出报废汽车回收拆解企业转型升级过程中存在的若干关键问题,即回收阶段中的报废汽车量预测、回收模式选择、报废汽车回收网络构建;拆解阶段中的拆解工艺选择、拆解设备选择;产品销售阶段中的产品分类及市场分析、销售模式确定及销售网络构建、产品定价等问题,并对这些问题进行分析,提供解决方法和措施。     

废旧冰箱塑料回收再生利用技术研究

目前我国的废旧冰箱已进入了一个报废高峰期,且大量废旧冰箱塑料的处理问题已成为当今地球环境保护的热点问题,而我国又是一个人均资源占有量很低的国家,因此,对废旧冰箱塑料进行回收与再生利用则具有极其重要的意义.介绍了废旧冰箱塑料的物理再生利用、化学再生利用、生物降解、能源回收利用的技术和方法.     

上海市垃圾产量影响因素分析及规模预测——基于灰色系统理论的研究

垃圾产量持续上涨是世界各国一直以来持续关注的问题,上海市作为我国经济发展重要地区,也面临着垃圾产量逐年上涨所带来的巨大压力。采用2010—2017年上海市年垃圾产量及相关数据,运用灰色理论系统,对各项影响垃圾产量的因素进行分析以及预测未来增长趋势。结果显示,垃圾产量受到上海市生产总值(GDP)、人均年收入、常住人口、货物运输量的影响。其中GDP、常住人口数目和货物运输量是影响垃圾产量的最主要因素。而自2017年之后的3年里,上海市的垃圾产量不会减少,且增长速度稍有加快,社会废弃物处理将面临更大的经济压力。     

基于京津冀地区退役动力电池中钴的流动物质流分析及预测

随着电动汽车数量在我国的增加,电动汽车退役动力电池的处理也成为亟待解决的问题。钴是动力电池中不可缺少的原材料,同时也是我国的稀缺战略资源。以京津冀地区电动汽车的销量数据为基础,建立了区域性的退役动力电池中钴元素的物质流分析模型,分析了2008—2019年京津冀区域退役动力电池中钴的流动数量、结构和特征,并预测了6种情景下,2020—2030年钴元素的流动趋势。结果表明,2008—2013年,京津冀区域内动力电池中的钴的存量处于低水平阶段,2013年钴的累积存量仅为17.3 t;2014—2019年钴存量处于爆发式增长阶段,2019年钴的累积存量高达3 431.9 t。通过设置电动车销量在基础、中速、高速增长的3种情景,发现在电池技术改进情景下,到2030年区域内钴的累积存量相比电池技术不变的情景分别下降11%、13%、13%。该研究成果可为退役动力电池回收政策或法规的制定提供理论参考。     

关于《国务院关于修改〈报废汽车回收管理办法〉的决定（征求意见稿）》的说明

一、修改的必要性与主要思路
　　《报废汽车回收管理办法》（以下称现行办法）自2001年6月16日施行以来,对加强报废汽车回收管理、保障道路交通秩序和人民群众生命财产安全、保护环境发挥了积极作用。近年来,我国机动车快速进入家庭消费时代,保有量、报废量大幅增长,报废汽车回收领域面临的各方面环境发生了很大变化,出现一些新的情况和问题。一是报废汽车回收企业资格许可制度需进一步完善,有关许可条件已经不完全符合实际;二是回收拆解过程中,固体废物、废油液等污染环境的情况比较突出,需要进一步加强监管;三是现行办法有关拆解的“五大总成”（发动机、方向机、变速器、前后桥、车架）只能作为废金属强制回炉冶炼的规定,在当时有一定的合理性,但随着汽车保有量、报废量的大幅增长,资源浪费越来越明显,不利于资源循环利用和机动车零部件再制造行业的发展。此外,近年来随着道路交通安全法及实施细则相继出台,商事登记制度改革、价格改革等的进一步深化,现行办法中的部分规定也要相应进行调整。     

Temporal Trends in Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments in Sweden

Lake sediment cores were analyzedto study the history of mercury (Hg) pollution andparticularly to determine whether recent sedimentconcentrations have declined in response todeclining atmospheric deposition of Hg. Sedimentcores from 6 forest lakes distributed fromsouthern to northern Sweden and 3 northernmountain lakes were analyzed for Hg using CVAAS. A400 cm sediment profile from Måkevatten insouthwest Sweden indicates that the onset of Hgpollution occurred in the 18th century. Anindisputable increase in Hg concentrationsoccurred concurrent with the appearance ofspheroidal carbonaceous flyash particles (SCP)derived from fossil-fuel combustion, in themid-19th century. There is a strong correlationbetween Hg and SCP concentrations in the sedimentcores (r=0.67 to 0.91), which suggests a strongrelationship between historical Hg pollution andfossil fuel burning. In contrast to sediment corestaken in 1979, maximum Hg concentrations are nowobserved below the sediment surface and declinetowards the sediment surface. This study confirmsthat reductions in atmospheric deposition of Hgover Sweden have resulted in a decreased transferof total Hg to aquatic environments as reflectedby lake sediments, and that lake sediment profilesof Hg concentrations reflect relative trends inthe atmospheric deposition of Hg rather thanpost-depositional diagenetic processes.     

Elemental Concentration in Lichen in Western Anatolia

The deposition patterns of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb, Zn and As wereinterpreted together with enrichment factor calculations. Samples collected around iron-steel plant had very high concentrations and EF values of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb and Zn implying that these plants are serious pollution sources in the region. High As concentrations around the settlementareas showed that coal combustion is another important anthropogenic source in the region.     

Volumetric changes in landfill gas flux in response to variations in atmospheric pressure

This paper develops a quantitative model which attempts to relate volumetric changes in landfill gas emissions to variations in the surface atmospheric pressure. The model considers gas emissions as the sum of two terms, one constant over a period of weeks, and the other able to vary on a scale of hours. Results from computer simulations are given which indicate that the magnitude of the variable factor is proportional to the rate at which surface pressure is changing, rather than the actual value of the surface pressure.     

Variations in the Fluoride Level in Precipitation in a Region of Human Impact

The research concerns the Wielkopolski National Park (West Poland), which suffered a huge human impact in the 1970s and 1980s owing to the nearby location of an industrial plant. Since then, fundamental technological changes that it introduced into its production of phosphate fertilizers have radically reduced the amount of pollution emitted. A three-year study (2002–2004) of fluorides in precipitation in open terrain and under tree crowns showed their concentrations to range from levels below the detection limit (0.003 mg/l) to 0.560 mg/l. Those registered under tree crowns were several times higher and indicated substantial dry deposition of fluorides on the trees. The highest values were recorded in 2003, with 43% of samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/l, and with 51% of throughfall ranging from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/l. A strong connection was shown to exist between fluoride and sulphate concentrations in the precipitation. An analysis was made of the available data on F concentrations in the air and the dust levels around the factory, but these figures did not show an unequivocal effect on F concentrations in precipitation. A great similarity was found to occur between the fluoride content in rainwater in the Wielkopolski National Park and in the centre of the nearby Poznań metropolitan area, which indicates that there are also other F sources besides the local factory.     

Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: case studies in e-waste recycling in China and Thailand

Developing Asian countries have started to apply the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to electronics and electrical equipment waste (e-waste). This policy approach aims to give electronic appliance manufacturers and importers responsibility for the collection and recycling of discarded electronic equipment. China and Thailand have drafted regulations on the recycling of e-waste with common characteristics such as the financial responsibility of producers and subsidies for collection. Although the proposed system is sensible, taking into account the fact that e-waste is a market-traded commodity, there are two major difficulties in implementing EPR in developing countries. First, it may be difficult for governments to collect funds from producers or importers if smuggled, imitation, or small shop-assembled products have a large share in the market. Second, the system creates incentives for collectors and recyclers to over-report the amount of collected e-waste in order to gain extra subsidies from the fund. Other policy measures such as the enforcement of pollution control regulations on informal recyclers, the prevention of smuggling, and the protection of intellectual property rights should accompany EPR policies.     

Medical wastes characterisation in healthcare institutions in Mauritius

This study was initiated to characterize solid and liquid wastes generated in healthcare institutions and to provide a framework for the safe management of these wastes. The project was carried at three major medical institutions, namely, the Jeetoo Hospital, the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National (SSRN) Hospital and the Clinic Mauricienne. A waste audit carried out at these sites revealed that approximately 10% of solid wastes was hazardous in nature, consisting mainly of infectious, pathological and chemical wastes. The average amount of hazardous wastes per patient per day was found to be 0.072 kg at Jeetoo hospital, 0.091 kg at SSRN hospital and 0.179 kg at the clinic. The amount of hazardous wastes generated as a function of the number of occupied beds was found to follow a relationship of type y=0.0006x-0.19, where y was the amount of hazardous wastes generated per bed per day and x was the number of occupied beds. The waste quantifying process also revealed that at SSRN Hospital, 0.654 m(3) of water was being consumed per patient per day and the amount of wastewater produced was 500 m(3)/day. Further analysis revealed that the wastewater was polluting with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), total suspended solids (TSS) and coliform content well above permissible limits.     

Future trends in computer waste generation in India

The objective of this paper is to estimate the future projection of computer waste in India and to subsequently analyze their flow at the end of their useful phase. For this purpose, the study utilizes the logistic model-based approach proposed by Yang and Williams to forecast future trends in computer waste. The model estimates future projection of computer penetration rate utilizing their first lifespan distribution and historical sales data. A bounding analysis on the future carrying capacity was simulated using the three parameter logistic curve. The observed obsolete generation quantities from the extrapolated penetration rates are then used to model the disposal phase. The results of the bounding analysis indicate that in the year 2020, around 41–152 million units of computers will become obsolete. The obsolete computer generation quantities are then used to estimate the End-of-Life outflows by utilizing a time-series multiple lifespan model. Even a conservative estimate of the future recycling capacity of PCs will reach upwards of 30 million units during 2025. Apparently, more than 150 million units could be potentially recycled in the upper bound case. However, considering significant future investment in the e-waste recycling sector from all stakeholders in India, we propose a logistic growth in the recycling rate and estimate the requirement of recycling capacity between 60 and 400 million units for the lower and upper bound case during 2025. Finally, we compare the future obsolete PC generation amount of the US and India.     

Material reuse and recycling in construction works in Japan

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The status of material reuse and recycling in Japan is reviewed with an emphasis on the efforts by the national government. First, the national...     

Field Intercomparison of Main Components in Air in EMEP

Within the European monitoring network (EMEP, ) several different sampling procedures for measuring the main air components have been applied. This has contributed to systematic concentration differences and a comparability problem. Since 1997 co-located experiments in 15 countries have been carried out to quantify these differences. In addition, three major measurement campaigns were organized by EMEP between 1985 and 1991. Differences among results depend on the concentration level and methods used. The decrease in SO₂ concentrations over the last twenty years has placed greater demands on the methodology. Absorbing solutions methods for SO₂, (H₂O₂ and tetrachloromercurate (TCM)) typically have higher detection limits than the reference method, which uses KOH impregnated filters. The TCM method also has problems with negative interference, especially in summertime. UV fluorescence monitors have in a few cases proven to give good results, but interferences, detection limit and poor maintenance can be problems. For NO₂, many countries are using the TGS absorption solution method, which has a higher detection limit than the reference method using NaI impregnated glass sinters. The Salzmann method gives unreliable results at concentrations below 1 μgN/m³, and even at higher concentrations the uncertainty is rather unsatisfactory. The chemiluminescence monitor with molybdenum converters tends to systematically overestimate NO₂ concentrations, possibly because zero-drift problems and the non-specific response to NO₂. Particulate sulphate measurements in general have lower bias and uncertainties than gas and other aerosol measurements.