科学理性与决策机制：“双评价”与国土空间规划的思考

“双评价”是国土空间规划体系具有前置和基础性作用的制度设定与技术基础。结合实践案例对“试行指南”进行理论思考,结果发现：“双评价”的技术、逻辑路径内含有科学问题和假设;同时,对制度建构具有约束和纠偏作用。“双评价”发挥有效作用需兼顾科学性和政策性,也因此难以两全齐美。技术方法和数据方面存在“加合困境”“分解困境”和“排序困境”。合理有效的“双评价”需要提高两个评价内容的技术合理性,并通过两者耦合进一步提升合理性。也要充分适应决策机制与主体目标,认识科学研究与决策支持研究之间的差异,根据不同层级地方政府事权层级和分工关系优化分析评价方法。结论对“双评价”定位优化与技术逻辑改进有实践指导意义。     

Spider orientation and hub position in orb webs

Orb-web building spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea, Uloboridae) can be considered as territorial central place foragers. In territorial central place foragers, the optimal foraging arena is circular, with the forager sitting in its centre. In orb webs, the spider’s orientation (head up or head down) whilst waiting for prey on the hub of its web and the downwards–upwards asymmetry of its running speeds are the probable causes for the observed deviation of the hub from the web’s centre. Here, we present an analytical model and a more refined simulation model to analyse the relationships amongst the spider’s running speeds, its orientation whilst waiting for prey and the vertical asymmetry of orb webs. The results of our models suggest that (a) waiting for prey head down is generally favourable because it allows the spider to reach the prey in its web on average quicker than spiders waiting head up, (b) the downwards–upwards running speed asymmetry, together with the head-down orientation of most spiders, are likely causes for the observed vertical asymmetry of orb webs, (c) waiting head up can be advantageous for spiders whose downwards–upwards running speed asymmetry is small and who experience high prey tumbling rates and (d) spiders waiting head up should place their hub lower than similar spiders waiting head down.     

土壤退化研究的进展与趋向

定义了土壤退化的概念 ,分析了全球及我国土壤退化概况 ,总结了土壤退化的研究进展 ,最后提出了土壤退化科学的研究方向     

Acoustic orientation via sequential comparison in an ultrasonic moth

Orientation of female lesser wax moths (Achroia grisella) to male calling song was tested on a locomotion-compensator device that withheld all inter-aural acoustic differences from the insect. Under these circumstances, females remained longer in the vicinity of the sound source if they experienced a variable sound level that increased when approaching the source rather than a level that remained constant at all times. Analyses of orientation paths revealed that greater retention near the source was achieved by enhanced turning when the perceived sound level remained unchanged or decreased but retaining the previous heading when the level increased. These findings suggest that acoustic orientation can be supplemented by mechanisms based on sequential, as opposed to instantaneous, comparison of auditory input. Such mechanisms may be valuable when binaural hearing is impaired or asymmetric or in environments where acoustic differences at the two ears are unreliable indications of direction to the sound source.     

把握矿产远景调查项目的实践定位

在战略性矿产资源远景调查项目的实施过程中,正确把握项目的工作内容、工作方法和工作程度,做好与其他相关地质工作的合理衔接,是工作实践的难点。笔者认为:矿产远景调查是与区域地质调查有着不同目的、不同调查内容、不同研究内容的矿产地质工作;与地质科研的区别,是要采用矿产勘查的工作方法,注重野外实地测量,依照地质工作的相关规范和标准,形成服务于国家目标的公共地质资料产品;作为矿产勘查的前期基础,要为预查提交找矿靶区和新的矿产地。     

Magnetic compass orientation in birds and its physiological basis

A current model suggests that magnetoreception of compass information starts with light-dependent primary processes. Light-dependency of magnetoreception is supported by behavioral experiments with homing pigeons and caged migratory birds. Three passerine species showed normal orientation under dim monochromatic light from the blue-green range of the spectrum, while they were disoriented under yellow and red light. A sevenfold increase in intensity and pre-exposure to specific wavelengths caused changes in behavior. The behavioral data indicate a complex relationship between the wavelength of light and magnetoreception, suggesting the involvement of more than one type of receptors. Extracellular recordings from the nucleus of the basal optic root and the tectum opticum identified units that responded to changes in magnetic North. Each unit showed a peak in a distinct spatial direction, so that the input of these units, processed collectively and integrated, would indicate compass directions.