印染生化物化尾水反渗透回收特性

利用反渗透对印染生化物化尾水进行回收,考察了分离浓缩过程中,浓缩液和透过液水质随体积浓缩倍数(CF)变化情况,探讨印染生化物化处理尾水反渗透回收机制。研究结果表明,分离浓缩过程中,通量随CF的增加呈线性下降,CF为5时,降低了32.6%。透过液中COD未检出,浓缩液COD与CF呈近似线性关系。Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+富集倍数随CF线性上升,但在高倍数下增大幅度反而降低;Fe、Mn和Al富集情况与主要无机阳离子相似,但程度略低。Cl-和SO42-基本富集在浓缩液中,NO3-和NO2-也得到较好的富集,但截留率略低。透过液中无机离子主要为Na+和Cl-。     

Removal of antibiotics from urban wastewater by constructed wetland optimization

Seven mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs), differing in their design characteristics, were set up in the open air to assess their efficiency to remove antibiotics from urban raw wastewater. A conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was simultaneously monitored. The experiment took place in autumn. An analytical methodology including HPLC-MS/MS was developed to measure antibiotic concentrations in the soluble water fraction, in the suspended solids fraction and in the WWTP sludge. Considering the soluble water fraction, the only easily eliminated antibiotics in the WWTP were doxycycline (61 ± 38%) and sulfamethoxazole (60 ± 26%). All the studied types of CWs were efficient for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (59 ± 30-87 ± 41%), as found in the WWTP, and, in addition, they removed trimethoprim (65 ± 21-96 ± 29%). The elimination of other antibiotics in CWs was limited by the specific system-configuration: amoxicillin (45 ± 15%) was only eliminated by a free-water (FW) subsurface flow (SSF) CW planted with Typha angustifolia; doxycycline was removed in FW systems planted with T. angustifolia (65 ± 34-75 ± 40%), in a Phragmites australis-floating macrophytes system (62 ± 31%) and in conventional horizontal SSF-systems (71 ± 39%); clarithromycin was partially eliminated by an unplanted FW-SSF system (50 ± 18%); erythromycin could only be removed by a P. australis-horizontal SSF system (64 ± 30%); and ampicillin was eliminated by a T. angustifolia-floating macrophytes system (29 ± 4%). Lincomycin was not removed by any of the systems (WWTP or CWs). The presence or absence of plants, the vegetal species (T. angustifolia or P. australis), the flow type and the CW design characteristics regulated the specific removal mechanisms. Therefore, CWs are not an overall solution to remove antibiotics from urban wastewater during cold seasons. However, more studies are needed to assess their ability in warmer periods and to determine the behaviour of full-scale systems.     

Fered-Fenton法处理石化废水反渗透浓水

以Ti金属网为阴极、Ti负载RuO2金属网为阳极,构建Fered-Fenton反应系统,处理石化废水反渗透膜法浓水.考察H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值和电流密度等因素对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了废水可生化性及污染物降解规律.结果表明,在H2O2浓度为75.0 mmol/L,Fe2+浓度为7.5 mmol/L,初始pH值为3.0,电流密度为5.1 mA/cm2的条件下,反应120 min后废水TOC可由198.2 mg/L降到99.6 mg/L,有机污染物矿化率达到49.7%,BOD5/COD由0.11提高至0.31,废水可生化性明显改善.三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析结果表明,Fered-Fenton法对废水中类蛋白、类富里酸等荧光有机物去除率达到66.7%,该类大分子难降解有机物的氧化降解有利于改善废水可生化性,为进一步的生化处理创造了良好的条件.     

Analysis of organic nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater by reverse osmosis

The results of a pilot study that was conducted to determine the total nitrogen removal by the reverse osmosis process are presented. The organic nitrogen removal rates are compared with removals observed from three full-scale reverse osmosis facilities and four pilot studies. The results of this analysis suggest that organic nitrogen removal is variable and that reverse osmosis may not consistently produce total nitrogen levels less than 1.0 mg/L without additional treatment. Three hypotheses to explain the variability in organic nitrogen removal in the different data sets are presented.     

反渗透处理稀土氨氮废水试验研究

根据稀土冶炼厂排放的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水的水质情况,采用NH4Cl和 NaCl模拟废水进行了反渗透可行性对比实验。模拟实验发现,在相同条件下反渗透对NaCl 较NH₄Cl 有着更高的去除率,而NH₄Cl 相对NaCl则有着更高的产水速率。实际废水试验结果表明,在恒定操作压力范围内回收率为65%的条件下,NH₄Cl浓度为2.85 g/L的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水经反渗透处理其NH₄Cl去除率为77.3%,可作为氨氮废水的预处理。对该废水处理成本进行了分析,得出其约为2.7元/m³,比相近浓度氨氮废水的氨吹脱处理成本节省约26%。     

微藻处理城市污水反渗透浓水的条件优化

城市污水回用是缓解水资源危机的有效措施。反渗透工艺是生产优质再生水的重要方法,但在实际应用过程中,25%~50%的城市污水会转化成反渗透浓水 (ROC) 。ROC的总氮 (TN) 、总磷 (TP) 和硬度离子 (Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺) 质量浓度等指标较高。利用微藻去除氮、磷和Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺是城市污水ROC处理的有效途径之一,且可实现资源回收,但目前对其应用条件的优化研究仍较少。利用微藻Scenedesmus sp. FACHB-1574处理城市污水ROC,在不同总溶解性固体 (TDS) 质量浓度 (1.35 g·L⁻¹和2.70 g·L⁻¹) 、光暗时间比 (12 h/12 h、16 h/8 h、20 h/4 h、24 h/0 h) 、光强 (25 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹、50 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹、100 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) 和氮磷质量比 (107:1、14:1、7:1) 的条件下,研究了微藻对污水的处理效果及其生长状况。结果表明,Scenedesmus sp. FACHB-1574可适应城市污水ROC中TDS质量浓度为2.70 g·L⁻¹的条件;对TN的去除速率随光照时间和光强的增加而增大;氮磷质量比为14:1时微藻对TN的去除速率及微藻生物量等性能均得以强化。在最优处理条件下 (光暗时间比20 h/4 h,光强100 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹,氮磷质量比14:1) 处理10 d后,微藻对城市污水ROC中TN和TP去除率分别为92.83%和99.68%,藻密度、质量浓度 (干重) 、脂质含量分别为23.62×10⁶ cells·mL⁻¹ 、1.10 g·L⁻¹、34.55%。随着微藻的生长,在无CO₂的条件下,废水的pH值从7.5升高到10.7,并可去除52.7%的Ca²⁺和33.9%的Mg²⁺。本研究可为微藻在城市污水处理及资源化工艺中的应用提供参考。     

Removal of hydrocarbons from wastewater using treated bark

This paper explores the possibility of removing hydrocarbons (HCs) and trace elements from synthetic and industrial effluents using treated bark as biosorbent. Coniferous bark was treated either chemically (Tc) or biologically (Tb) to eliminate soluble organic compounds of bark. The removal efficiency (RE) of the HCs from a synthetic oil-water mixture containing spent diesel motor oil exceeds 95% using 2 g/L of treated bark mixed with a synthetic oil-water mixture containing 2 g/L of spent oil. Under these conditions, the retention capacity (RC) was approximately 1 g HC/g dry substrate. The sorption reaction seems to be quasi-instantaneous, and the retention capacity of spent oil on treated bark increases as the temperature augments. This implies that the retention mechanism is related to the capillary action. Results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicate that spent oil is mainly composed of alkanes. They also suggest that no chemical bonds between Tc and spent oil were established. Measurement of the surface tension of spent oil and the wetting index of the bark suggests that only spent oil will be retained by the substrate. Treatment of an industrial effluent containing 14.4 g/L of total HCs was performed using Tc. It was possible to remove 97% of HCs and retain some trace elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, S, and so on.     

臭氧光电催化耦合处理炼油反渗透浓水

为控制炼油废水对环境的污染,采用臭氧光电催化氧化耦合工艺对炼油废水反渗透浓水进行了处理研究,主要考察了pH、电流密度、臭氧投加量等因素对该耦合体系废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,臭氧光电催化氧化耦合技术可有效降解炼油废水反渗透浓水;废水中油类及COD的去除率随pH的增大先提高后降低;随电流密度的增大,COD去除率先提高后降低,油类物质先提高然后基本保持恒定;臭氧投加量不断增大,COD及油类物质去除率先提高后趋于稳定。当pH=7.5,臭氧投加量达到8 mg/L,电流密度50 mA/cm2,停留时间30 min,出水达到COD≤50 mg/L,石油类≤0.5 mg/L的排放要求。     

微絮凝-反渗透耦合过程深度处理邻苯二甲酸二辛酯化工废水

高浓度DOP有机化工废水生物毒性强,采用常规处理手段难完全降解,对环境存在较高危害性.采用微絮凝-反渗透耦合过程对DOP化工厂二级生化出水进行深度处理研究,考察了絮凝预处理的最佳条件,比较了BW30和CPA2两种反渗透复合膜对该实际废水的处理性能,并利用电子扫描电镜分析了废水处理过程中膜表面结构的变化.结果表明:絮凝预...     

超滤/反渗透双膜技术深度处理印染废水

由于印染废水具有高盐度,可生化性差,使常规方法难于处理完全.采用超滤和反渗透双膜技术处理实际印染废水,考察了不同超滤膜对废水的预处理性能,研究了BW30和CPA2两种反渗透膜在不同操作条件下对印染废水的处理效果,并分析了相关膜通量下降的原因.结果表明,超滤能有效地去除废水浊度和大分子有机物,为反渗透提供良好的进水水质.两种反渗透膜的产水化学需氧量(COD)均小于10 mg/L,电导率小于80/μS/cm,其对有机物和盐的去除率分别可达99%和93%以上,显示该产水能回用于大部分印染工序.BW30膜产水水质稍好于CPA2,但通量低于CPA2.     

二段铁盐沉淀深度脱除高浓度含砷废水中的砷

探索高浓度含砷废水中砷的深度脱除方法及脱除机理。采用预氧化-二段铁盐沉淀的方法脱除炼铅烟尘浸出液中的砷,研究影响砷脱除效率的控制条件和因素,砷脱除机理。结果表明,用双氧水氧化原料液中的低价铁和砷,加FeCl3调节铁砷比=1,在pH=4~5、T=60~70℃反应60 min,砷的脱除率达到99.95%,XRD分析结果表明,沉淀物为非晶态砷酸铁形态;在二段除砷中,控制铁砷比=5、pH=7~8,除砷后液中的砷含量小于0.014 mg/L,远低于允许的排放限值。采用二段铁盐脱砷工艺可以将高砷溶液中的砷深度脱除。     

光电催化氧化处理反渗透浓水

采用光电催化氧化技术对天津市某石化企业反渗透单元浓水进行处理。经光催化、电化学及光电催化氧化处理后浓缩液出水的COD、氨氮及色度去除率进行了对比研究。详细探讨了不同电流密度、反应时间及紫外灯功率对COD、氨氮及色度去除效果的影响。结果表明,在电流密度为2.0 mA/cm2,紫外灯光强度为30μW/cm2的条件下,处理150min后,COD的去除率为92.06%,氨氮浓度从44.61 mg/L下降至2.84 mg/L,色度去除率达到100%。对光电催化氧化法处理不同时间的出水进行了三维荧光光谱及凝胶色谱分析。结果表明,光电催化氧化法可将反渗透浓水中大部分大分子有机物结构破坏,使其分解成小分子有机物。     

活性污泥对甲醛废水的净化性能

采用微生物法处理低浓度甲醛废水达标排放是比较经济的方法之一.在研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水 pH 和水温对微生物净化低浓度甲醛废水的影响.结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大.进水甲醛浓度在 40～120 mg/L 范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低.活性污泥在 pH 为 5～7 的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高.在15～35℃范围内,污泥对废水中甲醛的去除率随温度升高而上升,微生物对甲醛的降解速率随温度升高呈指数递增趋势.     

混凝沉淀去除丙烯酸丁酯废水浊度物质

采用混凝沉淀法去除丙烯酸丁酯废水中的浊度物质,比较6种混凝剂的去除效率,确定聚合氯化铝为适宜混凝剂,并选用阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺作为助凝剂。研究结果表明,聚合氯化铝和阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的优化投加量分别为150 mg/L和20 mg/L,优化pH值为4～5,水温20～40℃,快速搅拌速度200～400 r/min,搅拌时间1～3 min,慢速搅拌速度50～80 r/min,搅拌时间5～15 min。在以上条件下,可使出水浊度从3 000 NTU左右降至1 NTU左右,同时也实现了废水中胶体物质的大量去除。     

废水中硫化物的去除技术

含硫化物的废水常见于染料、医药、农药以及石油化工的生产过程中,对环境影响很大,必须经处理达标才能排放。介绍回收利用法、汽提法、混凝沉淀法、氧化法、生化法和树脂法等六种去除废水中硫化物技术的特点、原理以及局限性,可根据具体废水水质状况选用。     

臭氧氧化法处理反渗透浓缩垃圾渗滤液

采用臭氧氧化法处理经反渗透膜处理后的浓缩垃圾渗滤液,考察了反应时间、臭氧投量、pH和温度对COD,色度以及浓缩液中腐殖酸的去除影响,通过BOD₅/COD变化分析了臭氧氧化对浓缩液生化性的提高作用。结果表明：在pH 8.0,温度30℃,臭氧投量5 g/h,反应时间90 min的条件下,浓缩液的COD、色度以及浓缩液中腐殖酸的去除率分别达到67.6%、98.0%和86.1%, BOD₅/COD从0.008提升到0.26,生化性有很大提高。     

粉煤灰对焦化废水总铬去除的影响

以1 mg/L模拟焦化废水为研究对象,采用高锰酸钾氧化-二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法测定焦化废水中总铬,研究不同条件下粉煤灰对总铬去除率的影响.结果表明:(1)粉煤灰粒径、粉煤灰用量、搅拌时间、pH对总铬去除率都有一定的影响.最佳条件:粉煤灰粒径为150μm,粉煤灰用量为4.00 g/L,搅拌时间为40 min,pH为3.在最佳条件下,总铬去除率可达98.82%.(2)在粉煤灰处理模拟焦化废水的最佳条件下,粉煤灰处理实际焦化废水的总铬去除率达90.00%.(3)粉煤灰处理焦化废水,可以以废治废,而且处理效果好、处理费用低、原料获取方便,在实践中具有可操作性.     

Removal of organochlorine pesticides from lindane production wastes by electrochemical oxidation

This study is focused on the effective removal of recalcitrant pollutants hexaclorocyclohexanes (HCHs, isomers α, β, γ, and δ) and chlorobenzenes (CBs) present in a real groundwater coming from a landfill of an old lindane factory. Groundwater is characterized by a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 9 mg L^?1, pH₀?=?7, conductivity?=?3.7 mS cm^?1, high salt concentration (SO₄^2?, HCO₃^?, Cl^?), and ferrous iron in solution. The experiments were performed using a BDD anode and a carbon felt (CF) cathode at the natural groundwater pH and without addition of supporting electrolyte. The complete depletion of the four HCH isomers and a mineralization degree of 90% were reached at 4-h electrolysis with a current intensity of 400 mA, the residual TOC (0.8 mg L^?1) corresponding mainly to formic acid. A parallel series reaction pathway was proposed: HCHs and CBs are transformed into chlorinated and hydroxylated intermediates that are rapidly oxidized to non-toxic carboxylic acids and/or mineralized, leading to a rapid decrease in solution pH.