Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review

Governance across the land-sea interface is an emerging challenge. The propensity for, and intensity of social-ecological interactions across this interface (e.g., eutrophication, sedimentation) are being exacerbated by cross-system threats (e.g., climate change). We draw on a systematic review of 151 peer-reviewed papers on governance and land-sea connections to (1) outline the current state of the literature, (2) examine the predominance of different approaches to address land-sea interactions, (3) characterize how governance is conceptualized within these approaches, (4) investigate governance challenges, and (5) provide insights into effective governance. The review finds that the number of relevant papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most of these papers are found in interdisciplinary journals. Ecosystem-based management is the most predominant approach found in the literature as a means to address land-sea interactions. Papers referring to ecosystem-based management are more likely than those referring to alternative management approaches (e.g., integrated management) to highlight science-policy integration and the need to account for interactions between ecosystem components as elements of effective governance. The main governance challenges include determining boundaries, addressing cross-scale effects, and accessing knowledge. However, few empirical studies of governance across the land-sea interface have been completed. A richer conceptual framework of governance is required to improve our ability to navigate the rapid social and environmental change occurring across the land-sea interface.     

A guide for compiling inventories in hybrid life-cycle assessments: some Australian results

Hybrid life-cycle assessment employing input–output analysis has advantages over conventional methods. In the inventory phase of a hybrid assessment, the data collection and the boundary selection can be tailored by using structural path analysis. This technique was applied to recent Australian data in order to determine environmentally important input paths in terms of energy consumption, land disturbance, water use, and emissions of greenhouse gases, NO_x, and SO₂, for all Australian industry sectors. Due to the complexity of inter-industrial transactions, up to third-order paths can be top-ranking. The identification of such paths is considerably more labour-intensive in conventional life-cycle assessments.     

海峡西岸经济区重点产业发展生态风险评价

针对海西区优越的生态环境质量、重要的生态服务功能和强烈的发展愿景,结合重点产业发展显著的经济、社会效益和强烈的生态影响,通过规划期区域生态状况评价及其动态变化分析,进行海西区重点产业发展生态风险评价.结果表明:2008年海西区生态状况总体较好,但是空间差异显著.区域生态状况的Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级分区主要分布于武夷山区和中部大山带,重点产业近远期发展生态风险以“无风险”和“轻风险”为主,对海西区生态环境保护和生态安全保障具有重要意义;区域生态状况的Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级分区集中于沿海地带,规划期重点产业发展生态风险多属“重风险”等级.不同土地产出率、发展方案下,海西区重点产业发展生态风险及其空间分布呈显著差异由于各地对重点产业发展的强烈愿景,地方愿景规划方案下海西区重点产业发展生态风险相对较强;但是土地产出率的提高有助于海西区减轻、规避重点产业发展生态风险;敖江流域、闽东诸河等地重点产业发展生态风险相对较轻,可以适当增加重点产业及相关产业布局.     

Approaches to developing risk management objectives: an analysis of international strategies

Risk assessment/management frameworks employed around the world to guide environmental decision-making were analyzed for their approaches to developing risk management objectives and the decision criteria necessary for environmental policy implementation. Frameworks from the Netherlands, the UK, Sweden, Australia/New Zealand, Canada, and the USA were considered. Progress in refining the scientific basis for risk assessment/management has been made, but there has been little parallel development in defining the mechanisms by which available scientific information may be used to define risk management goals or identify and select between management options using a priori decision criteria. The lack of detailed guidance on the setting and achievement of risk management goals that appropriately balance technical information and public input remains an important challenge to the use and practice of all risk assessment/management frameworks.     

生命周期评价在环境管理中应用的局限性及其技术进展研究

生命周期评价法(Life Cycle Assessment)在国际上广泛应用于工业企业部门、政府管理部门和服务行业,但最突出的贡献是在环境管理方面的应用.LCA的技术框架分为确定目的与范围、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价(LCIA)和结果解释4个部分.LCIA的方法可归纳为中点法和终点法.LCA存在数据获取、清单分配、边界选择、评价模型、时空限制,以及结果不确定性等方面的局限性.为适应环境管理和评价技术本身的要求,LCA评价技术朝系统化方向发展,目前主要有IO-LCA、ALCA、CLCA、LCC、S-LCA和LCSA等评价技术.不同的评价技术从不同侧面拓展了LCA的应用领域和回避LCA评价的局限性,使得LCA越来越成为环境管理不可或缺的工具.     

关于在生态省建设中尽快建立生态补偿机制的思考

目前,全国已有近半数的省份开展了生态省创建工作.实践证明,生态省建设是促进区域经济、社会、环境实现全面、协调、可持续发展的有效载体.生态补偿机制是生态环境保护与建设过程中的一种经济手段,通过建立生态补偿机制,不仅可以有效解决生态省建设过程中资金不足的问题,还可以起到重要的资源调控作用,从而推动生态省建设健康、快速发展.本文阐述建立生态补偿机制的重要意义、指导思想和基本原则,提出了建立生态补偿机制的措施与途径,并结合生态省建设工作实际,就如何强化生态补偿资金的监督与管理提出了建议.     

滦河口表层沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为了弄清近年滦河输送与河口环境之间的相关性,对采自滦河口的33个表层沉积物样品的粒度、有机碳、重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg)和多环芳烃(PAHs;16种US EPA优先控制单体)含量进行了检测分析.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量分别为18.76,30.98,44.63,41.14,15.60,0.09,7.21和0.02μg/g.重金属含量高值区分布在河口和南部细颗粒中心区域,其分布受沉积环境控制;元素之间相关性较高,河流输送对该区域中重金属含量和分布影响较大;该区域中重金属64.2%源于人为污染释放,35.8%属于自然背景;整体污染程度较低,在河口存在低生态风险.PAHs总浓度为7.5~74.3ng/g,平均为37.4ng/g,PAHs与重金属具有完全不同的分布特征,河流输送影响较小,单体组成以4环单体为主;该区域中沉积物中的PAHs有40.3%源于石油泄漏及船舶航行等,46.7%源于煤炭、天然气及木柴燃烧,12.0%源于交通尾气排放;北部区域锚地船舶航行及石油制品泄漏对北部区域PAHs生态风险贡献较大.     

Prescriptive conflict prevention analysis: An application to the 2021 update of the Austrian flood risk management plan

Flood events have become more frequent in Europe, and the adaptation to the increasing flood risks is needed. The Flood Directive set up a series of measures to increase European resilience, establishing Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPs) at the level of the river basin district as one relevant action. In order to efficiently fulfil this objective, the involvement of stakeholders as well as the analysis of their roles, responsibilities, and demands has been considered to be crucial to develop FRMPs. As a result, the hypothesis tested in this paper is that a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian Flood Risk Management Plan is feasible. To demonstrate this, both in-depth interviews and questionnaires to key Austrian stakeholders are implemented. The information collected in both participatory techniques are then used to run a conflict prevention analysis. The results show that (a) improving the coordination among regions and including better land-use planning approaches are preferable to a hypothetical business as usual scenario; and (b) a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian FRMP might be achievable on the basis of both a deep discussion on the state-of-the art and green infrastructure development.     

生态足迹方法：辽宁省2005—2007年生态足迹计算与分析

如何定量研究可持续发展是目前国际上研究的热点问题,生态足迹分析法即是一种用于定量研究和判断一个国家或地区的可持续发展状况的新方法。文章应用生态足迹的方法,以辽宁省2006年－2008年统计年鏊资料为依据,对2005年-2007年的生态足迹进行了计算和研究,纵向比较分析了这3年辽宁省生态足迹的变化规律及其原因。研究结果表明：辽宁省2005年－2007年3年的人均生态赤字分别为2．718hm^2,2．8942hm^2,3．1348hm^2,呈现逐年上升趋势,生态赤字表明辽宁省的人类负荷超过了其生态承载力,不利于可持续发展。其影响因素为化石能源消耗大、耕地面积减少、建筑用地逐渐增加等。最后提出了减少辽宁省生态赤字的对策。     

Combining hazard,exposure and social vulnerability to provide lessons for flood risk management

Flood risk assessments provide inputs for the evaluation of flood risk management (FRM) strategies. Traditionally, such risk assessments provide estimates of loss of life and economic damage. However, the effect of policy measures aimed at reducing risk also depends on the capacity of households to adapt and respond to floods, which in turn largely depends on their social vulnerability. This study shows how a joint assessment of hazard, exposure and social vulnerability provides valuable information for the evaluation of FRM strategies. The adopted methodology uses data on hazard and exposure combined with a social vulnerability index. The relevance of this state-of-the-art approach taken is exemplified in a case-study of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The results show that not only a substantial share of the population can be defined as socially vulnerable, but also that the population is very heterogeneous, which is often ignored in traditional flood risk management studies. It is concluded that FRM measures, such as individual mitigation, evacuation or flood insurance coverage should not be applied homogenously across large areas, but instead should be tailored to local characteristics based on the socioeconomic characteristics of individual households and neighborhoods.     

IMPASEA: A methodological framework to monitor and assess the socioeconomic effects of marine protected areas. An English Channel case study

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly regarded as socio-ecological systems. In addition to their reported ecological effects, MPAs may have important social, economic and cultural effects on local communities and marine and coastal stakeholders. Those effects should be considered within an ecosystem approach to MPA planning, designation and management. Here we present a new framework to monitor and assess the socioeconomic effects of MPAs saliently and soundly: the Integrated MPA Socio-Economic Assessment (IMPASEA). The IMPASEA considers and analyses those factors deemed most important for marine and coastal stakeholders in a spatially referenced, sound and cost-effective manner. The development of the IMPASEA followed a mixed-methods research design in 3 phases: literature review, stakeholder survey and geo-statistical analysis using a Multiple-Paired-Before-After-Control-Impact design (MPBACI). The framework was tested on a set of 6 multiple-use MPAs on the French side of the English Channel. Of the eight socioeconomic variables analysed at the scale of ‘commune’ in the geo-statistical phase, only one variable (‘number of hotel rooms’) might have been affected by the designation of MPAs. Factors such as MPA designation category and management status are likely to have contributed to the non-significant differences shown at the scale of commune for the selected MPAs. In contrast, most of the six variables related to fishing showed differences between ports inside and outside MPAs, although these results need further ground truthing to discriminate attribution of effects. The characteristics of the IMPASEA make it a sound monitoring and assessment framework that could be applied in different contexts and to different types of sustainability assessments involving protected areas or other spatially-defined entities under certain conditions: existence of consistent time series of fine-scale socioeconomic data and avoidance of overlap of designation categories over single spaces.     

The effectiveness of protection policies and legislative framework with special regard to karst landscapes: Insights from Slovenia

Karst terrain offers a great range of economic assets, provides unique habitats and valuable ecosystem services. Owing to its particular nature, this environment is highly susceptible to destruction. Any interference is likely to have irreversible impacts and disturb the natural balance of the elements (water, soil, flora and fauna) and processes (e.g. corrosion, CO₂ sequestration, speleothem growth) that constitute it. Karst areas must therefore be holistically managed in an appropriate and careful manner. A critical overview of current protection legislation in Slovenia has been prepared, with particular reference to karst areas. The major problem is a lack of harmonised multi-sector policies regulating land use and planning throughout the karst region, the absence of detailed guidelines and insufficient pursuance of karst in all its complexity and vulnerability. A comprehensive management approach for karst areas has been proposed and could subsequently be adopted by other karst-rich countries. Management is based on the enforcement of karst-specific legislation, including provision of detailed management plans and their strict implementation. Common database maintenance, reconciliation between various stakeholders and raising public awareness are additional important parts of the approach.     

Identifying robust response options to manage environmental change using an Ecosystem Approach: A stress-testing case study for the UK XXX

A diverse range of response options was evaluated in terms of their utility for sustaining ecosystem services in the UK. Robustness of response options was investigated by applying a ‘stress-testing’ method which evaluated expected performance against combined scenarios of socioeconomic and climate change. Based upon stakeholder feedback, a reference scenario representing current trends in climate and socioeconomic drivers (‘business-as-usual’) was used as a dynamic baseline against which to compare results of other scenarios. The robustness of response options was evaluated by their utility in different environmental and social contexts as represented by the scenarios, and linked to their adaptability to adjust to changing conditions. Key findings demonstrate that adaptability becomes increasingly valuable as the magnitude and rate of future change diverges from current trends. Stress-testing also revealed that individual responses in isolation are unlikely to be robust meaning there are advantages from integrating cohesive combinations (bundles) of response options to maximise their individual strengths and compensate for weaknesses. This identifies a role for both top-down and bottom-up responses, including regulation, spatial targeting, incentives and partnership initiatives, and their use in combination through integrated assessment and planning consistent with the adoption of an Ecosystem Approach. Stress-testing approaches can have an important role in future-proofing policy appraisals but important knowledge gaps remain, especially for cultural and supporting ecosystem services. Finally, barriers and enablers to the implementation of more integrated long-term adaptive responses were identified drawing on the ‘4 Is’ (Institutions, Information, Incentives, Identity) conceptual framework. This highlighted the crucial but usually understated role of identity in promoting ownership and uptake of responses.     

基于PCA与改进AHP-CRITIC法的地质灾害风险评价研究——以神木市为例

神木市是西部地区重要的能源城市,对能源的过度开发利用引发了大量地质灾害,严重阻碍着居民生产生活和城市发展建设,因此开展地质灾害风险评价研究是该地区可持续发展的必由之路。为解决多因子综合作用对评价精度的影响,根据神木市地质环境及社会经济情况选取合适的评价因子分别建立危险性和易损性评价体系,利用主成分分析（PCA）法判断、提取主成分来避免因子间相关性的干扰,计算各因子综合分值得到危险性区划图;首次将改进层次分析（AHP）-CRITIC主客观组合赋权法应用于承灾体易损性评价当中,通过该方法计算因子综合权重得到各乡镇易损指数。叠加危险区划图和易损指数图完成神木市地质灾害风险性分区,将风险区划为高、较高、中、较低和低五个等级,分别占全市面积的5.31%、7.72%、14.17%、17.08%和55.72%,表明研究区风险等级中等偏低。可为同类型地区地质灾害风险评价工作提供参考依据。     

Exposure to air pollutants in Vietnam: Assessing potential risk for tourists

Tourism can form an important component of a nation's GDP,and Vietnam is among the most visited countries in Southeast Asia.Most studies on personal exposure focus on the general population,or occupational cohorts with exposure to specific pollutants.However,short-term exposure to air pollutants while visiting regions with high levels of air pollution can lead to acute health effects.A personal exposure study was conducted across three cities in Vietnam to estimate exposure to particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and black carbon for tourists.Measurements were conducted during the wet season in 2014 in Ho Chi Minh City,Da Lat and Nha Trang using portable instrumentation.Average 24-hr PM_(2.5) and BC exposures were estimated as 18.9 ± 9.24 and 3.41 ± 1.33 μg/m~3 and among the three cities,Ho Chi Minh was found to have the highest PM_(2.5) concentrations.Environmental tobacco smoke,commuting and street food stands were found to contribute to highest levels of exposure to PM_(2.5) and BC across all cities.     

Resilience in practice: Five principles to enable societies to cope with extreme weather events

The concept of resilience is used by many in different ways: as a scientific concept, as a guiding principle, as inspirational ‘buzzword’, or as a means to become more sustainable. Next to the academic debate on meaning and notions of resilience, the concept has been widely adopted and interpreted in policy contexts, particularly related to climate change and extreme weather events. In addition to having a positive connotation, resilience may cover aspects that are missed in common disaster risk management approaches. Although the precise definition of resilience may remain subject of discussion, the views on what is important to consider in the management of extreme weather events do not differ significantly. Therefore, this paper identifies the key implications of resilience thinking for the management of extreme weather events and translates these into five practical principles for policy making.     

1996—2017年雨洪管理研究发展态势分析——基于文献计量方法

为了解雨洪管理领域最新的研究发展态势,本文采用文献计量方法,以Web of Science（WOS）中的核心合集数据库为准,分析了1996-2017年国内外雨洪管理领域的研究情况,识别国内外主要的研究领域、主要研究机构及人员,并对领域内的关键词及国家间合作情况进行了简要分析,在此基础上总结近年来国际雨洪管理领域的研究态势,主要结论为：整体上近年来雨洪管理领域研究规模和学术影响力呈良好发展态势;大多数文献类型为学术论文;语言大多集中在英语;论文主要集中在气象学、环境科学、地理学、计算机科学等领域;从国家研究实力来看,美国在该领域占有绝对的优势;高被引论文主要发表在高质量的综合类期刊上,发文期刊仍以水文学、环境类期刊为主;对于关键词的分析表明目前该领域的研究仍重点集中在城市化、SWMM、径流、温度、水文学等.在当今城市化问题仍然突出的情况下,雨洪管理领域仍有较大的发展空间,尤其对于模型方法和气候变化研究有待突破与创新.     

基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿额度测算——以武汉市的调查为实证

农业环境政策已成为西方发达国家激励乡村适宜景观地保护的有效方式,有利于克服农田生态环境供给的不足,鼓励农户逐渐向绿色农业、生态农业或有机农业的方向发展。以武汉市农户的调查为实证,应用意愿调查法构建模拟的农田生态补偿政策及交易市场,从减少农业负外部性行为,对农民放弃一定程度化肥、农药等化学物质的施用所带来的损失给予补偿的角度,测算出农户对农田生态环境补偿的意愿及额度。研究表明:①当化肥农药施用在减少50%、100%等不同的限制标准下,受访农户愿意生产及供给农田生态服务的人数比例在69.32%~85.25%,并认为政府应分别向农户补偿3 928.88~8 367.00元/ hm²·a,与农户按生产经验判断的减产幅度、增加的管理难度和工时相近;②从模拟的农产品交易市场出发,受访农户中愿意生产并供给化肥、农药施用量在不同限制标准下的农产品的比例在54.29%~82.12%,愿意以高出当前普通农产品1.65~2.67元/kg的价格生产环境友好型农产品,价格增幅在42.52%~68.45%。     

干旱缺水地区缓解水危机的途径: 水资源需求管理的政策效应

水资源短缺是制约干旱区经济发展的瓶颈因素,缓解水资源供需矛盾必须引入水资源需求管理政策。基于市场机制的价格调整和基于行政管理的数量控制是水资源需求管理的两种重要手段。论文基于分布式水资源-经济模型,在用水需求零增长、用水结构升级调整的情景下,研究了水价调整和水量控制在抑制农业用水需求中的政策效应。结果表明,因现行灌溉水价过低,农户对水价上涨不敏感,水量控制比水价调整更加有效。如果要达到相同的节水效果,水价调整政策下农户收入损失比水量控制要更大。水价调整政策下农户收入损失由于成本上涨和作物结构转换导致,水量控制政策下农户收入损失主要是作物种植规模压缩所致,两种政策均需考虑一定的利益补偿。水价调整和水量控制都会导致种植结构转换,但对区域粮食安全影响不大,对经济作物的影响较大,水价上涨会减少用水量多的作物种植,水量控制会使作物种植结构由单方水效益低的作物转向单方水效益高的作物。