热应激与人的行为特性

在许多作业环境中，人们都要受到热应激的作用，热应激不仅能引起不良的生理反应，还会对人的行为特性有不利的影响。人们往往注重于热应激引起的生理反应及生理耐受极限，忽视了它对人的行为特征的影响。本文侧重论述热应激对人的行为影响，以加深了解热应激的作用，为存在热应激的人－机系统设计及改善人－机关系综合措施提供理论依据。     

消防救援人员的心理应激反应

消防救援人员每天都会经历各种应激事件,除了日常灭火外,消防救援人员还参与洪水、泥石流、地震、台风等救援工作,这些事件都有可能造成他们的心理应激,而心理应激水平高低也会直接影响到消防救援人员的心理健康,比如产生失眠、多梦等情况。根据上述问题,本文对消防救援人员心理应激的表现和产生的原因进行分析,探究心理应激对心理健康产生的影响,最后提出了如何改善消防救援人员心理应激的对策。     

积业应激对炼钢工人健康的影响及其预防

本文主要介绍了职业应激的概念,以及高温、噪声、辐射、压力这些应激原给炼钢工人健康带来的影响,并提出了预防措施。     

急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶的影响

为防治急性应激对列车驾驶员认知加工和安全驾驶产生的不利影响,首先,梳理现有急性应激测评指标,列出各指标的优缺点;然后,探讨急性应激对何种认知成分和绩效产生影响;最后,考虑个体差异因素在急性应激对认知加工影响过程中的调节作用,针对性地提出急性应激干预方案。结果表明：如果问卷实施简单,可在短时间内收集大量数据;事件相关电位(ERP)指标可将应激与认知成分相关联,灵敏度较高;激素等指标反馈应激较灵敏,但易受干扰;眼动指标能反馈应激状态下的注意变化;急性应激会影响注意、执行功能及其子成分和决策;性别、年龄、经验和人格特质会在急性应激对认知加工的影响中起调节作用;基于现有研究成果,提出系统的列车驾驶员急性应激干预方案。     

煤矿安全从业人员工作满意感与应激水平、自我效能感的关系

运用问卷法,以43名国有煤矿安全从业人员为研究对象,探讨了在煤矿这一特定环境下的工作人员其工作满意感、应激水平和自我效能感的关系。结果发现应激水平能负向预测工作满意感,自我效能感不仅能正向预测工作满意感,还能调节应激水平对工作满意感的影响,较高的自我效能感能使应激水平对工作满意感的负效应转为正效应。根据笔者研究结果,提出了减少工作应激刺激、提供培训提高员工自我效能感、制定合理的人员安置和促进员工发展的人事制度,以增强员工的工作满意感的建议。     

矿工工作应激与对策探讨

工作应激对煤矿工人的影响是导致煤矿安全管理事故发生的主要原因,所以,煤矿工人的工作应激是一个亟待解决的问题。通过文献的搜集和访谈,与其他职业压力源的比较分析,并结合矿工这一职业的特点,第一,界定煤矿工人工作应激的概念;第二,从工作特征、组织因素、社会因素和个人特征4个大的方面来全面地分析矿工工作应激的来源;第三,依据工作应激的来源,从个人、组织和社会3个层面来探讨矿工工作应激的解决对策。为煤矿安全管理及维护矿工身心健康提供一定的依据。     

意外灾祸突降后的心理救护

意外灾祸突降后的心理救护医学心理学研究表明,意外灾祸突降之后,当事人精神上处于一种持续的劣性应激状态,伴有悲恸、焦虑、忧愁、抑郁等负性情绪。如果这种心理应激和负性情绪的强度过大或持续时间过长,则会引起一系列生理病理性改变,如使内分泌机能紊乱,反馈性地...     

消防员运动性疲劳监测量表的应用研究

为探索消防员训练疲劳的监测方法及评价手段,通过对《运动员训练状态监测量表》的跨行业检验,分析了消防员运动性疲劳的产生因子;编制了监测量表共42道题目,包括:情绪应激、生理疲劳、心理疲劳3个应激分量表以及自我效能、体能恢复、自我调节、睡眠质量4个恢复分量表;统计得出量表筛查参考值,提出恢复对策。研究结果表明:量表总得分＜152分为正常;152~<167分为轻度疲劳;≥167分为中重度疲劳;应激分量表＜78分为正常;78~<88分为应激过度轻度疲劳;≥88分为应激过度中重度疲劳;恢复分量表＜96分为正常;96~<103分为恢复不足轻度疲劳;≥103分为恢复不足中重度疲劳。     

驾驶人应激反应能力强化培训方法

为提升驾驶人对突发交通状况的处理能力,预防交通事故,通过收集并整理国内典型应激场景,建立不同道路类型及天气下的三维应激场景库;综合国内外文献提出以舒尔特方格训练驾驶人注意力,选择反应仪加强驾驶人应激反应能力的心理培训与基于驾驶模拟器三维应激场景库的驾驶人技能培训相结合的应激反应能力培训方法;对20名被试进行培训,选择应激处置绩效为指标评估培训前后的应激绩效。结果表明:在83.33%的应激场景中,培训后的被试的应激处置绩效高于培训前;就单个场景而言,培训后的绩效显著提升,且趋于稳定;所开发的驾驶人应激反应能力培训方法对提升驾驶人应激反应能力和操作正确率有良好的效果。     

空调机组电机超载问题的分析与解决办法

某工厂空调送风系统的两台机组运行时发生超载、电流过大现象.本文经现场调查和测试分析,发现原因是机组选型不合理,造成风机的送风量过大,电机过流.通过更换皮带轮、改变电机转速,解决了电机超载问题;并对如何防止发生类似问题提出了建议.     

The impact of job security,satisfaction and stress on performance assessment and optimization of generation companies

In this study, performances of Iranian thermal power plants have been assessed with respect to human factors such as job stress, satisfaction and security through data envelopment analysis (DEA). In the first step performance of power plants (DMUs) have been evaluated considering traditional production factors including installed capacity, internal consumption and fuel consumption as inputs and gross production as output (model 1). In the next step, model 1 is expanded to include three above mentioned human factors (model 2). Power plants have been ranked based on their relative efficiency scores in both models. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between relative efficiency scores and rankings of power plants in two models have been calculated. The results show that efficiency scores and rankings of power plants in two models are quite different indicating that mentioned human factors have direct impact on overall performance of generation companies and that if we were to use just traditional factors it would not reflect the optimum efficiency of the DMUs. Finally, job security has been found as the most effective human factor in Iranian power plants. This is the first study that presents an integrated approach for assessment of electric power plants considering job stress, security and satisfaction. And it is shown that these human factors play important role in overall performance of generation companies.     

同忻井田地应力测量与回采巷道稳定性研究

为保证同忻煤矿安全、高效开采,采用应力解除法对大同矿区同忻井田3-5#煤层的地应力场进行了测量,结合理论分析、数值模拟与现场监测,分析了在该类型应力场中不同巷道布置方向与巷道围岩稳定性之间的关系。测得同忻井田最大主应力为20.42 MPa,方位角为245.18°,确定了同忻井田地应力场属于σHv型。理论计算和数值模拟的结果表明,有利于回采巷道稳定性的布置方向为与最大水平主应力方向成30°,并采用巷道顶板离层监测仪对其进行了验证。     

A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model

A model of managerial burnout was examined among 148 human service supervisors and managers. The findings suggest that emotional exhaustion plays a central mediating role in the burnout process. Social support and direct control were associated with exhaustion through role stress. Job and life satisfaction, and time spent with clients and subordinates were also related to exhaustion. In turn, exhaustion was related to depersonalization, professional commitment, and turnover intentions. An expected reciprocal relation between exhaustion and helplessness was not found, as the former had only a weak impact on the latter. Implications for stress coping are discussed.     

Stress and team performance: principles and challenges for intelligent decision aids

Advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence are providing powerful capabilities for developing intelligent decision aids (IDAs) to support operating teams in managing complex systems. Early system designs, which acted as independent computer advisors, constrained human decision making, were brittle and encountered problems of user acceptance. As a result, there has been a shift towards making IDAs more cooperative in assisting users to make decisions under stress. Although there is a growing body of research on how to design IDAs as collaborate team players, this article provides additional insights by focusing on the competencies manifested by efficient teams in adapting to stress. To this extent, a survey of how teams adapt their decision-making strategies, cooperation patterns and team structure has provided a good basis for proposing design principles for collaborative IDAs. The article concludes with some challenges for further developments in information technology and research needs in the area of teamwork under stress.     

Safety in shipping: the human element

INTRODUCTION: There are numerous diverse papers that have addressed issues within maritime safety; to date there has been no comprehensive review of this literature to aggregate the causal factors within accidents in shipping and surmise current knowledge. METHODS: This paper reviewed the literature on safety in three key areas: common themes of accidents, the influence of human error, and interventions to make shipping safer. The review included 20 studies of seafaring across the following areas: fatigue, stress, health, situation awareness, teamwork, decision-making, communication, automation, and safety culture. RESULTS: The review identifies the relative contributions of individual and organizational factors in shipping accidents, and also presents the methodological issues with previous research. CONCLUSIONS: The paper concludes that monitoring and modifying the human factors issues presented in this paper could contribute to maritime safety performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This review illustrates which human factors issues are prevalent in incidents therefore this gives shipping practitioners a focus for interventions.     

矿井热宽温度环境人体热健康分区热调节模型*

为评价矿井热环境中工人职业健康安全状况,提出矿井热宽温度环境人体热健康状态的基本特征与生理要求,分析热宽温度环境人体分区热调节规律与热健康状态的对应关系。基于生物控制论的观点,提出热宽温度范围内不同热应力作用下人体分区热调节机制,建立人体分区热调节模型。结果表明:模型能实现对环境热应力作用下人体物理热平衡状态与生理状态的参数化描述,揭示多因素作用下人体热健康状态的热应力边界与变化规律。分区热调节模型提供了人体热健康状态定量模拟平台,通过参数调整可使模型适应研究需求,模型为井下热环境工人职业健康安全状况分析与评价提供了可参考的思路与方法。     

The effect of age on cognitive performance under the impact of vibration in a driving environment.

The effect of organismic variable age on human cognitive performance was studied under the impact of vibration in different automobile driving environments, namely city streets, rural roads and highways. Reaction time was measured in milliseconds through a human response measurement system specifically designed for the purpose. Results of the study showed that age had a significant effect in city street and rural road conditions. It was also found that the level of equivalent acceleration of vibration and a difficulty index significantly affected cognitive performance in all driving conditions. The organismic variable age observed to have a significant effect on task performance implied that youngsters and older people are stressed differently in specific environments of driving so proper stress management strategies should be evolved for them in order to minimize the number of accidents.     

基于熵权-HDT的航空器维修人误概率确定

人误是造成民用航空维修差错的主要因素。为确定不同情境下人误发生概率,结合某维修基地具体情况,采用熵权法确定主要的影响因子,并基于全决策树法分析主要影响因子对航空器维修人误概率的影响程度。计算结果显示,该维修基地人因可靠性的主要影响因子包括航空器维修人员的安全态度、技能、沟通、工作环境、压力以及工段长领导能力。根据各主要影响因子的不同品质描述等级组合,确定该情境下航空器维修人员的人误概率。鉴于该维修基地人因可靠性影响最明显的因子是"沟通",提出信息及时交流、明确沟通重要性等解决措施。