凤眼莲加速水溶液中马拉硫磷降解

研究了凤眼莲对水溶液中马拉硫磷降解作用的效果及凤眼莲修复马拉硫磷污染水体的主要机理.结果表明,10～11g凤眼莲可将250mL的10mg/L马拉硫磷的降解速度提高160%.其修复机理主要是凤眼莲吸收马拉硫磷后在体内进一步降解,贡献率可达56%,微生物降解的贡献率占9%.     

凤眼莲净化印染废水过程中根系微生态系统的作用

当用凤眼莲净化印染废水,且停留时间为4天时,根部灭菌的凤眼莲的氧化缸和无凤眼莲的氧化缸对COD的去除分别为13％、15％。相比之下,未灭菌的凤眼莲氧化缸靠其根部微生态系统的协同净化作用,对COD的去除率可达35％,当废水停留时间为8天时,此项去除率达46％。三者对PVA、表面活性剂、印染废水中常见的几种染料的去除率也与上述情况相似。不能为凤眼莲直接吸改的有机物,特別是易礙聚的污染物首先被粘附、吸着、固定到根部,然后由根系微生态系统的强大净化作用降解。     

DLL-1菌在土壤中对甲基对硫磷农药的降解性能与影响因素研究

研究了邻单胞菌（DLL－1）在土壤中降解甲基对硫磷的性能与影响因素，DLL－1菌在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土与河北砂壤土中均能发挥高效降解甲基对硫磷农药的作用，试验结果表明，农药浓度在1．5－450mg/kg范围内，DLL－1菌作用24h后，降解率达86．0％－95．2％，在模拟水田与旱田试验中，加菌24h后土壤中甲基对硫磷农药的降解率远达到95％以上，而对照试验中降解率仅为18．8％、42．2％，田间小区试验结果：当DLL－1菌剂用量大于3g/m^2时，在田间土壤环境中即产生明显的强降解作用。     

凤眼莲净化水体中甲萘胺,苯胺的研究

凤眼莲有发达的须根和根毛，具有生长繁殖快，耐污性强等特点。它在吸收污水中的营养成分同时，也吸收水中的有害物质，使水中污染物浓度逐渐下降。有些有害物质如重金属元素，在凤眼莲根部和叶都富集后不继续降解；有些有害物质如氮、磷作为营养物质而被吸收；而酚、洗涤剂等有害物质在凤眼莲体内被逐渐降解。对凤眼莲净化酚的研究文献较多［‘，’］，证实根、叶的细胞对含酚污水的净化能力明显，水体中酚含量小于ling／L时不会在凤眼莲植株中残留，酚量大干20mg／L时凤眼莲出现中毒现象。对凤眼莲净化水体中重金属的研究更多卜一‘］，…     

凤眼莲在净化废水方面的应用

本文初步探讨了凤眼莲在净化废水方面的应用效果。结果表明，凤眼莲对生活废水具有较强的适应能力和净化效果。同时，其经特殊的处理后钻井废水中也能较正常生长、繁殖，并起一定的净化作用。文中就废水pH对凤眼莲的影响作了初步实验探讨，对凤眼莲净化废水机理也作了简述。     

凤眼莲净化含酚污水的研究——Ⅱ.组织、细胞和匀浆水平的试验

测定了凤眼莲根与叶组织、悬浮叶肉细胞以及根与叶组织匀浆对含酚污水的净化能力,结果表明,这些系统均具去除水中酚的明显作用,说明凤眼莲本身确有降解酚的效果。去除的酚是被组织或匀浆边吸收边降解的。用表面消毒杀死组织表面的微生物后,对叶的组织或匀浆除酚能力的影响很小,却使根组织的降酚过程明显减慢,证实了根际微生物在该系统起一定作用。黑暗条件下叶组织仍有降酚作用,只是速度比光照下稍减慢,说明光照在凤眼莲对酚水的净化中不是必需的。     

凤眼莲对铅、镉废水净化能力的研究

本文通过室内静态、动态实验和现场试验研究了凤眼莲对废水中铅、镉的积累能力和净化作用,实验结果表明,凤眼莲对废水中铅、镉有较强的净化作用、与处理浓度、放养时间和放养量有关,大约84—93％的铅、镉被积累在根中;不同浓度铅、镉废水养殖凤眼莲7—10天后,其去除率可达62—89％。凤眼莲对铅的吸收净化能力大于镉。     

臭氧降解甲基对硫磷机理研究

研究了臭氧降解甲基对硫磷的效果、机理．鉴定了反应中间产物。实验表明臭氧能有效降解甲基对硫磷。通过分别添加自由基抑制剂碳酸氢钠和叔丁醇,初步探讨了反应机理,在自由基抑制剂存在时,甲基对硫磷的降解率明显降低,表明甲基对硫磷的降解遵循自由基机理。对处理过的水样采用GC,HPLC,UV检测．结果表明有未知中间产物生成,同时发现降解产物的极性增强。通过GC-MS检测鉴定了此未知物质的结构,证实臭氧处理不足时会有毒性中间产物生成。     

河流-地下水渗流系统对城市污水的净化作用及机理

通过野外试验与理论分析，研究了河流－地下水渗流系统对城市污水的净化作用及机理，结果表明：河流－地下水渗流系统对城市污水的COD，重金属，氮等具有很好的净化作用，对COD的去除主要是好氧微生物降解，其次为厌氧微生物降解，重金属与挥发酚主要是土壤吸附作用，而氮的去除是好氧环境中的硝化作用与厌氧环境中的反硝化作用的联合作用的结果，其中硝化作用是氮净化效率的限制因子。     

纳米锐钛型TiO2催化超声降解甲基对硫磷农药的研究

采用高温活化处理过的纳米锐钛型TiO2 为催化剂,研究了各种因素对有机磷农药的代表性化合物———甲基对硫磷超声降解反应的影响.结果表明,在纳米锐钛型TiO2 的作用下,甲基对硫磷的超声降解效果明显优于单纯使用超声的降解.降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40kHz,输出功率5 0W ,催化剂用量10 0 0mg·L- 1 ,pH为5 0 0 ,温度为2 0℃,甲基对硫磷水溶液初始浓度5 0mg·L- 1 的条件下,5 0min时的降解率即可达到95 %以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.