污泥热干化和燃烧特性试验研究

分别在桨叶式干化机和热重仪上进行污泥干化和燃烧试验,研究了污泥干化特性和污染物排放特性,并对污泥的燃烧特性进行分析。结果表明,污泥干化过程分为黏稠区、粘滞区和颗粒区3个阶段。干化过程排放的污染气体有氨气、氯化氢、氟化氢、氰化氢、甲烷和挥发性有机酸等,其中氨气为主要污染气体。经冷凝吸收和活性炭吸附处理后,各种污染气体浓度均显著降低,其中氨气去除率最高,达97.04%。污泥干化冷凝液的BOD5和COD质量浓度分别为4 040、8 510mg/L,氨氮的质量浓度为1 025mg/L,pH为9.84,属于高浓度有机废水。污泥的燃烧过程可以分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段(50～150℃),挥发分燃烧阶段(150～450℃),固定碳燃烧阶段(450～650℃)。分别用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算挥发分燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能和动力学方程,挥发分燃烧阶段的活化能低于固定碳燃烧阶段,表明挥发分燃烧阶段污泥更易燃烧。污泥的燃烧过程在650℃时基本完成,因此实际工程应用中,设计干化污泥的焚烧温度在750℃比较合理。     

热解柚子皮吸油材料的制备及性能

热解处理柚子皮,制备吸油材料,当热解温度为400℃、热解时间为3 h时吸油倍率最高,达16.9 g/g,3 min内达到吸附饱和。对热解前后柚子皮的FTIR 和热重分析,热解损失的主要是纤维素和半纤维素。对热解前后柚子皮的比表面和电镜分析,热解之后的柚子皮呈三维网状结构,孔径增大明显,吸油倍率的提高主要是因为孔径的增大。     

热碱水解提取污泥蛋白质的实验研究

为了确定污泥热碱提取微生物蛋白质的操作工艺条件,首先选用1#原泥为原料进行了以pH值、温度T为变量的全面实验,考察了pH值、T随反应时间的延长对蛋白质提取的影响。在1#原泥实验结果的基础上确定了以2#原泥为原料的正交实验因素水平,考察了体系pH值、T、原料含水率W以及水解时间t对污泥蛋白质回收率的影响,结果表明,热碱水解是一种有效的污泥蛋白提取方法,在热碱条件下蛋白质的回收率高达61.37%。水解过程中各因素对蛋白质回收的影响程度为pH>T>W>t,较优的提取工艺条件为：pH=13,T=140,W=91%,t=3 h。     

Experimental and modeling approaches for food waste composting: A review

Composting has been used as a method to dispose food waste (FW) and recycle organic matter to improve soil structure and fertility. Considering the significance of composting in FW treatment, many researchers have paid their attention on how to improve FW composting efficiency, reduce operating cost, and mitigate the associated environmental damage. This review focuses on the overall studies of FW composting, not only various parameters significantly affecting the processes and final results, but also a number of simulation approaches that are greatly instrumental in well understanding the process mechanism and/or results prediction. Implications of many key ingredients on FW composting performance are also discussed. Perspects of effective laboratory experiments and computer-based simulation are finally investigated, demonstrating many demanding areas for enhanced research efforts, which include the screening of multi-functional additives, volatile organiccompound emission control, necessity of modeling and post-modeling analysis, and usefulness of developing more conjunctive AI-based process control techniques.     

Experimental investigation on CO2 absorption and physicochemical characteristics of different carbon-loaded aqueous solvents

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) denseness in the earth’s atmosphere is increasing day-to-day by combusting fossil fuels for power...     

Experimental investigation of tribological characteristics and emissions with nonedible sunflower oil as a biolubricant

Plant (vegetable) oil has been evaluated as a substitute for mineral oil–based lubricants because of its natural and environmentally friendly characteristics. Availability of vegetable oil makes it a renewable source of bio-oils. Additionally, vegetable oil–based lubricants have shown potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions when utilized in internal combustion (IC) engines and industrial operations. In this study, sunflower oil was investigated to study its lubricant characteristics under different loads using the four-ball tribometer and the exhaust emissions were tested using a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. All experimental works conformed to American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM D4172-B). Under low loads, sunflower oil showed adequate tribological characteristics (antifriction and antiwear) compared with petroleum oil samples. The results also demonstrated that the sunflower oil–based lubricant was more effective in reducing the emission levels of carbon monoxide (CO), CO₂, and hydrocarbons under different test conditions. Therefore, sunflower oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating components.

Implications: An experimental investigation of the characteristics of nonedible sunflower oil tribological behaviors and potential as a renewable source for biofluids alternative to the petroleum oils was carried out. The level of emissions of a four–stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using sunflower oil as a biolubricant was evaluated.     

Yield gap analysis of major food crops in Pakistan: prospects for food security

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The concept of yield gap analysis can be used to meet the growing demands for agricultural products. Sustainable development goals (e.g. SDG1 and...     

Experimental thermal performance and enviroeconomic analysis of serpentine flow channeled flat plate solar water collector

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The thermal performance of a flat plate solar water collector (FPSWC) depends on the amount of solar energy absorbed by the absorber, the quantity of...     

喷淋塔传质特性的实验与模型研究

从液滴受力分析入手,分析了喷淋塔内液滴的运动特性,采用类比定律推导了气相传质系数计算式,建立了喷淋塔脱氨传质模型,并进行了实验验证,分别在不同的喷淋密度和空塔气速的条件下,对传质系数、比表面积及容积吸收率沿塔高的分布进行了模拟。结果表明,沿着液滴的下落方向,比表面积逐渐减小,传质系数缓慢增大,二者在塔顶附近变化显著;传质速率受比表面积和传质推动力的影响较大,增大喷淋密度可显著增加比表面积,提高空塔气速可增大平均传质系数;喷淋塔下半段比表面积小,增大比表面积是强化传质的有效手段。     

Zinc oxide nanoparticles: potential effects on soil properties,crop production,food processing,and food quality

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is expected to increase soil fertility, crop productivity, and food quality. However, the potential...     

微波修复石油污染土壤升温特性影响因素的实验研究

实验研究了微波功率、土壤受污染程度和各种吸波介质对微波修复石油污染土壤升温特性的影响,所用的吸波介质有水、颗粒活性炭、铝、镍、三氧化二钴、三氧化二铬和氧化锡.实验中以氮气为保护气微波辐照各种石油污染土壤样品,测量样品的升温特性.实验结果表明:(1)随着微波加热功率的增加,石油污染土壤的升温速率和最高温度都增大,功率从4...     

Spatial and temporal features of density-dependent contaminant transport: Experimental investigation and numerical modeling

We investigate the spatial and temporal features of variable-density contaminant plumes migration in porous materials. Our analysis is supported by novel experimental results concerning concentration profiles inside a vertical column setup that has been conceived at CEA to this aim. The experimental method relies on X-ray spectrometry, which allows determining solute profiles as a function of time at several positions along the column. The salient outcomes of the measurements are elucidated, with focus on miscible fluids in homogeneous saturated media. The role of the injected solution molarity is evidenced. As molarity increases, the solutes plume transport progressively deviates from the usual Fickian behavior, and pollutants distribution becomes skewed in the direction dictated by gravity. By resorting to a finite elements approach, we numerically solve the nonlinear equations that rule the pollutants migration: a good agreement is found between the simulated profiles and the experimental data. At high molarity, a strong dependence on initial conditions is found. Finally, we qualitatively explore the (unstable) interfacial dynamics between the dense contaminant plume and the lighter resident fluid that saturates the column, and detail its evolution for finite-duration contaminant injections.     

中国火电行业CO2排放特征探讨

收集了2007年中国火电行业的燃料消耗数据,利用<2006年联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)国家温室气体清单指南>中提供的CO2缺省排放因子,估算了中国火电行业的CO2排放量,分析了火电行业的CO2排放特征.结果表明,煤电机组发电的CO2排放量最高,占火电行业CO2排放总量的93.2%,燃气、燃油机组发电的CO2排放量仅占6.8%.煤电机组构成中,亚临界机组发电的CO2排放量最高,其次为超临界机组,两者的CO2排放量占火电机组发电CO2排放总量的28.4%;超高压、高温高压和中温中压机组发电的CO2排放量共计占21.6%.从区域分布来看,山东省、江苏省、内蒙古自治区、河南省、山西省、河北省、浙江省、广东省、辽宁省、安徽省的火电行业CO2排放量占中国火电行业CO2排放总量的66.00%,这与火电机组的区域分布密切相关.     

上海市污水处理厂进水水质特征的统计学分析

针对上海市50座城市污水处理厂进水水质,利用实际运行数据,系统分析了水质特征以及有机物、氮、磷和悬浮物之间的概率分布和相关关系。结果表明,上海市污水中BOD5、COD、SS、NH3-N、TN和TP全年浓度分布均呈正偏态分布,月中间值分布范围分别在110~150 mg/L、260~325 mg/L、140~175 mg/L、20~30 mg/L、29~37 mg/L和3~5 mg/L。水质指标BOD5和COD、TN和TP及TN和TP之间存在显著的一元线性相关关系。进水BOD5/COD值分布在0.4~0.6之间的概率为64.6%,表明进水中生化性较好。BOD5/TN分布在4~6之间的概率为35.8%,表明进水反硝化碳源不足。BOD5/TP的平均值为32.6,且大于20的累积概率为84.1%,表明污水在处理中可以满足生物除磷的需求。TN/TP比值范围在1~25,平均值为8.6,且TN/TP>5的概率为88.1,表明进水基本满足微生物生长对氮、磷的需求。     

The use of environmental risk assessment methodologies for an indoor air quality investigation

The authors of this paper chose several target compounds that have been found in average US homes, applied the current United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Superfund risk assessment methodologies to indoor air quality, and produced risk numbers for hazard quotients and predicted increases in incidence of cancer which would be unacceptable at US hazardous waste sites. The calculations were made for the average child and adult with USEPA default exposure values. Calculations were also made for a worst case scenario using maximum concentrations and exposure estimates defined by the USEPA as describing the reasonable exposure (RME). Significant cancer risks and non-cancer hazard quotients were predicted.     

The investigation of compositional and structural characteristics of natural marine organic matter: a review

The natural marine Organic Matter (OM) is a complex mixture of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins present in seawater and sediments, able to affect many processes occurring in the marine environment such as the biochemical cycles of marine nutrients and living organisms. As the complexity of environmental studies concerning OM composition requires the application of accurate analytical methods, the aim of this review is the discussion of the most used and updated methods for OM characterisation, including all the analytical steps from sample preparation to the final instrumental analysis by means of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Recent developments on the structural characteristics of OM are also reported.     

Cyanide generation during preservation of chlorinated wastewater effluent samples for total cyanide analysis.

Dechlorinating agents and pH adjustment are often used to preserve wastewater samples for cyanide analysis. The effects of four approved preservation protocols on the results of the total cyanide analysis of effluents from four water reclamation plants were examined. The results differed widely, and a clear pattern emerged. Immediate analysis without pH adjustment generally gave total cyanide concentrations below the reporting limit of 5 microg/L, irrespective of the dechlorinating agents used. When the pH was adjusted to > or =12, a slight increase in the measured total cyanide concentration was observed when thiosulfate was used to dechlorinate the samples, and a significant increase (>10 microg/L) was observed when arsenite was used as the dechlorinating agent. These results provide evidence that approved preservation protocols may give rise to cyanide formation in chlorinated wastewater effluent matrices.     

Determinations and residual characteristics of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan

Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a widely used antibacterial agent. However, it was concerned recently that triclosan might act as an antibiotic and will cause resistant bacterial strains. Furthermore, possible formation of toxic chloroform was also reported when the triclosan contained in household dishwashing soaps reacted with the chlorinated water. To assess the associate risks from possible exposures, concentrations of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan were determined in this study. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector at 280 nm was used to analyze the triclosan in samples. Factors that might affect the residual characteristics of triclosan from detergents on dishware and fruits, including the concentrations of detergents used, the temperature and immersion time for water before the cleaning processes, the temperatures of water used for the cleaning processes, and the materials of dishware made of, were evaluated under the orthogonal experiment design by the Taguchi method. By the analysis of variance, the orders of importance of different parameters were determined. The concentrations of triclosan detected in household food detergents were found to be 1.7 x 10(-2) -5.6 x 10(-1) (triclosan/detergent, mg g(-1)). For residual characteristics, the concentration of detergents used as well as the materials of dishware were found to be the significant factors that will affect the triclosan left on the dishware. On the other hand, the concentration of triclosan in the detergents was found to be the only factor that will affect the triclosan left on fruits. The maximum dose of triclosan exposures from the use of household food detergents in Taiwan was also estimated in the study.     

Analytical protocol for the analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Data quality objectives and single-laboratory evaluation

An analytical protocol for the measurement of part per billion and sub-part per billion levels of PBDDs and PBDFs in selected flame retardant chemicals (polybrominated diphenyloxides; PBDPO) was developed. The fractionation/enrichment procedures were optimized to minimize the effects of the PBDPOs upon the ability to recover and measure the PBDD/PBDFs. Results from the method validation show that the current methodology is capable of accuracies ranging from 70% to 150% at the 0.1 to 10 ppb levels while larger sample sizes (from 20–200 mg to 4 g) are necessary in order to meet the EPA target Test Rule limit of quantification (LOQ) requirements.     

Methods for the analysis of PCBs in human food, faeces and serum.

A method was developed to determine trace concentrations of a range of individual PCB congeners in biological samples (serum, food and faeces) using GC-MS, to prepare a mass balance of PCBs in humans. A simple method for the analysis of PCBs in human serum, which excluded an extraction step, was first employed. Results indicated that the recoveries of 13C12 PCB spikes were variable. A soxhlet extraction step was added and was found to be efficient and reproducible. A quality control routine and method validation results are presented. In batch tests of the methods presented it was found that the serum analysis method gave within batch mean 13C12 spike recoveries of 98-120% and standard deviations between 6 and 20%. The food/faeces analysis method gave within-batch mean 13C12 spike recoveries of 88-100%, and within batch standard deviations between 4 and 12%. The batch to batch mean recovery for serum analysis was 100%, with an RSD of 9% for high spikes and 10% for low spikes. For food/faeces analysis the batch to batch average recovery was 110%, with an RSD of 5% for high spikes and 9% for low spikes.