超声波/铁-炭微电解协同降解苯酚

采用超声波/铁-炭微电解联用体系,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了苯酚溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、铁屑与活性炭投加量等因素对联用体系降解苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:考察范围内,苯酚降解率随其初始浓度和溶液初始pH值的增加而降低,随铁屑与活性炭投加量的增加而升高.当苯酚初始浓度由50mg·L-1增至270mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值由3.0增至9.0时,降解率分别由91.3%和78.4%降至34.7%和50.7%;铁屑投加量为每L苯酚溶液中40g、160g和320g,铁屑与活性炭体积比均为1∶1时,降解率依次为31.8%、51.9%和72.8%.对比实验及动力学分析表明:联用体系中超声波(US)和铁-炭微电解对苯酚降解具有明显的协同作用,协同因子Ｅ＝5.12,且降解过程符合假一级动力学规律,并根据降解速率常数随各影响因素的变化关系确定了宏观动力学模型.     

超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的研究

研究了超声波/零价铁协同降解苯酚的过程,并对其降解机理进行了研究,分别考察了零价铁投加量,溶液初始浓度,初始pH值,超声功率等因素对苯酚降解的影响规律。结果表明,超声波/零价铁工艺能有效的降解水中的苯酚,零价铁的最佳投加量为0.8 g/L,苯酚浓度越低处理效果越好,苯酚在酸性条件的降解率高于碱性条件,在0~400 W超声作用下,功率越大,降解率越大;超声波与零价铁粉对苯酚的降解具有协同作用,其降解过程符合一级动力学规律。在体系中加入自由基捕获剂正丁醇抑制了苯酚的降解,说明苯酚的降解过程主要依靠羟基自由基(.OH)的氧化作用。     

不同改性活性炭吸附苯酚和亚甲基蓝的实验研究

选用木质、果壳、椰壳和煤质4种不同材质的活性炭,经过HNO_3酸化和Na OH碱化,选出对苯酚和亚甲蓝吸附效果最好的活性炭,并进行最佳投加量,最佳pH值和最佳吸附时间的研究。结果表明:碱化木质炭比表面积大、孔隙发达,吸附效果最好。对于初始浓度为1 g/L的苯酚和亚甲基蓝溶液,最佳投加量分别为1.5 g和0.5 g。当pH10时,碱化木质炭对苯酚有较高的去除率,pH值对亚甲基蓝影响不大,在强酸,中性及碱性溶液中吸附效果更佳。碱化木质炭对苯酚的吸附速度高,在极短时间内去除率高达到88%。当亚甲基蓝的吸附时间在20 min之后,碱化木质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附趋于平衡,去除率达90%。     

FeOOH催化降解苯酚的性能研究

用沉淀法制备FeOOH,以此为催化剂采用非均相Fenton高级氧化技术降解苯酚。对催化剂的投加量、H2O2的投加量、初始pH对苯酚去除的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,pH=3.0、双氧水的投加量为19.6mmol·L-1,催化剂的投加量为2.0 g·L-1,室温下反应10 min,苯酚的去除率可达90%以上。非均相Fenton氧化法降解苯酚能有效拓宽反应溶液pH值范围,对废水的苯酚的去除具有广阔的应用前景。     

镀铜铁内电解法用于甲基橙的脱色研究

采用镀铜铁内电解法对甲基橙染料废水进行了降解脱色研究,考察了pH、铁屑投加量、反应时间、初始浓度对脱色效果的影响,并对镀铜铁内电解降解甲基橙的过程进行了原位循环伏安跟踪监测。结果表明:最佳反应条件为酸性条件pH值2~4,铁屑投加量为400g/L,反应时间为100min,脱色率为96.0%;镀铜铁内电解降解甲基橙过程发生了氧化还原反应,生成了甲基橙的氧化产物与还原产物。     

TiO2光催化降解水中对乙酰氨基酚的研究

以金属卤素灯(250 W,波长≥365 nm)为光源,研究了对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)在纳米TiO2悬浆体系中的光催化降解,考察了溶液初始pH、APAP初始浓度和TiO2投加剂量对APAP光催化降解的影响.结果表明:TiO2光催化工艺可以有效地去除水中的APAP;在pH值为3.0、TiO2投加量为0.5 g/L的条件下,初始浓度为30 μmol·L-1的APAP水溶液在光照60min后的光降解率可达59.1%;APAP的光催化降解率与其初始浓度、TiO2光催化剂的用量、溶液的pH值等因素有关.     

超声/镁粉体系协同降解活性艳红

研究了超声/镁粉体系对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的降解效果,探讨了溶液pH值、声强、镁粉投加量、辐照时间等因素对染料脱色率的影响。结果表明,当溶液pH=3.5,声强=54.3W/cm2,镁粉投加量为2.122g/L时,20mg/L活性艳红溶液在超声辐照48min后脱色率达99.71%。同时探讨了超声波/镁粉体系的协同降解作用。超声波强化镁粉降解的能力主要表现在机械振荡加速了染料向镁粉表面的传质速度;加入镁粉促进超声产生大量·OH,强化了对染料的声化学脱色和降解。超声波/镁粉联用具有显著协同作用,服从动力学一级反应。     

石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺废水的影响因素及机理研究

以苯胺为研究对象,通过试验对超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺的过程与机理进行了研究,分别考察了零价铁投加量、废水初始pH值、废水初始浓度对苯胺污染物降解的影响规律,结果表明:超声波/零价铁体系适宜处理苯胺浓度较低的废水,零价铁的最佳投加量为2.8g/L,废水初始pH值的适宜范围为7～8;超声波/零价铁体系降解苯胺具有协同作用,对苯胺的降解以.OH自由基的氧化作用为主,其降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律;紫外可见光谱显示,苯胺在超声波/零价铁体系中发生了开环反应。     

Ti-rGO/GAC粒子电极降解苯酚废水的影响因素试验研究

难降解苯酚废水的高效处理是污水处理领域中亟需解决的难题。以椰壳活性炭为基底材料,在其表面负载石墨烯和钛,制备出新型复合负载型催化粒子电极(Ti-rGO/GAC)填充于三维电极反应器中用于处理苯酚废水,采用单因素试验和正交试验考察了Ti-rGO/GAC三维电极降解体系处理苯酚废水的影响因素和最佳反应条件。试验结果表明:当反应液体积为200 mL、模拟废水中苯酚的初始浓度为310 mg/L、极板间距为4.5 cm、电解质(Na_2SO_4)投加量为10 g/L、溶液的pH值为3、粒子电极投加量为100 g/L、施加电压为13 V时,为Ti-rGO/GAC三维电极降解体系处理苯酚废水的最佳反应条件;在该最佳反应条件下,电解反应100 min后,模拟废水中苯酚和COD的平均去除率分别为93.51%、81.25%;pH值对废水中苯酚和COD去除率的影响最大,电压、极板间距和电解质浓度对其的影响效果依次减弱。Ti-rGO/GAC三维电极降解技术对处理苯酚这类生物难降解污染物具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.