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1.
Trees in cities supply ecosystem services, including cooling, storm water quality management, habitat, visual screening and softening of built form. There is an expanding interdisciplinary field encompassing biodiversity, ecosystem services, and stewardship networks in cities. However most of this work focuses on public greenspace. While much work has been done to demonstrate that trees on private land are an important complement to the public urban forest, and to understand the social drivers of such, less is known about the governance of private greenspace in cities. Private land contributes to a significant component of a city’s tree cover, particularly in cities characterised by low-density residential suburbs. It is important to understand the mechanisms that govern private tree cover, given the pace and scale of urbanisation globally. We combined policy and spatial analysis to examine the influence of larger and denser forms of residential development on suburban tree cover and the scope of contemporary governance measures. We interrogated tree cover patterns in the rapidly densifying and consolidating city of Brisbane, Australia, to show that private residential tree cover is explained by dwelling density, housing age, terrain slope, high school education, and household income. Results show significantly (30%) less tree cover in low-density residential suburbs developed since the early 1990s. We develop five governance principles for reversing the decline of urban trees on private residential property that may be transferable to other rapidly developing cities in around the world. 相似文献
2.
Climate governance in Small Island developing States (SIDS) is a pressing priority to preserve livelihoods, biodiversity and ecosystems for the next generations. Understanding the dynamics of climate change policy integration is becoming more crucial as we try to measure the success of environmental governance efforts and chart new goals for sustainable development. At the international level, climate change policy has evolved from single issue to integrated approaches towards achieving sustainable development. New actors, new mechanisms and institutions of governance with greater fragmentation in governance across sectors and levels (Biermann and Pattberg, 2008) make integration of policy in the area of climate change governance even more of a challenge today. What is the Caribbean reality regarding policy coherence in climate change governance? Are the same climate change policy coherence frameworks useful or indeed applicable for environmental governance in developing states more generally and for SIDS in particular? What are the best triggers to achieve successful climate change policy integration in environmental governance—especially as the complex interconnectivity of new actors, institutions and mechanisms make the process of integration even more challenging? What facilitates and what hampers climate policy integration in the regional Caribbean context? This article reviews the debates around policy coherence for climate change governance, creates a framework to test or measure policy coherence and examines how relevant this has been to regional climate change governance processes in Commonwealth Caribbean States. The study found that though at the regional level, there is substantial recognition of the importance of and mechanics involved in climate policy coherence, this has not translated to policy coherence at the regional and national levels. There is a large degree of fragmentation in the application of climate policy in each Caribbean Island with no mechanism to breach the gap. Silos in public environmental governance architectures, unwillingness to share data, insufficient political will; unsustainable project-based funding and lack of accountability among actors are the main challenges to climate policy coherence. The findings fill a gap in the literature on the elements of climate policy coherence from a SIDS perspective. 相似文献
3.
Haiping TANG Yufu CHEN Xinyu LI 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2008,2(4):487-493
Both natural and human factors contributing to desertification were examined to understand the driving mechanisms of the desertification
process in Zhalute Banner, Inner Mongolia of China. The coefficient of variation (CV) and climate departure index (Z) were calculated to examine the fluctuations and trends of interannual variations of temperature and precipitation; TM remote
sensing data was extracted to obtain the sandy land area; linear regression analysis was used to analyze climate changes and
the socio-economic evolution over the years, and it was also used to standardize the variables, which included annual temperature,
annual precipitation, human population, and livestock number, in order to measure the difference in the rate of change between
climate and anthropogenic factors. The results showed that there was a rise of about 1.6°C in temperature but no significant
change in precipitation from 1961 to 2000, which indicated a short-term climatic trend toward aridity in this area, a condition
necessary for desertification. The fraction of precipitation in spring tended to increase whilst the fraction in autumn and
winter decreased. Both the human population and livestock population had tripled and the cultivated area had doubled from
1961 to 2000, suggesting that socio-economic factors might have contributed more significantly to the desertification. Between
1988 and 1997, the sandy land area increased by 12.5%, nearly 2.4 times in the farming section. It could be concluded that
the driving mechanisms of the desertification processes in Zhalute banner are mainly the policy of cropland expansion and
the rising populations of humans and their livestock, which has affected the land use pattern in the past decades. 相似文献
4.
绿洲-荒漠交错带土地利用/覆盖时空变化研究 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
选择新疆于田县为研究区,从导致区域生态环境问题的主要驱动因素--土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)为出发点,以遥感技术为依托,对3个时相的陆地卫星数据及相关统计资料进行了处理,利用得到的土地覆盖差值图像,定量分析评价了该区域1979-2001年的时空变化趋势及其主要驱动机制.结果表明:造成绿洲-荒漠交错带生态环境变化的原因主要是绿洲人口数量的剧增以及过渡樵采等,不合理的水土资源利用导致绿洲荒漠化和交错带地下水位下降.绿洲-荒漠交错带普遍存在植被覆盖度大面积下降现象,原先连续的过渡带已有转化成生态裂谷的趋势,绿洲的屏障作用进一步降低.在绿洲外围风沙前沿地带,地表裸露、松散,在起沙风的作用下,流沙侵入农田,进一步恶化了本已很贫瘠而又脆弱的农业生态环境.因此,现阶段绿洲外围生态环境较为恶劣,整体处于不稳定状况. 相似文献
5.
基于政策规律的战略环境影响评价 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
对政策失误环境危害行为的原因和特点,对政策战略评价产生背景,功能进行深刻透彻分析,根据政策与环境相互作用关系,将政策分为以直接作用于环境的政策,以间接作用于环境为主的政策和直接作用及间接作用兼具并重的政策,对每类政策战略环境影响评价原理和方法予以深刻探讨。 相似文献
6.
阐述了过程方法在ISO14001(2004版)环境管理体系标准和ISO9001(2000版)质量管理体系标准中的运用。介绍了过程的概念、过程特性的概念、过程的输入和输出要求。分析了环境管理体系和质量管理体系一体化的实质及其意义。指出一体化管理体系不是将2个标准中要素的要求简单叠加。 相似文献
7.
土地利用/覆被变化研究的几个问题 总被引:32,自引:1,他引:32
近年来土地利用/覆被变化研究取得了许多进展,理论和研究方法有很大发展。其主要趋向是,重视从动态过程角度进行土地利用/覆被变化的分类;强调将土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力区分为自然驱动力和社会经济驱动力,后者则受到研究者越来越大的重视;强调土地利用/覆被变化的模型必须有相应理论的支持,而且所建模型应能动态地模拟不同土地利用之间的竞争;此外,强调在土地利用与土地覆被分类、土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力研究及影响分析中,要重视空间尺度和时间尺度问题。 相似文献
8.
利用1980、1995和2000年的LandsatTM数据对苏锡常地区的土地利用进行测量,取得研究区土地利用变化的转移矩阵,据此对研究区1980-2000年的土地利用变化及其绩效进行研究。结果表明:研究区建设用地总量迅速扩展,农村居民点用地与城镇用地同速增长;耕地大量流失,呈现破碎化和分散化的趋势;建设用地以中心城市和交通干线为核心向外扩展;土地利用变化的经济和社会绩效较优,环境绩效较差;城镇用地变化的绩效较农村用地更为显著。 相似文献
9.
Human adaptation to climate change: a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives
To study mitigation and adaptation to climate change, social scientists have drawn on different approaches, particularly sociological approaches to the future and comparative history of past societies. These two approaches frame the social and temporal boundaries of decision-making collectivities in different ways. A consideration of the responses to climate variability in three historical cases, the Classic Maya of Mexico and Central America, the Viking settlements in Greenland, and the US Dust Bowl, shows the value of integrating these two approaches. 相似文献
10.
Previous analyses of the debate on the assisted colonization of species (AC) omit a critical assessment of the rhetorical dimension of the AC debate. To address this gap, we ask: what kinds of arguments are deployed as mean of persuasion and what are the implications of the rhetorical dimension of the AC debate for decision-making on AC? Our methods consist of textual network analysis, which allowed us to generate maps of the arguments in the debate on AC and analyze these maps using standard network analytical measures. The argument maps of the AC debate emphasize different and multi-faceted value judgments. Some of these are couched in technical terms and thus are implicitly evaluative: what is an appropriate level of risk for focal species and recipient communities, how much knowledge/ignorance is sufficient to warrant action or inaction, and what species or ecosystem services are most valuable and should be prioritized in conservation science and management? Other types of arguments, however, are more explicitly evaluative: socio-economic calculations, defending or criticizing conventional principles of conservation policy, and ethical norms and values. While some of the technical aspects of the debate may be resolved by more research, the controversy over AC is unlikely to be resolved by science alone, because the issue is thoroughly enmeshed in rhetoric about who should have control over AC governance. 相似文献
11.
经济快速增长区土地利用变化对土壤质量影响研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以苏锡常地区具有典型性的原锡山市不同土地利用类型和不同时间的土壤取样点为研究对象,从时空转换角度分析土地利用变化对土壤质量的影响. 结果表明,1980—1995年,苏锡常地区土地利用结构变动速率为0.59;1995—2000年,苏锡常地区土地利用结构变动速率增加为0.74. 统计分析和独立样本t检验结果表明:1982—2005年原锡山市pH降低0.58,w(有机质)降低1.02 g/kg,w(全氮)降低0.16 g/kg,w(全磷)降低0.48 g/kg,w(速效氮)降低7.63 mg/kg,w(速效磷)增加26.16 mg/kg,w(速效钾)增加36.9 mg/kg,土壤含水率降低0.52%,土壤的相对质量指数降低3.06;在不同土地利用方式下,土壤质量各指标的变化具有明显的差异性. 相似文献
12.
区域土地利用转型分析——以长江沿线样带为例 总被引:38,自引:6,他引:38
区域土地利用形态与其经济和社会发展阶段相对应,它随着某个区域所处的经济和社会发展阶段的变化而变化。区域土地利用转型,即区域土地利用形态在时序上的变化,它通常与经济和社会发展阶段的转型相对应。论文在划分长江沿线样带土地利用变化的区域类型基础上,结合社会经济统计数据,分析了各区段耕地和建设用地的变化。研究表明,长江沿线样带区域农村建房用地的转型基本上能反映整个样带的区域土地利用转型,且各区段所处的农村建房用地转型阶段非常明显。此外,还发现样带各区段所处的农村建房用地转型阶段与整个样带的社会经济发展水平相吻合。 相似文献
13.
土地利用/覆盖变化对生态系统服务的影响:空间尺度视角的研究综述 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
作为连接自然过程与社会过程的桥梁与纽带,生态系统服务与人类福祉和可持续发展息息相关。土地利用/覆盖变化(Land Use/Land Cover Change,LUCC)是生态系统服务变化的重要原因之一,对生态系统服务的影响随着空间尺度的变化而变化。尺度问题一直是LUCC和生态系统服务理论研究与实践管理的重点与难点。系统理解LUCC对生态系统服务影响的尺度特征、尺度差异及尺度关联,对深入LUCC和生态系统服务的尺度效应研究、协调多层次管理机构的制度决策、缓解生态系统服务稀缺对社会经济发展的限制等具有重要意义。本文从空间尺度切入,基于国内外不同尺度LUCC对生态系统服务影响的理论研究和实践进展,总结归纳尺度的概念与内涵,整理介绍考虑空间尺度的研究框架,系统梳理LUCC对生态系统服务影响研究中的空间尺度选择、空间尺度特征及空间尺度关联,评析单一尺度和多尺度研究方法的特点。并提出未来研究中应在构建人文因素与自然因素相结合的研究框架、阐释LUCC对生态系统服务影响的尺度效应、完善LUCC对生态系统服务影响的尺度分析方法等方面开展更深入的研究。 相似文献
14.
运用多时相直接分类法对土地利用进行遥感动态监测的研究 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
采用多时相直接分类法对贵州省 (原 )安顺市从1987~1995年间的土地利用变化状况进行了遥感动态监测。与以往方法相比 ,该方法不仅可以直接获得变化类型及其数量 ,而且可以避免分类后比较法所容易出现的逻辑性变化探测错误。对不同分类波段组合的试验表明 ,经过差值、比值处理的前3种波段组合 ,具有较差的分类效果 (总体精度只有30 %~40 % ) ,而那些能较好地保留原始信息的波段组合 ,则具有相对较好的分类效果 (总体精度超过70 % )。另外 ,分类效果还明显地受到所采用的辐射校正方法的影响 ,经过暗组亮组辐射校正的影像要明显比只经过简单辐射校正(直方图法 )的影像具有更好的分类效果 ,总体精度提高了16.6 %。该方法的应用结果表明 ,研究区在8年间经历了一些明显的土地利用变化 ,例如城镇扩展、耕地减少、菜地变迁等。 相似文献
15.
The need to design measures for adapting to climate change is increasingly recognized as important and has encouraged research on the role of local ecological knowledge (LEK) in supporting adaptation. Studies of how LEK can help adapt to increasing climate variability remain limited. This article develops an approach through which the process of adaptation can be tracked at a community level. We describe how community residents in the Amazon floodplains incorporate natural hydrologic and ecological processes into their management systems to optimize ecosystem functioning.We describe two case studies where LEK is used as a resource by small-scale fisher-farmers in the Amazon floodplains to adapt to the increasing impacts on their livelihoods generated by changing climate patterns. This article draws on local histories and seeks to identify the critical factors that either facilitate or impede household ability to reduce their vulnerability. We found that the LEK of small fisher-farmers has facilitated the adaptation of a resource management system to optimize production across a broad range of floodplain habitats and conditions. There are, however, significant challenges to operationalizing these approaches, including an absence of systematically collected data on adaptation strategies and outcomes. In addition, local people must be integrated into policymaking processes so their knowledge can contribute to the design of locally appropriate policies for adapting to the impacts of climate related events. 相似文献
16.
在京津冀地区可持续发展评估研究中,对生态系统服务价值进行动态估算具有重要意义.本文以京津冀地区为研究区,基于谷歌地球引擎(GEE)云平台采用分类决策树(CART)分类算法对研究区内1998、2003、2008、2013及2018年的Landsat TM/OLI影像进行监督分类得到5个时期土地利用数据并定量分析1998~2018年京津冀地区土地利用动态变化规律,再利用生态服务价值(ESV)当量估算方法定量估算京津冀地区的ESV并结合15 km×15 km尺度格网探明其时空动态变化.结果表明:①1998~2018年间,京津冀地区6种土地利用类型中建设用地(增加16. 67%)及草地(减少13. 73%)面积占比变化幅度最大,水体(减少0. 2%)面积占比变化幅度最小.②京津冀地区ESV总价值在1998~2003年间出现短暂增长(增加91. 97亿元),2003~2018年间持续降低(减少239. 07亿元),主要与建设用地面积在除1998~2003年的其余3个时间段扩张较快有关,6种土地利用类型中林地提供的ESV最高,建设用地及未利用土地提供的ESV最低.③基于15 km×15 km尺度格网的ESV时空分析表明,1998~2018年间京津冀地区ESV中等区逐渐较少,ESV较低区及较高区逐渐增加,且ESV较低区增速高于较高区.④1998~2018年间,京津冀地区6种土地利用类型对价值系数的敏感性系数(SI)范围为0~0. 40,且均低于1,表明本文ESV对修订后的生态系统服务价值系数缺乏弹性,证明本文定量估算ESV的结果是可靠的.在未来经济发展中,京津冀地区应合理优化土地利用格局,加强对林地、草地、水体及耕地的保护.研究可为制定可持续发展战略,建设生态友好型社会提供参考. 相似文献
17.
土地是人类社会赖以生存和发展的最基本自然资源。土地利用格局的好坏深刻地影响并决定着一个地区的发展和经济状况。在地理信息系统(GIS)技术与遥感(RS)平台下,以花溪区1973年、1986年、1993年陆地卫星影像和2002年、2007年CBERS影像数据为基础,从土地利用类型、结构和布局阐述了研究区不同时期的土地利用现状,并在此基础上对其5个年份土地利用的变化过程和分布特征进行分析。结果表明:花溪区30多年来土地利用类型中水田、草地、林地面积呈减少的变化比较明显;建筑、旱地、灌木林等面积呈增加的变化较明显。研究成果对花溪区土地资源的合理利用有一定指导意义,为土地管理部门提供决策支持。 相似文献
18.
YOU Song-cai 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2001,13(2):192-197
IntroductionAdaptationreferstoeffortstoreducesystem’svulnerabilitiestoclimate.Amongthemostfrequentlycitedhumansystemslikelytobeaffectedbyclimaticchangeisagriculture.Itisespeciallysensitivetotheconsequencesofglobalwarmingasitreliesheavilyontheweatheran… 相似文献
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This article provides an introduction to the Special Issue dedicated to “Solution-oriented Global Environmental Assessments: Opportunities and Challenges”. In the follow-up to the Paris climate agreement and the adoption and early implementation of the global Sustainable Development Goals involving many synergies and trade-offs, the need to shift the focus from environmental problem analysis towards the exploration of specific solution options can be observed in international environmental governance debates. To remain policy-relevant, credible and legitimate, global environmental assessments (GEAs) must carefully adapt to a rapidly evolving governance landscape. This Special Issue sheds light on the potential utility and implications of increased solution-orientation of GEAs. It builds on the research project “The Future of Global Environmental Assessment Making” that was jointly initiated in 2013 by UN Environment and the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change. The article collection includes research on the coevolution of GEAs and the increasingly solution-oriented governance context; conditions of success for contemporary GEAs; the treatment of divergent viewpoints, stakes and stakeholders in solution-oriented GEAs; knowledge aggregation; and the enhanced measurement of GEA effectiveness in the emerging governance landscape. 相似文献