秸秆基建筑保温材料的节能减排分析

计算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的年节能量,并与等量秸秆用作燃料释放的热量进行对比;估算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的CO2减排量;对秸秆基建筑保温材料和发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)材料生产过程的能耗、CO2排放量和经济性进行对比分析。结果表明,秸秆用于建筑保温在采暖期节能约可高达51 MJ.kg-1.a-1,明显高于其直接用作燃料所释放的热量(7.1~16.7 MJ.kg-1)。若中国北方农村有10万户居民应用特定的秸秆基建筑保温材料,10a的CO2减排量将达到1 600万t以上。在达到相同保温效果情况下,秸秆基材料生产过程中的总能耗和CO2排放量均低于EPS材料,经济性也优于EPS材料。因此,宜在中国北方农村地区大力推广秸秆基建筑保温材料。     

泡沫混凝土屋面节能研究与经济性分析

借助De ST-h能耗模拟软件,采用倒置式平屋面形式,以武汉某居民住宅为例,模拟共29组不同厚度的聚苯乙烯泡沫保温板(EPS)与泡沫混凝土作为保温材料的屋面的住宅能耗,通过计算并比较其经济指标,评估其节能潜力.模拟结果得出,相较于EPS保温屋面,泡沫混凝土保温屋面在投资成本更低的情况下,其产生的节能效益更好,净现值更高,保温优势明显.其次,以普通钢筋混凝土屋面为基准,比较泡沫混凝土屋面的几组不同厚度的能耗,验证其节能效果;同样以净现值为评价指标,借助Minitab16软件对其进行曲线拟合,通过计算分析得出了泡沫混凝土屋面的最佳经济厚度,为泡沫混凝土作为建筑节能屋面材料的进一步发展提供有力的依据.     

低效柏木林窗改造对土壤动物多样性的影响

在川中丘陵区柏木低效人工林中,选择人工采伐形成的4种不同大小的林窗(50 m2、100 m2、150 m2、200 m2),以未改造的柏木纯林为对照,研究不同大小林窗内土壤理化性质、土壤动物群落数量和多样性特征情况.结果显示:150 m2林窗对土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和土壤含水量改善效果最好,并且有利于土壤有机质、全磷和有效磷含量的积累;对照样地和4种不同面积林窗共捕获土壤动物3 072头,分属4门8纲23目41科,昆虫纲为优势种群,占类群总数的47.8%,其中150 m2林窗下土壤动物数量和多样性最高.土壤动物与环境因素相关分析表明,土壤含水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、水解氮和有效磷与土壤动物多样性关系密切.主成分分析表明,150 m2林窗对土壤理化性质和土壤动物多样性综合影响效果最好,其次是200 m2林窗和100 m2林窗,50 m2林窗的改良效果不明显.上述结果表明,林窗式改造对柏木低效林土壤理化性质、土壤动物群落数量和多样性特征产生了一定影响,并且随林窗面积的不同而发生变化;综合来看150 m2林窗的改造效果最佳.     

林窗大小和位置对丽江云杉自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响

通过 1997～ 2 0 0 0年对 32个林窗的连续观测调查 ,研究了滇西北玉龙雪山自然保护区云杉坪亚高山丽江云杉林林窗大小和林窗位置对自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响 .4个生长季节的观测结果表明 :林窗与林下非林窗内的幼苗大小和幼苗存活数量差异明显 .林窗由小到大 ,单位面积内的自然更新苗木数量逐渐减少 ,小林窗中更新苗为大林窗的 5倍左右 ,而林下的更新苗很少 ,0 .2ind .10m-2 .中等林窗和小林窗内的幼苗数量在从南到中心到北的位置上几乎没有明显的差异 ;大林窗中存在由南到北的位置差异 ,更新幼苗数量逐渐减少 .从更新幼苗的生长来看 ,中等林窗内的幼苗 ,高度最大、生长最快 ,定居阶段的平均年高生长为 (7.1± 0 .5 )cma-1,小林窗次之 ,大林窗和林下幼苗个体最小 ,生长最慢 .进一步从林窗位置来看 ,中、小林窗幼苗大小几无位置差异 ,大林窗则由南到北 ,幼苗由大变小 .从幼苗存活数量和大小来看 ,中等林窗大小是丽江云杉幼苗更新的适宜面积 ,对该类型退化亚高山针叶林恢复提供了一定的参考 .图 4表 2参 2 3     

铁路客车空调换热器的电算法

介绍利用计算机对铁路客车空调换热器进行设计计算,建立空调换热器的数学模型,绘制流程图,根据实际经验指出了编制程序过程中应注意的问题.以CA25B型空调餐车为例,利用所编程序,对其蒸发器按不同的管排列方式分别进行了设计,指出差排比顺排更适用于空调列车.最后得出结论:电算能大大缩短设计时间,提高计算准确度,并能快速对多种方案进行比较而选取换热器的最佳结构形成,达到节能和节约材料的目的.     

林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响

为了解人工抚育调控林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响,以长江上游低山丘陵区39年生的马尾松人工林为研究对象,人为砍伐形成不同大小(100-1 600 m2)的林窗共计21个,研究了林窗、林窗边缘、林下的植物多样性.结果表明:马尾松人工林林窗内外的丰富度指数R0(物种数)、Simpson生态优势度指数(SP)、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(SW)差异显著(P0.05),其丰富度指数的大小顺序是林窗林窗边缘林下.不同大小林窗之间的丰富度指数也有显著差异(P0.05),但Simpson生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)差异均不显著.不同大小林窗边缘的丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均没有显著差异(P0.05).综合来看,林窗的形成显著提高了马尾松人工林林下植物的丰富度,林窗大小对林下植物的物种组成和丰富度也有显著影响.     

林窗对川西亚高山云杉人工林土壤呼吸的影响

为了解林窗对川西亚高山粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)人工林土壤呼吸的影响,采用CO2通量全自动监测系统对川西亚高山粗枝云杉人工林林窗和林内土壤呼吸及土壤温度、水分进行为期两年的连续观测,比较分析林窗和林内环境因子和土壤呼吸速率的变化.结果表明:川西亚高山粗枝云杉人工林林窗和林内的土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤呼吸速率均具有显著的季节动态.在生长季节(4-10月),林窗效应使土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤呼吸速率较林内分别增加了48.8%、19.3%和18.6%;而冬季(11月-翌年3月)两种环境之间并无显著差异.林窗和林内土壤呼吸速率和土壤温度均呈显著指数相关(P0.01),与土壤水分呈显著线性相关(P0.05).林窗和林内的土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q_(10))分别为2.46和3.01.综上所述,林窗效应对川西亚高山森林土壤呼吸具有显著刺激作用,且有明显的季节动态特征.(图3表1参33)     

生态建筑设计理论与实践研究

发展生态建筑已经成为当今社会发展的主题,同时也是顺应建筑全球化潮流,提升人居环境健康性和舒适性的迫切需要.必须不断转变建筑在设计和建设方面的思维方式,才能逐步缓解资源紧缺和环境污染的现状.该文对生态建筑定义以及设计原则两方面进行研究,通过对台湾水滴塔和新加坡展览塔楼这两座典型生态建筑案例进行了分析,再从生态建筑材料和生态建筑节能技术两方面予以阐述,得出生态建筑作为当今社会的发展趋势,其还有很多方面需要通过实践去探索.     

水中多氯联苯的气相色谱测定

本文介绍了水中痕量多氯联苯(PCB_3)的定量测定方法——以国产多孔高分子材料(上试401或402)为富集剂的疏水性吸附法。采用乙醚作洗脱剂,分别用填充柱和毛细管柱气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测。用碱解法和微机时间窗法排除有机氯农药的干扰。本法对PCB_3和PCB_5的最低检测浓度分别为0.02μg/l和0.12μg/l。应用本法对饮水和地面水中多氯联苯进行了检测。     

聚氯乙烯基复合隔声材料的研究

将聚氯乙烯与无机超细材料混合,研制了一种新型复合隔声材料,其平均隔声指数为20dB左右.采用四传感器驻波管法对复合材料进行了隔声性能测试,并讨论了无机物含量及粒径分布等因素对隔声性能的影响.     

中国能源税制改革的趋势分析

分析我国与能源相关税(费)的现状及存在问题,探讨了我国能源税制体系改革趋势:一是完善能源消费税,二是开征能源排污税,最终建立以保护环境和节约能源为目的能源税制体系。     

浅议建筑垂直绿化

建筑垂直绿化是建筑景观设计及节能的重要内容,论文论述了建筑垂直绿化的作用、形式以及国内外应用案例,提出了不同建筑和墙面适用不同的绿化方式。通过软件计算对某住宅建筑采用垂直绿化后的能耗进行了分析。结果表明,采用墙面垂直绿化的建筑能耗明显低于无绿化建筑,最后对建筑垂直绿化的产业化发展和经济性进行了分析和展望。     

基于密切值法的节能减排评价研究

节能减排是我国应对资源紧缺、减轻环境压力、实现经济可持续发展的必然选择。关于节能减排考核体系的研究,目前多限于广泛的定性论述,定量研究成果尚不多见。为了实现节能减排这一根本目的,需要确立能反映环境、经济、社会发展协调程度的指标体系和评价方法,为我国的发展决策提供科学依据。在遵循构建原则和按照构建方法思路基础上,从资源、环境、管理和经济等4个控制层面构建节能减排的综合评价指标体系。密切值法是多目标决策的一种优选方法,作为一种新的尝试,利用该方法建立起节能减排评价模型。详细阐述了密切值法在节能减排评价中的原理、方法与步骤,并以我国2001—2008年的节能减排情况为例说明了模型的具体应用,评价结果较好地体现了我国节能减排的现状与不足,为今后节能减排工作提供了科学依据。实例应用表明,建立的评价指标体系是可行的和可操作的,该评价模型不需要确定各种主观参量或函数,评价结果客观、可靠,是开展节能减排综合评价的一种简单而有效的方法。     

Influences of aggregative behaviour on space occupation in the spider Zygiella x-notata (Clerck)

Summary The distribution of the spider Zygiella x-notata was examined using field populations of adult females occupying the outside frames of windows. The structure of the populations was aggregative, and the distribution of individuals on the window frames and the size of the webs were density dependent. Also, the sizes of the webs of neighbouring spiders on the same window alternated. This spatial organization involves interactions between neighbours. If one spider out of two is removed, and if all the webs are destroyed, remaining spiders that previously had small webs significantly increase the size of their construction. In contrast, individuals that previously had large webs do not modify the size of their construction. This shows that individuals of Z. x-notata respond to the presence of neighbours. The influence of intraspecific interactions in such a population is discussed.     

The organization of work in Polybia occidentalis: costs and benefits of specialization in a social wasp

Summary Nest construction, a complex social activity requiring the coordination of 3 tasks (Fig.2), was compared in large (<350 adults) and small (<50 adults) colonies of Polybia occidentalis. The 3 tasks—water foraging, pulp foraging, and building—are performed by 3 separate groups of workers (Fig.4). Of the 8 acts comprising the 3 tasks, 5 regularly involve the transfer of water or pulp from one worker to another on the nest.Small colonies required nearly twice as long (35.4 worker-min) as large colonies (20.1 workermin) to complete a unit amount of construction work. Behavioral acts involving material transfer among workers were responsible for most of the increase in small colonies. In other words, the waiting times experienced by material donors and recipients were greater in small colonies. In small colonies workers switched among the three tasks more frequently than in large colonies (Fig. 4). This was the result of more frequent switching by generalists (workers that performed 2 or 3 of the tasks), rather than by a decrease in the proportion of specialists (workers performing only 1 task type) (Fig. 3).The series-parallel system by which Polybia occidentalis organizes nest construction has a major advantage over the series operation of solitary wasps. Pulp foragers collect and carry loads that are 6.1 times as large as builders can work with at the nest, and water foragers bring in loads that appear to be limited only by crop capacity and that provide all the moisture necessary for the complete processing of 0.74 of a foraged pulp load. As a result P. occidentalis can collect and process a given amount of nest material using 2.6 times fewer foraging trips than would be required by the series system. This in turn means that P. occidentalis not only achieves an energy saving that probably more than offsets the increased costs of material handling at the nest, but it reduces the exposure of its foragers to predators in the field.     

A GIS-based moving window analysis of landscape pattern in the Beijing metropolitan area,China

Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Using the GIS-based land-use data for 2002, we combined moving window analysis along an urban-rural gradient and around the urban centre with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in Beijing. The results of moving window analysis along the urban-rural gradient indicated that, for class-level metrics, the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics, different land-use types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures, and, for landscape-level metrics, the increase in urbanization in the metropolitan Beijing region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED), and patch and landscape shape complexity, and sharp decreases in the largest and mean patch size (MPS), agriculture land-use type, and landscape connectivity. The results of moving window analysis around the urban centre showed that the direction of urbanization could be quantified using the class-level metrics, and landscape-level metrics indicated similar results to gradient analysis. In general, moving window analysis showed that the increasingly urbanized landscape became compositionally more diverse, geometrically more complex, and ecologically more fragmented.     

Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine...     

THK引气气浮系统的研制与应用

在引进美国THK系统基础上，通过对THK系统的研究，消化和吸收，已实现THK的国产化生产，目前，国产化水平已达到80％－90％。工业废处理应用表明，THK是一种简单，节能和高效的气浮设备，非常适合在我国推广应用。     

干熄焦环境除尘建议采用的系统形式和运行控制方式

本文介绍了干熄焦环境除尘系统的基本构成形式和工艺烟法特点。针对现有聊尘系统存在的一些缺欠，提出了四条相应的改进措施，并结合除尘系统实际运行情况，通过不同方式的风量调节对比，从理论上阐明了对风机进行调速设计才是达到调节风量和节能的最佳方式。     

Sensory cues associated with host detection in a marine parasitic isopod

Parasite population dynamics and the evolution of life history characteristics are strongly associated with the process of host infection. Parasites with free-living life stages have a narrow window to infect a host and have evolved a number of mechanisms to detect and locate a host. Cymothoa excisa is a parasitic isopod that is commonly found on the Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, in the Gulf of Mexico. Here, we determined the infection window that constrains host-searching behavior in C. excisa and tested the behavioral response of the free-swimming larvae (mancae) to visual and chemical cues. Mancae were found to have an infection window of 7 days. Mancae were responsive to both visual and chemical cues. Our findings are the first to show that cymothoid isopods use visual and chemical cues to locate a host and that individuals display a host-locating strategy that maximizes host encounter rate, while reducing energy expenditure.