海岛养殖户台风灾害适应性行为及其影响因素分析

水产养殖是保障粮食安全、提升适应力需要关注的关键部门之一。农户层面的灾害适应性行为及其影响因素研究对增强养殖户灾害适应能力,确保养殖户生计安全、海岛可持续发展和渔村振兴具有重要价值。基于海岛水产养殖户调查数据对养殖户灾害全过程适应性行为进行研究,并运用Multivariate Probit模型实证分析了适应性行为的影响因素,结果表明：（1）较多地采用无悔反应和低悔战术,很少采用预先应对策略、更容易的早期策略以及未来获益策略使得大多数养殖户适应行为的成效不太显著。（2）同一因素对养殖户选择的多种适应策略有正负不同方向的显著影响,不同适应策略之间也存在着显著的互补和替代效应。（3）年龄、家庭劳动力、5年遭灾次数是养殖户适应行为的重要影响因素,投入、健康状况、灾害感知强度、收入、教育程度、社会资本都对养殖户采取的适应行为有显著影响。（4）海岛地区养殖户灾害适应行为的影响因素及其影响方向具有特殊性。研究识别了海岛养殖户台风灾害适应行为的关键影响因子和薄弱环节,结论可为政府和养殖户灾害适应策略的优化调整提供依据。     

Evaluating the technical efficiencies of fishing vessels to achieve effective management of overexploited fisheries

Global marine capture fisheries are undergoing serious stress, with overfishing as one of the major problems. In order to mitigate the overexploitation of capture fisheries, government regulation or fisheries management is necessary. Among various management approaches, vessel quantity control is being widely employed. To achieve effective governance of fisheries, the technical efficiency (TE) issue needs to be considered in the implementation of vessel quantity control. Using the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) stick-held dip net fishery in Japan as a case study, this paper estimated the TE of sampled fishing vessels and explored the possible factors affecting the gap in efficiency. This paper aims to provide suggestions for a better implementation of vessel quantity control in global Pacific saury fishery, and also to serve as an empirical example of integrating TE analysis into management of overexploited fisheries for achieving satisfactory effects. Results show the TE score of the sampled fishery averaged around 0.7 from 2009 to 2014, and factors concerning owners/skippers’ motivation such as vessel ownership and specialization, vessel tonnage as well as skippers’ age show positive effects on the TE. Our findings in the present work provide important strategies for mitigating overexploitation in fisheries. Conducting technical efficiency analysis of targeted fisheries is a vital issue to be considered for designing and realizing an effective implementation of fisheries management approaches. The large vessels and the enthusiasm of vessel owners/skippers need to be particularly addressed when vessel quantity limit is considered to mitigate the problem of overfishing.     

The relationship of social capital and fishers’ participation in multi-level governance arrangements

The need for effective multi-level governance arrangements is becoming increasingly urgent because of complex functional interdependencies between biophysical and socioeconomic systems. We argue that social capital plays an important role in such systems. To explore the relationship between social capital and participation in resource governance arenas, we analyzed various small-scale fisheries governance regimes from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The components of social capital that we measured include levels of fishers’ structural ties to relevant groups and levels of trust in different entities (i.e. cognitive component). We collected data using surveys and interviews with residents of small-scale fishing communities adjacent to marine protected areas. We analyzed the data using a logistic regression model and narrative analysis. The results of our quantitative analysis highlight the multidimensional nature of social capital and reveals complex relationships between different types of social capital and fisher participation in monitoring, rulemaking and MPA design. Furthermore our qualitative analysis suggests that participation in fisheries conservation and management is not fully potentialized due to the social and historical context of participatory spaces in Mexico.     

Counting biodiversity waste in industrial eco-efficiency: fisheries case study

The foundation for the creation of eco-efficiency metrics for industrial impacts on biodiversity is considered. Because biodiversity is the essence of life itself, these metrics are essential for effectiveness in the theory and practice of eco-efficiency, particularly in the case of primary natural resource extraction industries such as fishing and forestry. The case of fishing is examined, with particular attention to by-catch, lost nets, and habitat damage caused by mobile fishing gears. It is appropriate to examine fishing because industrial era impacts on marine biodiversity have been severe and are driving large and deleterious changes in marine ecosystems. For discarded by-catch, it is proposed that an eco-efficient metric for the value per unit mass of discarded fish can be set to be equivalent to that of the market value of the utilized catch. In estimating the eco-efficient value of the catch, the value of the discarded fish is then subtracted from the market value of the catch. Fish killed in lost nets can be treated similarly. It is more difficult to address marine habitat damage by mobile fishing gear, which has the highest potential for ecological injury.By using the approach proposed, negative eco-efficiencies are obtained under circumstances in which the collateral damage to biodiversity exceeds the economic benefit obtained. This is a logical outcome given the long-term effects of biodiversity decline. A metric is also proposed for assessing whether avoidance of harm to biodiversity, in the form of switching fishing gear, is required. Lastly it is proposed that metrics might be developed to provide eco-efficiency credit for companies taking effective actions to improve, or actively participate in, ecosystem-based fisheries management.     

基于时空同步监视的三维海洋灾害预警辅助分析系统

为了直观地展示海洋灾害致灾因子信息和辅助海洋灾害预警分析,应用SKYLINE三维地理信息技术构建界面布局和人机交互界面,基于时空同步监视的理念和数据综合管理的思维采用数据同步技术将台风信息与渔场、渔船、海浪、潮位、增水数据等在同一界面进行综合集成和实时叠加展示分析,建立了人机交互式三维海洋灾害预警辅助分析系统。系统具有信息查询、致灾因子同步监视分析、实时预报信息叠加分析、渔船安全管理辅助等功能,实现了对海洋海浪和风暴潮预警具有较好的辅助分析。实际应用表明,系统能够直观展示致灾要素,为防御海洋灾害提供了一个形象的会商协同平台,有助于提高海洋灾害预警分析能力。     

海南岛海草资源分布现状及存在威胁

2004～2009年对海南岛周遍海域的海草资源进行综合调查,结果表明:海南岛海草资源丰富,共有6属10种,面积约55 km2,优势种为泰莱藻;海南岛海草分布于近岸海域的珊瑚坪内侧或泻湖沿岸,主要位于潮间带低潮区和潮下带上部4m水深范围;海草生物量范围为71.24～727.24 g/m2,平均为410.26 g/m2;海草密度范围为4 131.20～550.40株/m2,平均为1 753.39株/m2。海南岛海草主要受陆源污染、海洋工程、渔业活动、非法渔业等活动影响。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场时空分布与海洋环境要素的研究

根据2010 年7~9月和2011年7~10月“舟渔1301#” 2个航次的北太平洋柔鱼渔场海上调查资料,利用渔获生产数据?海况天气数据以及同期的卫星遥感获取的海表面温度(SST) ?海表盐度(SSS)及叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度和海流等数据,分析柔鱼的中心渔场分布与海洋环境的变动关系.研究结果显示:整个调查期间渔获频次在SST和Chl-a因子上均呈正态分布,渔场高产的最适SST范围为18~20℃, 最适SSS范围为33.60‰~34.80‰, 最适Chl-a浓度范围为0.08~0.24mg/m3,其中SST与柔鱼渔场之间有较好的匹配关系,中心渔场通常位于18~20℃的等温线附近,且位置一般出现在冷水团和暖水团交汇区的冷水团一侧;中心渔场位于亲潮和黑潮交汇混合区的向北一侧,离交汇地带的距离较近,而且随着时间的推移,渔汛期间中心渔场的位置逐步往其向西北方向移动.总体上多个环境因子皆可作为确定潜在中心渔场的指标,但以海表水温为最佳,另外辅助寒?暖流的交汇情况以及Chl-a浓度?天气海况等因素来综合分析,判断渔场的中心位置会更准确.     

Biologische Probleme der Befischung mariner Ökosysteme

New political, economical, and technical developments have changed the character of world fisheries. The exploitation of relatively small marine organisms, mainly pelagic fish, as a source of protein and the large distant-water fishing fleets of some countries operating worldwide make it possible to change marine ecosystems and particularly the upper parts of the food chain rapidly and drastically. The paper discusses recent changes in North Sea fish stocks and the ecological effects of antarctic whaling.

     

结构突变视角下政府灾害支出的平稳协调机制

完备的防灾减灾机制的构建离不开政府的指导和支持,以典型海洋风暴潮灾害为研究对象,结合我国1990年以来沿海地区政府防灾减灾财政支出和风暴潮经济损失数据,构建衡量政府灾害防御能力的协调度指标。利用傅里叶变换对政府补贴灾害的协调度进行检验,发现其存在突变特征并依据非线性平稳性检验对补贴协调度进行动态拟合。测度结果显示,从长期来看,防灾减灾总支出灾害协调度,科技教育支出灾害协调度、城市建设灾害协调度、社会福利灾害协调度均显著上升,指出降低对政府支出过度依赖、探索多元的防灾减灾机制是提高我国灾害应急管理效率的重要措施。     

我国食用海洋生物资源的开发及其对策

在概述我国海域主要的资源生物及其开发现状的基础上,指出在70年代中期以前,随捕捞力量的增加,我国海洋总渔获量增长较快;但此后,尽管捕捞力量仍继续增加,总渔获量增长缓慢。作者认为,过度捕捞、污染以及其他不利的环境因素变化是导致总渔获量缓慢增长的主要原因。为合理利用资源,提高渔获量,应在加强海洋生态系研究的基础上,积极开发外海(包括远洋)资源,并着重发展海洋农牧化。     

曹妃甸配套产业区产业转型前后潜在地震灾害损失分析

曹妃甸配套产业区特殊的地理位置决定了它面临着地震灾害的威胁,伴随经济的高速发展,潜在地震灾害损失呈现放大效应。本文通过曹妃甸配套产业区转型前后灾害承灾体、灾害损失的对比分析,提出在进行产业转型前,除需要论证经济可行性外,还必须对该区域进行潜在灾害调查,对灾害潜患区进行防灾规划。     

海岛近岸海域资源环境承载能力评价及其应用

为定量研究海岛近岸海域资源环境承载状态,满足开发进程中可持续发展的需求,构建了海岛近岸海域资源环境承载能力三级评价指标体系,以空间资源承载能力、生态环境承载能力和生态系统承灾能力作为基础指标,对海岛近岸海域进行全面评价,依据其生态系统特征与人类活动特征,分别选择人工岸线开发类型、海域使用类型、水质状况、生物群落健康状况、灾害风险状况等指标开展分类评价,最后利用“短板效应”方法进行复合评价,将评价结果划分为可载、超载与临界超载3个级别,并以辽宁长兴岛为例开展实证研究.结果表明,长兴岛近岸海域 岸线开发强度为0.87,海域水质达标面积比率为0.75,鱼卵仔鱼平均密度为4.45 ind/m3,这3个单项指标的计算结果 均超过相应超载分级标准,受空间资源承载力和生态环境承载力短板要素的影响,该海域资源环境承载力状况为“超载”.表明以资源、生态环境和灾害等要素构建评价指标体系可客观全面地评价海岛近岸海域资源环境承载力状况,并能够科学地遴选出主导其承载力强弱的短板要素.长兴岛近岸海域可通过填海施工中预留过水通道、人工放流增补渔业资源、调整陆源排污口位置、实行岸段生态修复等措施优化开发利用方式,提升空间资源承载能力与生态环境承载力,逐步减弱短板效应.长兴岛近岸海域承灾能力属“可载”级别,为满足该区域未来发展过程中防灾减灾的需要,仍需通过编制突发事故应急预案,建立完善的事故应急措施来应对突发灾害事件.      

西北太平洋柔鱼渔场台风时空变化及其对柔鱼产量的影响分析

随着渔业资源与渔场学研究的深入和西北太平洋柔鱼资源开发利用及渔场环境监测的需要,开展台风等极端天气下柔鱼资源与环境关系的研究,对西北太平洋柔鱼资源评估与渔场预报工作可起有益的补充作用。根据2001~2014年中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径资料和西北太平洋柔鱼渔场渔获数据,分析了14 a间影响西北太平洋柔鱼渔场台风活动特征及其对柔鱼产量的影响,得到以下结果:共记录了83次台风,热带风暴33次、强热带风暴40次和台风10次。年均台风数量为5.93±1.73次,台风高发月份为8~10月。台风生命期越长,对单位捕捞努力量渔获量（catch per unit effort,CPUE）的影响越大,生命期大于48 h的台风消亡后2~7 d CPUE呈大幅增长。TY（typhoon）级别强度台风对CPUE的影响最大,随TY临近渔场,CPUE迅速减少,TY消亡后2~7 d CPUE呈大幅增长。研究结果对西北太平洋渔业生产安全的预报及柔鱼资源的有效利用将产生有益的影响。     

中国南海渔业环境资源的保护研究

南海渔业资源具有"公共池塘资源"的基本属性是导致其面临地缘政治紧张局势的内生困境,为此有必要从南海渔业在低敏度领域的现实表征为立足点,与南海领土主权与海域划界争端等高敏度领域相互结合的角度考察与评判南海渔业资源环境保护的主权变动动向:应该注重传统捕鱼权在南海周边国家的海洋管辖权边界的应用.以东南亚渔业管理组织和新建立南海渔业管理组织联合协同组织新的东南亚渔业管理组织必定有助于南海渔业资源纠纷的解决.     

海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台设计与实现

冰情及其险情等海冰信息产品的制作与发送是海冰监测工作的重要内容。海冰是渤海及北黄海海域的重要海洋灾害之一,依据政府职能部门、用海企业、社会公众、科研人员等用户对海冰监测信息产品的需求,对海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台建设方案进行研究。通过构建海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台,实现冰情和灾情数据查询、分析、动态显示与发布,以及海冰灾害风险分析与事故应急响应等主要功能,进而实现海上石油平台、滨海核电、高值养殖等典型涉海用户的冰情监测与风险信息的动态管理,以及相关行政区域的灾情信息传送。     

CANADA'S EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING A NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION STRATEGY: A DELIBERATIVE DIALOGUE APPROACH

Canada is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-induced disasters. Recent experience with major natural disasters demonstrated that more needs to be done to protect Canadians from the impacts of future disasters. The Government of Canada, through the Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, has conducted consultations with provinces, territories and stakeholders to develop a national disaster mitigation strategy (NDMS) aimed at enhancing Canada's capacity to prevent disasters before they occur and promoting the development of disaster-resilient communities. This paper provides an overview of Canada's emergency management and hazards context. It reports on the preliminary findings of consultations with stakeholders and evaluates the usefulness of the deliberative dialogue methodology that was used to facilitate the consultations. Examples that are illustrative of recent Canadian efforts on disaster mitigation and the challenges respecting the development and future implementation of a NDMS are also discussed.     

Perceptions of climate change risks and resilient island planning in the Maldives

This article explores the drivers, benefits, and challenges facing climate change adaptation in the Maldives. It specifically investigates the ??Integrating Climate Change Risks into Resilient Island Planning in the Maldives?? Program, or ICCR, a four-year $9.3 million adaptation project being funded by the Least Developed Countries Fund, Maldivian Government and the United Nations Development Program, and nationally executed by the Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment of the Maldivian Government. The article asks: what is the perception of coastal adaptation in the Maldives, and what are the potential contributions from the ICCR project? To answer this question, the article summarizes eight primary sectors vulnerable to climate change in the Maldives: human settlements, critical infrastructure, tourism, fisheries, health systems, water, food security, and coral reef biodiversity. It then describes the genesis and background behind the ICCR, which addresses many of these vulnerabilities by demonstrating coastal protection measures. Benefits to the ICCR include improving physical resilience by deploying ??soft?? infrastructure, institutional resilience by training policymakers and enhancing good governance, and community resilience by strengthening community assets and awareness. Challenges include ensuring that adaptation efforts are enough to truly respond to climate vulnerability, lack of coordination, and short-term thinking among business and community leaders.     

基于SVM-BP神经网络的风暴潮灾害损失预评估

风暴潮灾害是影响我国最严重的海洋灾害,风暴潮灾害损失的预评估对防灾减灾有重要作用。本文选用2002~2014年的40组风暴潮历史灾情资料进行试验,首先建立风暴潮灾害损失评估指标体系并用灰色关联分析法对指标进行筛选,然后采用最优权重组合将支持向量机和BP神经网络进行组合预测分别对风暴潮直接经济损失和受灾人口数进行预测,并与单一预测方法进行对比,发现组合预测方法可以降低误差,提高损失预测的准确性,建立风暴潮灾害损失预评估模型,为决策者进行预警信息的发布提供有效依据。     

基于三级分层框架的农业气象灾害多风险评估

农业气象灾害多风险评估对于防灾减灾、制定风险对策具有重要意义。根据1980—2015年陕西省农业气象灾害年度统计资料和2015—2018年农户调研数据,运用贝叶斯网络、贝叶斯分层模型（BHM）等多风险评估方法,分析陕西省农业气象灾害的变化趋势、灾害间相互作用以及生计资本对于不同作物脆弱性的影响。结果表明：（1）1980—2015年陕西省洪涝的灾害率和灾害强度显著下降,斜率分别为0.17%、0.7%,冷冻的灾害率显著上升,斜率为0.25%,干旱和风雹灾害无明显变化;（2）干旱和洪涝显著影响其他灾害,各种灾害之间存在复杂的相互作用;（3）增加有效灌溉面积率、农作物种植面积、农村用电量和农用磷肥施用折纯量等生计资本指标,可以显著降低脆弱性。本文有助于提高农户对农业气象灾害的适应能力,为预防和治理农业气象灾害提供决策参考。     

浒苔绿潮灾害损失调查与评估方法构建

本文借鉴了自然灾害相关损失评估方法和思路,立足于浒苔绿潮的影响对象,以科学性、全面性、可行性和实用性为原则,从海水养殖、滨海旅游、海上交通、工业取排水、灾害应急管理和海洋生态影响几方面构建损失调查与评估方法,为浒苔绿潮防灾减灾决策提供理论支撑和数据参考。