有限空间环境下颈部侧屈肌肉受力与疲劳特征

近年来肌肉骨骼损伤已成为我国防控职业病的重点问题之一,为降低职业性肌肉疾病发病率,首先,通过AnyBody平台建立颈部骨肌模型,并进行逆向动力学仿真分析,得到颈部侧屈姿势下肌肉的受力情况;然后,选取8名健康被试,运用表面肌电(s EMG)技术采集胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌的肌电信号,使用中值频率(MF)作为指标,根据MF下降速率评定肌肉的疲劳程度;最后,通过设置不同的温湿度环境,探究有限空间高温高湿环境对于颈部肌肉疲劳的影响。结果表明:随着侧屈角度的增加,颈部肌肉承担的负荷在逐渐增大,疲劳发生速度变快;同时,高温高湿作业环境也会加快侧屈姿势下颈部肌肉的疲劳速度。     

受限空间钻孔工人的肌肉疲劳特性研究

为了研究受限空间下钻孔工人在作业过程中的肌肉疲劳特征,通过模拟试验,测量立姿、半蹲姿、全蹲姿姿势下,颈夹肌、胸腰筋膜等10块肌肉的表面肌电值(sEMG);用中值频率(MF)作为指标,根据MF下降率评定各肌肉的疲劳程度,并通过设置不同的时间梯度,对比疲劳程度的变化,从而提出减轻肌肉疲劳的方案。试验结果表明:肌肉疲劳程度越深,MF下降越快;腰部3种姿势下均表现出较高的下降率(0. 374±0. 129),立姿中颈部下降率(0. 60)、蹲姿中小腿胫骨肌下降率(0. 55)也较高;而调整作业周期可以使MF值下降1. 33～9. 85倍,有效减轻疲劳程度。     

人工破拆壁面作业肌肉疲劳实验研究

为研究人工破拆壁面作业肌肉疲劳发展特征,避免肌肉疲劳累积,降低工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤(WMSDs)风险,本文设计人工破拆壁面作业实验,招募8名男性大学生进行实验,测量40和90 cm作业高度上人工破拆作业前后握力和推力、最大耐受时间(MET)、主观肌肉疲劳评分(RPE)以及右手尺侧腕屈肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、三角肌前束以及左手肱二头肌、三角肌前束6个肌群的活动特征,然后运用统计学方法分析作业高度对作业过程肌肉疲劳的影响以及各肌群肌肉活动特征.研究表明:人工破拆壁面作业肌肉疲劳明显,但高度仅影响作业前后最大推力大小,对握力、MET以及RPE影响并不显著;最大推力实验条件下,除90 cm高度下左右手三角肌前束产生疲劳外,其他肌群并未出现疲劳;较低高度上人工破拆作业疲劳可能由姿势导致而非局部肌肉疲劳的耦合叠加.     

姿势对单手拉叉车肌肉疲劳影响的试验研究

为分析不同姿势下单手拉车作业肌肉疲劳情况,设计并完成模拟手拉叉车试验,测量拉车前与拉车过程中单臂拉力的变化,记录基于Borg CR-10主观疲劳量表的身体疲劳度。选取20名男大学生作为被试。结果表明,手臂姿势和拉车时间均显著影响拉力;Duncan多重比较结果显示,手臂伸直姿势下的拉力值显著高于手肘屈曲姿势下的值;手肘屈曲姿势下,手臂拉力的最大自主收缩力(MVC)下降更快;手肘屈曲姿势和手臂伸直姿势下的疲劳速率分别为(0.137±0.065)和(0.133±0.057)。构建起以指数函数为基础的2种姿势下单臂拉车作业肌肉疲劳预测模型,其预测结果与实际情况吻合较好。     

矿工肌肉疲劳状况及事故预防研究

为解决矿工工作强度大难度大,容易产生身体疲劳,引发不安全行为的问题,首先,向矿工发放肌肉疲劳调查问卷,了解矿工的实际工作状态;其次,利用表面肌电(EHG)试验模拟矿工作业环境和工作内容,检测其肌肉疲劳程度及变化特征;最后,结合矿工工作现状,提出肌肉疲劳事故的防控措施.结果 表明:矿工的颈部、肩部、背部、肘部、腰部等部位...     

空气呼吸器对志愿消防员肌肉疲劳的影响研究

为了解背负空气呼吸器对志愿消防员肌肉疲劳的影响,对志愿消防员进行徒手及背负空气呼吸器的奔跑试验,累计测量60人次被试人员的表面肌电信号(sEMG)与压强数据,结合被试主观疲劳感受进行分析。结果表明：被试者左右股二头肌、左右腓肠肌与左右胫骨前肌的疲劳情况受空气呼吸器影响最大;空气呼吸器的背负会使肩、腰部出现疼痛感,需要更长时间恢复;左竖脊肌、左右腓肠肌与右胫骨前肌的疲劳与志愿消防员主观疲劳感受相关性最强。     

受限空间屏幕作业视觉疲劳研究

为了探究有限空间内光照对屏幕作业视觉疲劳影响,选取实验人员在受限空间平台内进行模拟屏幕作业。实验结果表明:在有限空间内作业,300 lx为理想的照明条件,并且在较昏暗（0~100 lx）的情况下,视觉能力下降的最快;光照强度的强弱对疲劳有明显的影响,在光线较暗的环境中闭眼时长明显高于正常光线（300 lx）时和较亮（750 lx）环境的闭眼时长,在作业30~60 min时,男女表现差异明显;黑暗环境更能造成作业人员疲劳,男性在黑暗环境中的视觉适应能力优于女性。同时做出推断,闭眼波动性增大的时间点推测为疲劳关键点,应该对该时刻工作的人员提醒或提前进行休息,避免该时刻出现。研究结论可为关于视觉疲劳眼动设备的开发提供理论支撑。     

矿工作业疲劳对煤矿险兆事件的影响机理——基于情感耗竭中介变量的分析

探究矿工作业疲劳与煤矿险兆事件的影响关系对防范煤矿安全事故具有重要意义。将矿工作业疲劳划分为生理疲劳、心理疲劳、行为能力下降3个维度,并引入矿工情感耗竭作为中介变量,采用结构方程模型分析验证矿工作业疲劳、情感耗竭与煤矿险兆事件之间的作用关系。结果表明:作业疲劳的3个维度对矿工情感耗竭、煤矿险兆事件都有显著的正向影响,其中,行为能力下降的影响作用最大;情感耗竭在作业疲劳和煤矿险兆事件之间的关系中起部分中介作用,即作业疲劳会导致矿工情感耗竭,进而会引发险兆事件。     

重复性同侧搬举负荷对竖脊肌疲劳的影响

为预防重复性同侧搬举对竖脊肌的伤害,利用表面肌电(s EMG)技术,开展搬举试验,研究竖脊肌疲劳的影响因素。试验要求设置不同工件重量、搬举频率和搬举角度等3个负荷,并设置8个任务组;要求12名被试完成8个任务组中的右侧重复性搬举,记录相关s EMG信号,并用多元逐步回归分析竖脊肌疲劳的负荷因素。结果表明:搬举过程中随着工件重量、搬举频率和搬举角度负荷增加,s EMG频域指标平均功率频率(MPF)下降,时域指标平均肌电值(AEMG)增大,最大随意收缩肌电百分比(MVE%)增大,最大负荷左右竖脊肌最大值分别为(64.85%±11.89%)MVE和(41.24%±9.77%)MVE;各任务组搬举中,左右竖脊肌均明显疲劳,而疲劳程度不一致;重复性同侧搬举负荷对竖脊肌疲劳的影响因素从大到小依次为重量、角度和频率。     

肘部支撑在视频显示终端作业过程中对背部和右手表面肌电影响的Meta分析

本文主要探讨肘部支撑在视频显示终端作业过程中对背部和右手表面肌电的影响。采用Meta分析方法对以往研究资料进行筛检及汇总分析。结果发现：左右侧斜方肌的最大自主收缩百分比（MVC％）分别下降了0．83％（95％CI-1．00％--0．66％）和0．61％（95％CI-0．78％～-0．43％）,对于右手食指伸指肌而言,其影响并不具有显著性。可以认为肘部支撑是一种比较简单而且有效的预防措施。     

Postural and Muscular Responses While Viewing Different Heights of Screen

This study aimed to examine the effects of visual display terminal (VDT) viewing angle on human postural angle and muscular activity. The participants’ neck, thoracic bending, and trunk inclination angles; and the activity of sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, splenius capitis, and erector spinae at 5 viewing angles (+40°, +20°,0°, –20°, and –40°) of a VDT screen were collected for 1 min. This study showed that neck and thoracic bending angles increased with viewing angle, while viewing angle did not significantly affect trunk inclination angle. In addition, the activity of trapezius and erector spinae increased when viewing a higher or lower VDT screen height compared with viewing a horizontal VDT screen height; however, the activity of splenius capitis decreased with viewing angle.     

Investigating cervical muscle response and head kinematics during right, left, frontal and rear-seated perturbations

Objective: Whiplash research has largely focused on rear collisions because they account for the majority of whiplash injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 perturbation directions (anterior, posterior, right, and left) on muscle activity and head kinematics to provide insight into the whiplash mechanism of injury. Methods: The effects of 4 perturbation directions induced by a parallel robotic platform, with peak acceleration of 8.50?m/s(2), were analyzed on 10 subjects. Surface electromyography (EMG) measures were collected from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius, and splenius capitus muscles. Kinematics of the head, thorax, and head relative to thorax were also measured. Results: We observed stereotypic responses for kinematics and SCM EMG for the various perturbation directions; the trapezius and splenius capitus muscles showed amplitudes that were less than 5 percent maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Rear perturbations elicited the smallest onset latencies for the SCM (30?ms) and kinematic variables and greatest linear head center of mass (COM) accelerations. Frontal perturbations resulted in an average SCM onset latency of 143?ms and demonstrated the greatest magnitude of head translations and rotations relative to the thorax. Left and right perturbations demonstrated similar kinematics and SCM onset latencies (55 and 65?ms, respectively). Conclusions: Compared to frontal, left, and right directions, rear perturbations showed smaller SCM onset latencies, greater SCM amplitudes, and larger head accelerations, relating to a greater potential for injury. We suggest that the greater contact area and stiffness of the seatback, in the posterior direction, compared to restrictions in other directions, led to increased peak head accelerations and shorter SCM onset latencies.     

狭长管道油气爆炸流场分布特征规律及分析

为研究狭长管道油气爆炸流场分布特征规律,搭建了狭长管道油气爆炸实验系统 ,并在狭长密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验。通过采集爆炸超压值和火焰强度值并进行 分析,得到以下结论:随着初始油气体积分数的增大,管道沿线最大爆炸超压值和升压 速率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在1.75%时达到最大,并且初始油气体积分数越接近 1.75%,升压速率增大越快;根据管道沿线最大超压分布规律可将初始油气体积分数分 为1.25%~1.55%、1.55%~2.20%、2.20%~2.65%3个部分;管道末端出现二次爆炸现象,爆 炸超压变化曲线可分为点火延迟、一次爆炸、二次爆炸、振荡衰减4个阶段;火焰持续 时间随油气体积分数的增加先下降后上升,油气体积分数为1.75%时火焰持续时间最短 。     

Repeatability of electromyography normalization of the neck and shoulder muscles in symptomatic office workers

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the repeatability of electromyography (EMG) normalization in office workers with neck and shoulder symptoms. Methods. Fifteen female office workers with neck/shoulder symptoms were recruited to participate in two separate days of testing. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was used for the normalization of EMG data on the following muscles: cervical erector spinae, upper trapezius, lower trapezius and anterior deltoid. Repeatability was calculated using the intra-class correlation (ICC), relative standard error of measurement (%SEM) and relative coefficient of variation (%CV). Results. Peak root mean square (rms) and median frequency (MF) showed good to high repeatability in the UT, AD and CES (ICC?=?0.87–0.95, %SEM=?2.65–9.48, %CV=?0.2–5.9). The repeatability of peak rms was good (ICC?=?0.87, %SEM?=?12.56, %CV?=?3.3) and the MF of the LT was fair (ICC?=?0.76, %SEM?=?5.71, %CV?=?2.9). Conclusion. Peak rms and MF from the MVIC normalization method can be measured with sufficient repeatability in symptomatic office workers.     

极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”发育规律研究

为深入研究极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”的动态发育规律,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,分析袁店一矿824工作面覆岩“两带”的裂隙演化特征。结果表明：从岩层层向拉伸率角度,研究上覆岩层垮落带和导水裂隙带的垮落程度,考虑角度影响推导出岩层弯曲下沉边缘段变形前后的长度计算公式,根据覆岩的碎胀特征计算各岩层的最大下沉量,预测垮落带和裂隙带的范围分别为30.2～41.2 m和70.7～78.2 m;采用3DEC数值模拟分析该矿824工作面开挖后上覆岩层垮落的基本形态和裂隙分布规律,结合其应力、位移云图和监测线位移曲线的分布特征,得出垮落带和裂隙带的高度分别为32.50 m和77.25 m;采用分布式光纤应变监测系统,监测工作面前方80 m处上部顶板的受力情况,得出受采动影响的光纤应变呈起伏变化,且应变分布与地层岩性存在对应关系,得出垮落带高度约30.4 m,裂隙带高度约74.8 m,验证采用层向拉伸率和覆岩碎胀性2个方面来预测工作面覆岩“两带”高度的合理性,可为类似方面的研究与施工提供相应的技术依据。     

滑坡灾害中埋地管道稳定性分析

滑坡灾害导致的管道局部失稳是油气管道面临的严重威胁之一。为了探讨滑坡灾害中工程管道位移、应力随参数的变化规律,研究管道结构稳定性,采用有限元方法,以管道外径、径厚比、滑坡宽度为研究变量,计算并分析了在滑坡灾害中管道位移、应力和稳定性。研究结果表明:增大管道外径可以有效抑制滑坡灾害中管道位移,同时随着管道外径的增加,管道最大位移呈现二次曲线降低,并且径厚比越小管道位移增量越小;滑坡灾害中管道的最大应力发生在滑坡中心和两端位置;以外径为0.965 m管道为例,屈曲特征值分析结果显示,随着管道径厚比的增大,屈曲特征值呈二次曲线减小;随着管道外径的增加,屈曲特征值呈线性增大,并且屈曲位置发生在滑坡段中间位置,管道所能承受的极限滑坡宽度约为70 m。     

The influence of fatigue on muscle temperature

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using infrared (IR) thermography for assessing muscle fatigue during low effort. Three tests at constant levels of load 5, 15 and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) lasting 5 min each were performed on a group of 10 men. Temperature and electromyographic (EMG) signal were registered from biceps brachii (BB). Analysis focused on the influence of load on the values and changes in time of muscle temperature. Correlations between temperature and EMG parameters (RMS, MPF and MF) were also analysed. Constant load sustained during the tests resulted in an increase in the temperature of BB. There were statistically significant correlations between temperature and EMG parameters for most subjects. Results of the study suggest that IR thermography can be an alternative or supplementary method for assessing muscle fatigue at low levels of contraction.     

The effect of an ergonomic intervention on musculoskeletal, psychosocial, and visual strain of VDT data entry work: the Polish part of the international study.

A group of routine data entry operators (female) was included in the Polish MEPS (musculoskeletal--eyestrain--psychosocial--stress) study. Before the intervention, ergonomic assessment revealed improper working conditions such as inadequate lighting, uncomfortable chairs, and lack of forearm and wrist support while medical examination revealed that trapezius muscle load along with upper arm, head and back angles were higher than advisable. Subjects complained about neck and shoulder pain, visual problems, and psychosocial conditions. The ergonomic intervention included installation of new luminaires and Venetian blinds, new chairs, repair of ventilators, and optometric corrections. The results after the intervention showed mainly improvement in chair comfort, lighting conditions, visual strain, and sitting posture. However, financial limitations did not allow satisfactory completion of the intervention leading to a mixed interpretation of the results.     

不同穿越角度对采空区埋地管道力学行为的影响

为解决采空区煤矿工作面逐渐开采引起的埋地管道力学行为变化问题,以实际地质参数为基础,运用有限元软件建立管-土三维有限元模型,模拟水平煤层工作面推进方向与管道走向之间不同夹角以及不同煤层倾角时工作面逐步开采引起的埋地管道力学行为变化,得出在2种情况下埋地管道的力学行为时变性规律。结果表明:水平煤层不同夹角开采时,在开采中后期,随着开采时间的不断增加,大夹角工况下的管道最大应力位移增长速度比小夹角工况快;开采完成后,水平夹角越大管道越危险;不同煤层倾角时,埋地管道最大位移变化随开采时间的增加基本呈线性趋势,且煤层倾角越大,管道的最大位移越小,管道越安全。     

Perceived Discomfort and Electromyographic Activity of the Upper Trapezius While Working at a VDT Station

Ten female participants performed work at a video display terminal (VDT) station over a whole working day. Subjective local muscular fatigue was evaluated by means of the Category Ratio 10 scale. Electromyographic activity of the upper right and left trapezius was measured. A comparison was made between 5 participants who had previous complaints and 5 participants who reported no musculoskeletal problems in the shoulder-neck region. The subjective scores for the shoulder differed significantly between the two groups, being higher for the group with complaints. Both groups showed a decrease in discomfort after the lunch break. The activity of the trapezius increased significantly for both groups, in a more pronounced way for the group with disorders. Although it is found in literature that VDT work is a task with very low static loads, it seems from this study that the EMG activity increase can be an indication of muscle fatigue: More effort was required to accomplish the same VDT task at the end of the day.