活性焦联合脱硫脱硝脱汞塔入口气流均布与喷氨优化

某新建活性焦联合脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔在试运行过程中运行阻力大,且脱硫脱硝效率较低。为提升反应塔的性能,以原设备为几何模型,采用CFD方法进行模拟优化。针对影响设备压降和脱硫性能的入口气流均匀性问题,模拟对比了4种导流板方案,考察板间距和圆弧板半径对气流均布的影响。同时为提高喷氨均匀性,结合烟气在过渡气室的流动情况提出了2种喷氨格栅加密方案。模拟结果表明：板间距和圆弧板半径都相同的导流板方案均布气流的效果最好,烟气在活性焦脱硫层的气流均匀性提升了11.48%,同时设备的压降降低了451 Pa。合理的喷氨格栅加密方案使氨气分布均匀性提升了34.88%。反应塔的压降模拟结果与现场实测数据吻合较好,模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行有指导作用。     

Analytical methods for the determination of alachlor, metolachlor, simazine and atrazine mobility in soils

A method for the determination of the mobility of the herbicides, alachlor, metolachlor, simazine and atrazine in soil is described. The method is based on the use of soil thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and does not require the use of radiolabelled compounds. Soil on the TLC plate after development was separated into various bands, the material in each band was extracted with solvents and analyzed by gas chromatography.     

Analytical methods for the determination of alachlor,metolachlor, simazine and atrazine mobility in soils

Abstract

A method for the determination of the mobility of the herbicides, alachlor, metolachlor, simazine and atrazine in soil is described . The method is based on the use of soil thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and does not require the use of radiolabelled compounds. Soil on the TLC plate after development was separated into various bands, the material in each band was extracted with solvents and analyzed by gas chromatography.     

好氧活性污泥中自养硝化细菌分离方法研究

分别采用琼脂平板、琼脂糖平板、水洗洋菜平板和硅胶平板分离培养城市污水处理厂好氧活性污泥中的硝化细菌。在相同的培养条件下,琼脂平板和水洗洋菜平板有杂菌生长;硅胶平板制作过程繁琐,培养后期出现失水性干裂;琼脂糖平板没有杂菌生长。通过对分离菌株的表观形态观察和NorB基因检测鉴定分离菌株,证明琼脂糖分离出了目的菌株,适合生长周期长的自养硝化细菌分离培养。     

三维电极法深度处理维生素生产废水

采用三维电极法对维生素废水进行深度处理,分别以钛涂钌铱板、铁板和不锈钢板作为电极阳极,石墨板作为电极阴极,柱状活性炭作为粒子电极,结果表明,当以钛涂钌铱板作为阳极,以粒径为1 mm的柱状活性炭作为粒子电极时电解效果最好,COD和色度去除率最高。实验选择电解电压、电极板间距、电解时间和初始pH值作为主要影响因素进行正交实验,实验研究证明,各因素的影响大小为电解电压>电极板间距>电解时间>初始pH值,得到的最佳参数组合分别为:电解电压为10 V,电极板间距为8 cm,电解时间为20 min,初始pH值为4,得到COD和色度最大去除率分别为59.5%和93.57%。     

电除尘器阳极板振打加速度分布规律与仿真设计

应用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对影响电除尘器阳极板振打效果的锤头质量、锤臂长、悬挂方式及极板厚度等因素进行了数值仿真,分析了各因素对阳极板振打加速度分布的影响;利用分析结果对振打装置的结构进行了改进设计,结果表明可以较好地满足工业除尘的要求。本研究提出的电除尘器阳极板振打仿真方法为电除尘器振打装置的参数设计提供了一条新的途径。     

Is the microbiological quality of the Msunduzi River (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) suitable for domestic, recreational, and agricultural purposes?

As little is known about the potential risks associated with the use of microbiologically contaminated river water for recreation, irrigation, or domestic purposes, the Msunduzi River in Pietermaritzburg (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) was evaluated. In addition to pH, temperature, and chemical oxygen demand, quantitative and qualitative microbiological analyses were performed monthly for 13 months. These included aerobic plate counts, counts of aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers, most probable numbers for total and faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli and the detection of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and intestinal enterococci. Presumptive E. coli and S. aureus from river water samples were confirmed using PCR and additionally matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for E. coli. Aerobic plate counts were above the South African Department of Water Affairs recommended guideline level for domestic use of 100 cfu/ml for all 13 months assessed. Faecal coliform (up to 63,000 MPN/100 ml) and E. coli (up to 7,900 MPN/100 ml) levels regularly exceeded stipulated limits for safe irrigation, domestic and recreational use. The presence of Salmonella spp., S. aureus, and intestinal enterococci frequently coincided with faecal coliform and E. coli levels above 1,000 MPN/100 ml. This illustrates the value of using guideline values for faecal coliforms and E. coli as indicators for the presence of potential pathogens. PCR and MALDI-TOF MS confirmation of E. coli were in agreement, thereby demonstrating the potential of MALDI-TOF MS as a suitable alternative. These data demonstrate that potential health risks are associated with using Msunduzi River water for irrigation and recreational or domestic purposes.     

逆电渗析电堆与电絮凝器耦合系统处理乳化油废水

通过对由逆电渗析(RED)技术与电絮凝(EC)技术结合构成由盐差能驱动的RED-EC耦合废水处理系统处理模拟乳化油废水的实验研究,探讨了电絮凝器电极材料、极板间距、支撑电解质浓度、废水初始pH及温度变化对乳化油废水除油率的影响。结果表明,与采用铝阳极材料相比,采用铁阳极材料的耦合废水处理系统具有更高的除油率。极板间距和含油废水参数(电导率、初始pH和温度)变化会对耦合废水处理系统的除油率产生影响。过大或过小的极板间距均对系统的除油率不利,在所研究的系统中,电絮凝器极板间距为1 cm时最佳。当废水的电导率很低时,系统的除油率也较低,适当增加支撑电解质可以迅速提高系统的除油率。中性或微碱性条件下系统的除油率较高。温度越高,系统的除油率也越高。在实验范围内,对总量为2 L、质量浓度为1 g·L⁻¹模拟乳化油废水经60 min絮凝处理后,除油率可达98.39%。     

平板炭气凝胶电极电吸附除氟

采用自制的炭气凝胶平板电极进行模拟水样中氟的电吸附去除研究,通过单因子实验优化了该电吸附技术的操作参数和适用的溶液条件,并研究了反接电极法的再生效果。研究结果表明,自制的炭气凝胶平板由纳米颗粒组成三维网络结构,比表面积为670.90 m2/g,具有良好的充放电可逆性和迅速形成表面双电层的特点。静态电吸附除氟效果最佳的条件为:水样氟离子浓度6 mg/L,pH 7.0,极板间距4 cm,电压1.6 V;共存物质硝酸根、腐殖酸、碳酸根和碳酸氢根等对氟离子的电吸附具有一定的促进作用。吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶材料的比表面、孔体积、电容值有所减小。对于吸附氟离子后的炭气凝胶平板电极,采用反接电极法取得较好再生效果的条件为:流动状态、电压1.6 V、极板间距4 cm。再生后的炭气凝胶电极与原始炭气凝胶相比,依然具有良好的充放电可逆性。     

多孔孔板水力空化反应器的水力特性

设计不同孔分布的孔板空化反应器,通过测定空化数及.OH产生量,研究多孔孔板水力空化反应器空化特性,为高性能多孔孔板水力空化反应器的设计奠定基础。实验结果表明,空化数随孔板孔径的增加、入口压力的减小和溶液温度的升高而增大;.OH产生量随孔板孔径的减小和运行时间的增加而增加,随入口压力和溶液温度的升高先增加后减小。结果表明,多孔孔板水力空化反应器的水力空化效果与孔板结构及操作条件有关。     

Application of TLC for confirmation and screening of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains: Part 2. Repeatability and reproducibility of Rf and MDQ values

This paper illustrates the effect of major factors influencing the reproducibility of thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation and detection under largely differing environmental and laboratory conditions. The optimum conditions for reproducibility and detection sensitivity was obtained on 20 x 20 cm layer in the retention factor (Rf) range of 0.2-0.7 by applying the sample in spots of 3-4 mm diameter at 2 cm from the edge of the plate. The reproducibility rapidly decreased below Rf = 0.2. Above Rf = 0.2 the within-laboratory reproducibility of 219 pesticides obtained in ethyl acetate silica gel elution system by several laboratories was typically below 10%. The among-laboratories reproducibility of the average retention factors was generally below 12%. The minimum detectable quantities (MDQ) of 219 pesticide residues were determined with nine detection methods. The MDQ values largely varied depending on the mode of detection. Bioassay methods enabled the detection down to 0.1-10 ng, while 20-100 ng could be achieved with the chemical reagents. Higher MDQ values are also reported in order to assist the identification of compounds potentially present. The between-laboratories reproducibility of MDQ values was typically 1-5 MDQmin.     

钩板除雾器转折次数对除雾效率的影响

除雾器是用来除去烟气中细微液滴、降低污染物、保证系统正常运行的关键设备,故除雾器的研究具有重要意义。利用流体力学计算软件,分析无钩板与带钩板除雾器转折次数对除雾效率的影响。结果表明：除雾器增加转折次数和钩板都可以提高除雾效率,但同时会造成压降增大;增加钩板对除雾效率和压降的影响要高于增加转折次数的影响,带钩板的除雾器对2~10 μm直径的液滴具有较理想的去除能力,对于粒径为8 μm的液滴,当入口气体流速为3 m·s⁻¹、B=4时,带钩板除雾器除雾效率已达78.2%,并且增加带钩板除雾器的转折次数对除雾效率的提升要高于无钩板除雾器;液滴捕集模拟计算发现,当入口流速为3 m·s⁻¹、B=3时的除雾效率已达91.45%,比初始结构提升约20%。通过分析可知,除雾器可以通过增加钩板以及转折次数来提高对细微液滴的除去能力。     

The role of lime in dredged mud dewatered by a plate and frame filter press and potential substitutes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dredged mud is a kind of construction material that can be reused as waste. It needs to be dehydrated before it is used. At present, plate and frame...     

Experimental investigation and optimization of dimple-roughened impinging jet solar air collector using a novel AHP-MABAC approach

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The effect of the flow and geometric parameters of a dimple-roughened absorber plate on the enactment of solar air collectors (SACs) with air-impinged...     

Experimental thermal performance and enviroeconomic analysis of serpentine flow channeled flat plate solar water collector

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The thermal performance of a flat plate solar water collector (FPSWC) depends on the amount of solar energy absorbed by the absorber, the quantity of...     

基于非均匀入口条件SCR系统气固相组分的分布特性优化

采用实际工程中复杂的非均匀入口边界条件,对SCR系统气固两相流动特性及其优化进行了数值模拟。对烟道混合器下游截面上各测点处NO浓度进行实验测试,与数值模拟计算的NO浓度结果保持基本一致,模拟计算获得了SCR反应器入口导流板布置数量、倾角以及导流板间距的最优方案,催化剂首层入口截面烟气流速偏差系数Cx从18.13%降至12.38%。烟气中飞灰颗粒在反应器首层催化剂入口断面上呈现分布不均匀分布的特性,弯道C处无导流板时,截面中间区域的粉尘浓度一般在0.035 kg·m-3,最高值可达0.068 kg·m-3,弯道C加装导流板后首层催化剂入口烟道断面飞灰浓度不均匀偏差系数值由原有结构的34.21%降为26.18%,表明导流板结构有助于飞灰浓度均匀性分布。数值计算模型符合工程实际,具有很好的可靠性和实用性。     

电催化氧化法处理染料废水的影响因素及动力学

以钛涂膜极板为阳极、石墨极板为阴极、Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3为多相催化剂,构建电-多相催化氧化体系,研究了该体系对酸性大红模拟染料废水中COD的去除效果及其影响因素,优化了实验条件,并初步探讨了COD的降解机理。结果表明,在槽电压20 V,pH 4,曝气量0.24 m3/h,极板间距3 cm的条件下,COD的去除率最高,达到64.5%;COD的降解近似符合一级动力学方程:ln(C0/C)=0.0034t+0.719。在电-多相催化氧化体系中,废水中的有机物被直接矿化或降解为小分子有机物。     

电袋复合除尘器气流分布的数值模拟和优化

采用CFD数值模拟方法对某电业公司150 MW机组配套电袋复合除尘器流场进行了分析研究,通过比较模拟结果,确定了电袋复合除尘器流场的优化设计方案。结果表明：在进口烟道弯头内设置导流板,调整进口烟箱内孔板上的导流叶片及第3层孔板开孔率,电袋结合处设置孔板,可以使电场进口断面速度相对标准偏差、滤袋迎风面气流速度、滤袋单元流量分配偏差及每个袋区各滤袋流量的相对标准偏差均达到设计要求,为电袋复合除尘器的设计提供参考依据。     

An impingement plate method to detect deposits of pyrethroid insecticides

A silica gel impingement plate for monitoring pyrethroid deposits in environmentally sensitive areas is described. The plate is simple, commercially available, and inexpensive. A residue analysis method is given for deltamethrin deposits with 83.3% mean recovery and a minimum quantifiable limit of 0.005 microgram/plate. Pyrethroid deposits are strongly adsorbed to the silica gel, which prevents wash-off by rainfall and slows photodegradation. In two field experiments, deltamethrin was readily detected 3 weeks after direct spray applications at 6 and 10 g ai/ha. Deltamethrin dissipation on the plates was first-order with a half-life of 2.9-3.7 d. Photoisomers of deltamethrin were also detected on the plates and the ratio of photoisomers to deltamethrin increased over time. This ratio will indicate the age of deposits in monitoring situations.     

微电解与化学法处理混合电镀废水的实际应用

通过研究得出，利用化学方法处理电镀废水的关键是控制好pH值；另一点是采用微电解方法处理含铬和其它重金属混合废水，在实际工程运作中有良好的效果。