磺胺-磺胺二甲基嘧啶污染对小白菜生长和生理指标的影响及相关性分析

采用种子萌发和水培实验研究磺胺(SA)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT)单一及复合污染对小白菜(Brassica campestris)生长及生理的影响,并对SA、SMT和小白菜生长生理指标进行相关分析。结果表明,低浓度磺胺类抗生素(SAs)污染对小白菜种子萌发的影响较小;单一及复合污染条件下小白菜的生长及品质均受到影响,随着SAs污染浓度的增加,小白菜的根伸长、芽伸长、鲜重和干重抑制作用均增加,小白菜中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也呈总体下降趋势;单一污染下丙二醛(MDA)含量随SA浓度增加而增加,而MDA含量随SMT浓度增加呈先增加后降低趋势,复合污染下MDA含量呈下降趋势。Pearson相关性分析发现,SAs单一及复合污染条件下SAs分别与小白菜的可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素、CAT活性和POD活性的相关性较好。在SAs污染下,小白菜的生理生长指标及品质均受不同程度的影响,小白菜体内SAs含量随着SAs污染浓度增加而增加,且对SMT的富集大于SA。SAs可以通过富集进入小白菜体内,存在潜在的食品安全风险。     

3个树种凋落叶水浸提液对三叶鬼针草生长及抗性生理的影响

入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)对农业生产、生物多样性和生态系统安全有极大的威胁,利用植物间的化感作用抑制有害植物生长或开发植物源除草剂,是减少化学除草剂对环境负面影响的良好措施。常见树种巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和核桃(Juglans regia)叶片所含次生代谢物质对植物和微生物具有较强的化感潜力,可能会在入侵草本植物的防治上起到重要作用。选用巨桉、香樟和核桃凋落叶,分别制成不同浓度水浸提液,结合培养皿萌发试验和盆栽试验,通过测定三叶鬼针草发芽率、发芽速度、幼苗植株鲜质量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量,综合评价3个树种凋落叶浸提液的作用效果。巨桉和香樟凋落叶浸提液可显著抑制三叶鬼针草的发芽。三叶鬼针草地上部分鲜质量明显受到高浓度巨桉凋落叶浸提液的抑制,而香樟和核桃凋落叶浸提液的抑制作用微弱;3个树种凋落叶浸提液对三叶鬼针草过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性具有促进作用,而对其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性具有抑制作用;巨桉凋落叶浸提液处理三叶鬼针草抗氧化酶系统表现出"钝化"响应,而其体内丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著增加;对巨桉和香樟凋落叶浸提液而言,三叶鬼针草可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随浸提液剂量的增加而升高,而在核桃凋落叶浸提液处理下则表现出低促高抑的效应。总体来看,3个树种凋落叶含有干扰三叶鬼针草生长的物质,但效应因树种和浸提液浓度而异。相比较而言,巨桉凋落叶浸提液的综合抑制作用最强,香樟次之,核桃最弱。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对真鲷鳃抗氧化酶和组织损伤的影响

为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对真鲷(Pagrosomus major)的毒性及致毒机理,采用半静态毒性试验方法研究PFOS对真鲷的96 h急性毒性,并分析低浓度(0.1 mg.L-1)、中浓度(1.0 mg.L-1)和高浓度(2.0 mg.L-1)PFOS胁迫对真鲷鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,脂质过氧化物(MDA)含量以及组织损伤的影响。结果表明,PFOS对真鲷的96 h半致死浓度〔ρ(LC50)〕为22.56 mg.L-1。在PFOS胁迫阶段,低浓度组真鲷鳃组织SOD活性呈现先受诱导后受抑制的趋势,而中、高浓度组受到显著抑制(P<0.05),胁迫15 d时高浓度组抑制率为14.86%;各浓度组CAT活性的变化趋势呈"U"型,7和15 d时高浓度组诱导率分别为40.53%和62.32%;低浓度组POD活性在胁迫1 d时呈受诱导效应,之后下降至对照组水平(P>0.05),中、高浓度组则呈现先受抑制后受诱导的趋势,胁迫15 d时高浓度组诱导率为63.05%;MDA含量变化没有表现出明显的规律性。在净水恢复结束时,各浓度组真鲷鳃组织SOD活性恢复到对照组水平,而CAT、POD活性和MDA含量与对照组相比仍有显著差异(P<0.05)。在PFOS胁迫下真鲷鳃组织出现鳃丝上皮脱落与鳃丝融合现象,病变程度随着暴露浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而加深。可见,PFOS可对真鲷鳃组织产生多个层面的毒性效应。     

Cr6+和Cr3+对水花生几种生理生化指标的影响比较

通过Cr6 和Cr3 对水花生 (Alternantheraphiloxeroides)的叶及根的某些生理生化指标影响的对比研究发现 ,Cr6 和Cr3 均能对水花生产生毒害 ;铬污染后 ,水花生的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白含量 5项重要生理生化指标发生相应变化 ;Cr6 的毒性明显大于Cr3 ,根的受害程度比叶严重。     

土壤汞污染对油菜的氧化胁迫效应

为了明确土壤汞污染的植物毒性效应,利用盆栽模拟试验研究了汞污染土壤对油菜的氧化损伤.结果表明,低浓度的汞污染轻微促进油菜的生长,汞浓度超过1.0 mg·kg-1就显著抑制植物生长,引起叶片面积变小、失绿变黄甚至枯萎等生理现象.随着汞浓度的增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,当汞的浓度增加到8.0 mg·kg-1时,MDA的含量是对照组的4.17倍.随着汞浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后下降,其中SOD和POD在8.0 mg·kg-1汞处理下,活性达到最大,CAT在0.5 mg·kg-1汞处理下活性最大.土壤汞含量为超过1.0 mg·kg-1时,油菜可食部分汞浓度大于食品安全国家标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)的规定.油菜吸收的汞主要累积在根部,因此在利用此类植物进行土壤修复时,需要清除植物的地下部,才能实现植物修复的目的.     

NaCl胁迫对秋茄根系渗透调节物质含量的影响

秋茄(Kandelia candel)是一种重要的红树植物,也是中国海岸滩涂地造林的主要物种。探索NaCl胁迫对秋茄根系渗透调节物质含量的影响,可为阐明木本植物的耐盐机制补充重要数据,也为提高秋茄的造林成活率提供重要理论依据。通过设置0(对照)、200(低浓度)、400(中浓度)、600(高浓度)mmol·L~(-1)4个NaCl梯度处理秋茄幼苗(具4片真叶)1、3、5、7 d,分析其根系活力、根系中相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量的变化及各指标间的相关性。结果显示,随着NaCl浓度的增加,根系活力表现出下降趋势,而相对电导率显著升高,当高浓度胁迫处理7 d时,根系活力只有对照的7.12%,而根系相对电导率为对照的9.21倍,两者呈极显著负相关;处理1 d时,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量随着处理浓度的升高而增加,高浓度胁迫下分别增加108.7%和51.6%,二者呈显著正相关性,而脯氨酸含量呈先升后降再升的N型变化;处理3 d时,可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量先升后降,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐增加,高浓度胁迫下为对照的2.19倍;处理5 d和7d时,三种物质含量均先升后降。与对照组相比,在NaCl胁迫处理3 d时,Na~+含量随处理浓度增加而显著升高,高浓度胁迫下比对照增加49.5%;K~+含量在各处理之间无显著差异;Ca~(2+)含量在中低浓度胁迫处理下无显著变化,而在高浓度胁迫处理下显著降低;Mg~(2+)含量在低浓度胁迫处理下无显著变化,而在中高浓度胁迫处理下著降低;K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,但是在低浓度胁迫处理下无明显变化;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、K~+以及Na~+含量间呈显著正相关性,K~+和Na~+含量、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量间均呈现一定的负相关性。综上,在短期(≤3 d)中低浓度NaCl胁迫处理下,秋茄根系通过累积有机渗透调节物质和Na~+,维持较高水平的K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),保持正常的K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值,以降低细胞渗透势来适应NaCl胁迫。     

复合重金属胁迫对秋茄幼苗某些生理特性的影响

用5个级别的人工复合重金属污水处理红树植物秋茄Kandelia candel(L.)幼苗,2个月后对其叶绿素含量、叶片和根系的活性氧清除系统中的保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性变化以及膜脂质过氧化作用影响进行分析.结果显示:叶绿素a、b及总量在低浓度处(1 W)有所上升,随着污染级别的升高,三者的含量均下降,且远低于对照组值.SOD活性随着污染级别的增加呈"先升后降"的变化.10 W污水时,叶和根系中的SOD活性均达到最大值.POD的活性变化与SOD活性变化相一致.CAT活性在叶片中不受污染程度的影响,保持相对平稳,但在高级别的污染下,活性有下降的趋势;而根系中CAT活性在10 W污水时达到最大值,污染程度再升级时,活性迅速下降.MDA含量在叶片中随着污染级别的增加呈"先降后升",而根系中MDA含量却是以升-降-升的模式变化,但它们都在10 W污水时,达到最小值.综合试验结果分析表明,秋茄幼苗在遭受重金属胁迫时,根系比叶更能有效地清除组织中的活性氧自由基,保护了根的生长,从而提高了抗重金属的能力.     

全氟辛酸(PFOA)对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性的影响

采用半静态毒性实验方法,将菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)分别暴露于0.2、2、20μg·L-1的全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)中,在处理后第1、3、6、10、15、21天分别取样,测定整体组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性和过氧化脂质(LPO)含量。酶活性分析结果显示:PFOA对菲律宾蛤仔组织SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈现先促进后抑制的作用;低浓度组SOD活性在暴露第1天达到最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中高浓度组SOD活性在暴露第6天达到最低;暴露1~15 d,低浓度组CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);高浓度组CAT活性在暴露第6天得到显著诱导,其余时间基本处于抑制状态;中浓度组POD活性在暴露第3天即达到最高,高浓度组POD活性基本一直处于抑制状态;随着PFOA暴露时间的延长,菲律宾蛤仔组织LPO含量呈现了先降低后升高的趋势;各浓度组中EROD的活力都显著被诱导(P<0.01),与处理浓度呈正相关;中高浓度组的GST活性在胁迫期间变化比较显著,呈现诱导-抑制的变化规律。研究表明,PFOA暴露能够引起菲律宾蛤仔组织抗氧化酶和生物转化酶的变化,可以与其他敏感性指标一起作为指示早期海洋PFOA污染的生物标志物。     

Zn^2＋对水鳖的毒性作用

研究了不同浓度Zn^2 毒害对水鳖叶片膜脂过氧化作用及其体细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,随着Zn^2 浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、SOD、CAT、POD活性先后升降,叶绿素a/b值值则逐渐减小,而MDA含量增加,O2^-产生速率也逐渐增大。同功酶分析表明,Zn^2 可以诱导新的POD同功酶,电镜观察发现,低浓度Zn^ 处理下,水鳖叶细胞中核质空泡化,叶绿体膨胀变形,线粒体嵴膨胀,溶酶体、小泡数量增加,且出现了多膜复合体;随着Zn^2 浓度的增加,核质消失,叶绿体和线粒体解体,而根尖分生细胞中则出现了多核仁现象。     

土壤外源甲基叔丁基醚胁迫对玉米幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以大宗作物玉米作为试验对象,通过盆栽试验,研究外源甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)污染胁迫对玉米幼苗生长及几项生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,在0～500mg·kg-1范围内,玉米幼苗未产生明显的毒害作用.土壤中MTBE浓度≤5mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗生长未受影响,在高浓度下(50 mg·kg-1和500 mg·kg-1).生长受到不同程度的抑制,株高降低36.4%,根干重减少16.6%～34%,地七部分十重减少了46%～59%,根冠比增加,并达到显著水平.叶绿素总量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均呈现下降的趋势,叶绿素a/b值由对照组2.92降低到1.98,达到极显著水平(P<0.01).低浓度MTBE污染对玉米幼苗生理生化指标没有明显的抑制作用,随着土壤MTBE污染程度的加剧,玉米幼苗细胞膜透性逐渐增加,SOD活性逐渐提高.玉米幼苗MDA、CAT和POD对MTBE胁迫的响应表现出相似的规律,累积峰值出现在50 mg·kg-1MTBE污染水平下.低浓度MTBE污染,叶片中MDA、CAT和POD没有明显变化,高浓度的MTBE污染则诱导酶活性升高,表明氧化胁迫程度增加.但当MTBE浓度达到500 mg·kg-1,由于过多的H2O2或MTBE积累引起MDA、CAT和OPOD酶活性下降.综合生物量变化及抗氧化酶的响应结果,认为玉米幼苗具有一定的抵御MTBE伤害的应答防御系统.     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.