毛细管柱顶空气相色谱法测定水中的甲醇

讨论了毛细管柱分析水和废水中甲醇的顶空气相色谱方法,该方法的相对标准偏差为3.9%,检出限为0.8 mg/L,加标回收率95%-101%。     

毛细管柱顶空气相色谱法测定水中的丙酮

研究了利用毛细管柱顶空气相色谱法,分析水和废水中丙酮的方法。该法的相对标准偏差为7.1%,检出限为0.02 mg/L,回收率在86.9%-106%之间。     

玻璃注射器对顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物的误差原因分析

按GB11890—89顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物时，发现重复性和分割水平样品平行性较差，经仔细分析，是由于使用普通玻璃注射器造成的。为避免此类误差，建议顶空气相色谱法分析时，使用带特氟龙顶端推杆的气密性注射器。     

顶空气相色谱测试水中苯系混合物在不同材料上的吸附行为

设计了正交实验对5种材料吸附模拟废水中苯系混合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的条件进行优化,CD02硅藻土与X型纳米分子筛以2∶1(质量比)进行复合后,对苯系混合物去除效果最好.采用顶空气相色谱法测定8种不同材料对水中苯系混合物的去除情况,结果表明复合材料对苯系混合物具有良好的去除效果,仅次于活性炭.复合材料在pH为7、搅拌时间为25 min、用量为1.8g/L时,对苯系混合物质量浓度为4.0 mg/L模拟废水的平均去除率为87.56％.经过4次再生后,复合材料的再生率仍高达84.90％,对苯系混合物的平均去除率为91.49％.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水体中的低分子量胺类

选用在强碱性条件下加入电解质,使水体中的胺类进入气相,顶空进样至气相色谱分析。同时选用ＨＰ－１大口径毛细管柱及ＮＰＤ检测器分析,既保证了各低分子量胺类物质的分离,又保证定量分析的高灵敏度。本方法操作简单,灵敏度高,重复性好、适应范围广,对水中各胺类的最低检出浓度分别为：甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、二甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、三甲胺０．４μｇ／Ｌ、乙胺０．５μｇ／Ｌ。本方法可用于水和废水中低分子量胺类的测定。     

燃烧法处理酚醛废水的试验

论述了燃烧法处理高浓度含苯酚,甲醛废水的原理及技术方法。该法一次性投资代,占地少,操作简单,运作费用低。去除效果明显,同时为回收废水中酚醛的技术留有余地,具有良好的推广应用前景．     

Development,validation and application of a method to analyze phenols in water samples by solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector

In this work the development, validation and application of method using Solid Phase Microexctration (SPME) for the analyses of five pollutants (phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro, 3-methyl phenol) in supplying water, using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) is described. The optimal conditions obtained for SPME were: fiber type: Poliacrylate (PA); extraction time: 40 minutes; extraction temperature: 70°C; amount of salt added to sample (NaCl): 15%; desorption temperature: 8 minutes. The parameters studied in the method validation were: limit of detection (0.3 and 3.5 μ g.L^{? 1}); precision, measured by the variation coefficient (between 2.1 and 8.8%); calibration curve and linearity, by using the external standardization method (between 1 and 50 50 μ g.L^{? 1}). After the methodology development, samples of water collected in Atibaia River (São Paulo - Brazil) were analyzed, using the optimized methodology. Three water samples collected in the rain season showed a peak with retention time close to 4-chloro, 3 methyl phenol further analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the identity confirmation. In spite of the fact that none target compounds were found in the river water samples analyzed, the presence of two phenols different from those investigated (p-terc butyl phenol; butylated hydroxytoluene) were detected. These results together with the results of the limit of detection (that showed to be lower than the maximum concentration of phenols demanded by different environment control agencies), and the results of the validation, indicate the applicability of this method for the analysis of selected phenols in river water samples.     

Cocaine and metabolites in waste and surface water across Belgium

Cocaine abuse, a growing social problem, is currently estimated from population surveys, consumer interviews and crime statistics. A new approach based on the analysis of cocaine (COC) and metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), in water samples was applied to 28 rivers and 37 waste water treatment plants in Belgium using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. While EME was undetectable, COC and BE were detectable with concentrations ranging from <1 to 753 ng/L and <1 to 2258 ng/L, respectively. BE concentrations were employed to calculate the local amount of abused cocaine. The highest values (up to 1.8 g/day cocaine per 1000 inhabitants) were found in large cities and during weekends. The estimation of cocaine abuse through water analysis can be executed on regular basis without cooperation of patients. It also gives clear geographical information, while prevention campaigns can easily be implemented and evaluated.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

钻井废液的超临界水氧化处理及动力学分析

在反应温度为500～600℃、压力为25～30 MPa、停留时间为30～600 s的条件下,在连续式反应器中研究了钻井废液的超临界水氧化反应.结果表明:钻井废液的COD去除率可达90.00%以上;在600℃、停留时间为600 s时,钻井废液氧化后,剩余收集液的COD＜120 mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)中的二级标准.用幂函数方程描述了氧化剂过量时钻井废液超临界水氧化的反应动力学规律,反应速率常数与温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式,随停留时间的增加、温度的升高,有机物的去除率显著增加;反应速率常数随压力升高而增加,但反应速率常数的增幅随压力的升高而减小,反应活化体积不是常数.在25 MPa时,反应活化能和频率因子分别为(17 745.430 40±1 114.983 42)kJ/mol和1.152 3×10-4s-1模型计算值与实验值的误差在±15%以内.     

Combined biological and photocatalytic treatment for the mineralization of phenol in water

Phenol is degraded by biological treatment, however mineralization requires long time. To decrease the time and operational cost necessary for the mineralization of phenol, an optimum operation condition of the combined biological–photocatalytical treatment was investigated. The mineralization of phenol (50 mg l⁻¹) was conducted in a flow-type biomembrane tank combined with a batch-type TiO₂-suspended photocatalytic reactor. Phenol was degraded biologically to the concentration of 6.8 mg l⁻¹, an effective concentration for further photocatalytic treatment. After the biological treatment, the biotreated phenol was treated photocatalytically to complete the mineralization of phenol. The combined treatment shortened the mineralization time compared to the biological treatment and electric cost compared to the photocatalytic treatment only. The combined treatment may be suitable for a short-time mineralization of phenol in wastewater.     

硝基氧化剂废水处理研究

用钠盐（Na2CO3和NaHCO3）作为和剂去除硝基氧化剂废水中HNO3;用尿素、Na2SO3去除NO2^-、NO3^-;加入适量的沉淀剂、络合剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂去除废水中的F^-和PO4^3-;并对处理pH值、各种药剂浓度及处理时间作了讨论,得出了最佳条件,处理后的出水达到国家污水排放标准。     

Effect of municipal waste water effluent upon the expression of Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes of brine shrimp Artemia

Multiple isoenzymes of the detoxification enzyme family Glutathione S-transferase are expressed in the brine shrimp Artemia. The number of the major ones detected in crude extract by means of chromatofocusing varied between three and four, depending on the age. Two isoenzymes, one alkaline and one neutral (with corresponding isoelectric points of 8.5 and 7.2) appear to be dominant in all three developmental stages studied, (24, 48, and 72 h after hatching). Culturing Artemia for 48 h after hatching, in artificial sea water prepared by municipal wastewater effluent resulted to significant alterations of the isoenzyme profile. In comparison to organisms cultured for the same period of time in artificial sea water prepared by filtered tap water, the expression of the alkaline isoenzyme decreased by 62% while that of the neutral isoenzyme increased by 58%. Furthermore, the enzyme activity of the major isoenzyme of the acidic area increased by more than two folds. It is worth mentioning that although the specific activity of the total enzyme in the whole body homogenate was elevated, no statistically significant alteration of the Km value was observed. These findings suggest that study of the isoenzyme profile of Glutathione S-transferase may offer high sensitivity in detecting environmental pollution and needs to be further investigated.     

SBR系统静压式滗水器的研究

对SBR系统静压式滗水器进行了研究，与传统SBR系统常用的滗水器进行比较，研究结果表明，该滗水器具有运行稳定、滗水负荷大、能耗低、自动化程度高、造价及维修费用低等特点，减少机械设备，结构简单，便于与SBR系统的控制方式相结合，具有实际应用价值。     

SBR系统静压式滗水器的研究

对SBR系统静压式滗水器进行了研究,与传统SBR系统常用的滗水器进行比较,研究结果表明,该滗水器具有运行稳定、滗水负荷大、能耗低、自动化程度高、造价及维修费用低等特点,减少机械设备,结构简单,便于与SBR系统的控制方式相结合,具有实际应用价值.