生物脱臭技术研究进展与展望

采用生物脱臭技术处理臭气具有设备简单，费用低，不需再生和其它后处理，能耗少，管理维护方便等优点，已逐渐成为脱臭的一个重要方向。本文对生物脱臭技术的微生物，脱臭机理以及处理方法方面取得的进展进行了系统的论述，并预测了该技术的发展方向。     

生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气研究

针对传统生物除臭方法的一些不足,本试验提出采用生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气。文中系统研究了不同填料、进气浓度、停留时间等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：采用兰石和活性炭的混合物做填料时膨胀床对氨的去除率较高;当进气浓度低于100mg／m^3时,反应器对氨气的去除率在98％以上;适宜停留时间是28.6s。对反应器溶液中各形态氮浓度的分析可知氨在反应器中的转化以硝化反应为主,主要被氧化为硝酸根。     

生物过滤除臭工艺简介

介绍了污水处理厂臭气的处理方法，重点介绍了生物过滤除臭工艺及影响因素，提出生物过滤法处理污水处理站（厂）臭气是今后的发展方向。     

生物过滤系统处理恶臭技术

生物过滤系统是处理恶臭的有效工艺,本文介绍了可生物降解的恶臭气体种类、来源、生物过滤系统的历史与研究现状、生物过滤系统的设计与运行操作、填料的开发与选择。表明生物过滤系统在我国有广泛的应用前景。     

硫化物恶臭脱除技术的发展

介绍了硫化物脱臭技术的现状,论述了生物脱臭技术及活性炭吸附技术的研究和进展。针对炼厂恶臭污染日益突出的特点,应用泥炭生物填料塔及活性炭吸附技术,对５０μＬ／Ｌ以下的Ｈ２Ｓ脱除工艺进行了研究。生物脱臭法采用经过驯化后的泥炭生物填料塔,Ｈ２Ｓ脱除率可接近１００％,负荷达到８５ｇＨ２Ｓ－Ｓ／（ｍ３干填料·ｈ）以上;活性炭吸附法采用日本的两种活性炭（ＩＶＰ和Ｃｅｎｔａｕｒ）,吸附容量分别达到１７０ｇ／Ｌ和８０ｇ／Ｌ以上。上述工艺均可应用于炼厂中低浓度硫化物恶臭污染的治理     

悬浮填料生物反应器的研究现状与进展

介绍了悬浮填料生物反应器的原理、特点及研究与应用的现状，并指出悬浮填料生物反应器现阶段研究中一些亟待解决的问题。     

生物滤床工艺处理城市污水处理厂恶臭气体

生物滤床作为一种新型的污水处理厂臭气生物处理技术，在实际应用中取得了快速的发展。本文介绍了其工作原理、工艺特点、影响因素以及国内外应用现状及其局限性，希望对于我国其它城市污水处理厂除臭系统的建设起到借鉴作用。     

BSFCOR反应器对城市污水的净化特性试验研究

BSFCOR反应器是一种新型的生物接触氧化法反应器，简要介绍该反应器的一些特点，包括反应器在水力流态、生物相、填料的特点和其对抗冲击负荷，对抗毒性负荷以及对温度和pH值变化的适应能力，实验结果表明：BSFCOR反应器是一种非常值得推广的反应器。     

用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术

由北京伊普国际水务有限公司开发的用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术,适用于有机工业废水的回用。主要技术内容一、基本原理膜生物反应器技术是将膜分离技术与生物处理技术结合起来而开发的一种新型水处理技术,它由微滤膜组件和生物反应器组成。在分离膜生物反应器中,活性污泥对污染物进行高效降解处理,膜组件的作用相当于常规生物处理中的二沉池,用以将污泥混合液和已净化的水通过微滤膜过滤实现固液分离,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用     

炼油污水臭气治理工艺探讨

石化企业污水处理过程中产生大量臭气,且成分复杂多变,是重要的环境污染源。文章中简要介绍了臭气的来源和特点,分析了某石化公司污水处理场臭气处理系统工艺方案的选择,针对低烃浓度废气采用生物除臭工艺,高烃浓度臭气采用催化燃烧工艺。文章同时详细分析了该石化公司污水处理场两种除臭工艺的日常运行管理关键点及目前存在的问题,并对下一步的稳定运行提出了相应的建议,同时认为针对不同污水处理工艺特点选取不同的臭气处理技术,做好工艺变量分析,稳定调整,才能确保臭气达到排放要求。     

Hydrogen sulfide effects on ammonia removal by a biofilter seeded with earthworm casts

Ammonia (NH3) removal efficencies were evaluated when hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and NH3 in binary mixture gases were supplied to a ceramic biofilter seeded with earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts. The effect of inlet H2S concentration and space velocity (SV) on the removal of NH3 was investigated after the acclimation of the biofilter with NH3 gas. When NH3 was singly supplied to the biofilter, NH3 removal was maintained at almost 100% until inlet NH3 concentration was increased up to 600 microL L(-1) and SV up to 330 h(-1), at which the elimination capacity of NH3 was 148 g N m(-3) h(-1). When H2S was supplied simultaneously, however, the accumulation of toxic sulfide ions showed dual effects on NH3 removal efficiencies. First, no effects were observed at inlet H2S loading below 60 g S m(-3) h(-1); however, inhibition by H2S at higher loading was observed above 60 g S m(-3) h(-1). The point at which loading achieved a maximum of more than 99% NH3 removal efficiency was 139 g N m(-3) h(-1), when inlet H2S concentration was held under 100 microL L(-1), but it dropped to 76 and 30 g N m(-3) h(-1) when the inlet H2S concentration increased to 220 and 460 microL L(-1), respectively. The critical points of inlet H2S loading that guaranteed over 99% NH3 removal were determined as 100, 100, 60, and 40 g S m(-3) h(-1) at inlet NH3 concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 600 microL L(-1), respectively. Inlet NH3 loading had synergic effects of increasing the inhibition of inlet H2S loading on the NH3 removability of the biofilter.     

Economical assessment of the design,construction and operation of open-bed biofilters for waste gas treatment

A protocol was developed with the purpose of assessing the main costs implied in the set-up, operation and maintenance of a waste gas-treating conventional biofilter. The main operating parameters considered in the protocol were the empty bed residence time and the gas flow rate. A wide variety of investment and operating costs were considered. In order to check its reliability, the protocol was applied to a number of scenarios, with biofilter volumes ranging from 8.3 to 4000 m³. Results show that total annualized costs were between 20?000 and 220?000 €/year and directly dependent, among other factors, on the size of the system. Total investment and operating costs for average-size compost biofilters were around 60?000 € and 20?000 €/year, respectively, which are concordant with actual costs. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to assess the relative influence of a series of selected costs. Results prove that operating costs are those that influence the total annual costs to a higher extent. Also, packing material replacement costs contribute significantly to the total yearly costs in biofilters with a volume higher than 800 m³. Among operating costs, the electricity consumption is the main influencing factor in biofilters with a gas flow rate above 50?000 m³/h, while labor costs are critical at lower gas flow rates. In addition, the use of a variety of packing materials commonly employed in biofiltration was assessed. According to the results obtained, special attention should be paid to the packing material selected, as it is the main parameter influencing the medium replacement costs, and one of the main factors affecting investment costs.     

Evaluation of alternative landfill cover soils for attenuating hydrogen sulfide from construction and demolition (C&D) debris landfills

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) generated from C&D debris landfills has emerged as a major environmental concern due to odor problems and possible health impacts to landfill employees and surrounding residents. Research was performed to evaluate the performance of various cover materials as control measures for H(2)S emissions from C&D debris landfills. Twelve laboratory-scale simulated landfill columns containing gypsum drywall were operated under anaerobic conditions to promote H(2)S production. Five different cover materials were placed on top of the waste inside duplicate columns: (1) sandy soil, (2) sandy soil amended with lime, (3) clayey soil, (4) fine concrete (particle size less than 2.5 cm), and (5) coarse concrete (particle size greater than 2.5 cm). No cover was placed on two of the columns, which were used as controls. H(2)S concentrations measured from the middle of the waste layer ranged from 50,000 to 150,000 ppm. The different cover materials demonstrated varying H(2)S removal efficiencies. The sandy soil amended with lime and the fine concrete were the most effective for the control of H(2)S emissions. Both materials exhibited reduction efficiencies greater than 99%. The clayey and sandy soils exhibited lower reduction efficiencies, with average removal efficiencies of 65% and 30%, respectively. The coarse concrete was found to be the least efficient material as a result of its large particle size.     

模拟油田采出水中H2S的脱除

采出水经处理后通常需作为地层回注水使用,由于油气生产的特殊性,常用的H2S脱除方法在使用中受到限制,探索适合于油气田生产的水处理方法十分必要。文章探讨了通常可用于油田采出水中H2S脱除的各种方法,对比了各类方法的优缺点,提出以NaClO为主要脱硫剂的水处理方法,通过对模拟采出水的室内实验,证明次氯酸法可以快速有效地去除采出水中的H2S,使H2S残留量低于1 mg/L。实验表明:经处理后的水质可以达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求,处理成本较低。     

Influence of ground tire rubber on the transient loading response of a peat biofilter

The effect of using ground tire rubber (GTR) as an adsorptive material in the removal of a 2:1:1 weight mixture of n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene by using a peat biofilter under different intermittent conditions was investigated. The performance of two identical size biofilters, one packed with fibrous peat alone and the other with a 3:1 (vol) fibrous peat and GTR mixture, was examined for a period of four months. Partition coefficients of both materials were measured. Values of 53, 118 and 402 L kg(-1) were determined for n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene in peat, respectively; and values of 40, 609 and 3035 L kg(-1) were measured for the same compounds in GTR. Intermittent load feeding of 16 h per day, 5 days per week working at an EBRT of 60 s and an inlet VOC concentration of 0.3 g C m(-1), resulted in removal efficiencies higher than 90% for both biofilters, indicating that the addition of GTR did not adversely affect the behavior of the bioreactor. Full removal of n-butyl acetate was obtained for both biofilters. GTR improved the removal of the aromatics in the first part of the biofilter, facilitating lower penetration of the toluene and m-xylene into the bed. A 31-day starvation period was applied and intermittent operation subsequently restarted. In both biofilters, high removal efficiencies after a re-acclimation period of two days were achieved. A shock loading test related to 1-h peaks of three- and four-fold increases in its baseline concentration (0.30 g C m(-3)) was applied in both biofilters. For the biofilter packed with the peat and GTR mixture, attenuation greater than 60% was observed in the maximum outlet concentration when compared to the biofilter packed with peat alone.     

新型填料在生物接触氧化工艺中的应用研究

以处理120L／d城镇生活污水的生物接触氧化小试装置为研究平台,介绍了新型内置悬浮球形填料一生物接触氧化工艺的特点及运行状况。试验结果表明：两种新型内置悬浮球形填料对反应器充氧效率、接种挂膜速率、污水处理效果对比均为纤维束状填料好于筒状填料;与连续曝气相比,采用间歇曝气的运行方式,在使出水NH3-N达标的基础上,提高了TN和TP的去除率,系统的同步硝化反硝化现象和反硝化除磷现象比较明显,具有较强的经济性和实用性。     

天然气脱硫回收工艺的职业病危害及防护措施

天然气中常含有硫化氢、一氧化碳和有机硫等酸性组分,酸性组分的存在会造成金属腐蚀、环境污染并进而危害人体健康等。文章简单介绍了天然气脱硫净化及硫磺回收工艺,重点对天然气生产过程中所产生的硫化氢、甲烷、硫磺、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、噪声、高温等职业病危害因素进行了识别,分析并介绍了其影响及防护措施。     

Preliminary investigation of air bubbling and dietary sulfur reduction to mitigate hydrogen sulfide and odor from swine waste

When livestock manure slurry is agitated, the sudden release of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) can raise concentrations to dangerous levels. Low-level air bubbling and dietary S reduction were evaluated as methods for reducing peak H(2)S emissions from swine (Sus scrofa) manure slurry samples. In a first experiment, 15-L slurry samples were stored in bench-scale digesters and continuously bubbled with air at 0 (control), 5, or 10 mL min(-1) for 28 d. The 5-L headspace of each digester was also continuously ventilated at 40 mL min(-1) and the mean H(2)S concentration in the outlet air was <10 microL L(-1). On Day 28, the slurry was agitated suddenly. The peak H(2)S concentration exceeded instrument range (>120 microL L(-1)) from the control treatment, and was 47 and 3.4 microL L(-1) for the 5 and 10 mL min(-1) treatments, respectively. In a second experiment, individually penned barrows were fed rations with dietary S concentrations of 0.34, 0.24, and 0.15% (w/w). Slurry derived from each diet was bubbled with air in bench-scale digesters, as before, at 10 mL min(-1) for 12 d and the mean H(2)S concentration in the digester outlet air was 11 microL L(-1). On Day 12, the slurry was agitated but the H(2)S emissions did not change significantly. Both low-level bubbling of air through slurry and dietary S reduction appear to be viable methods for reducing peak H(2)S emissions from swine manure slurry at a bench scale, but these approaches must be validated at larger scales.     

港东联合站外排污水深度处理工艺研究

为解决港东联合站外排污水2010年前达标排放的问题,需在现有氧化塘生化处理工艺的基础上,进行工艺优化和深度处理。通过对港东联合站外排污水的分析,发现现有处理系统的问题,并结合水质特性和现有处理工艺进行试验研究。结果表明:采用曝气生物滤池工艺,以兼性塘进水为水源,流量150L/h,BAF对CODCr的去除率为68.1%;采用活性炭吸附技术,在水力负荷不超过2.1m3/(m2.h)情况下,活性炭出水CODCr平均值为27.3～37.4mg/L,对CODCr的去除率在60%以上;曝气生物滤池与活性炭吸附工艺对CODCr、石油类、悬浮物的处理指标都达到了天津市地方标准DB12/356-2008《污水综合排放标准》的要求。     

人工湿地净化河道水质的研究进展

人工湿地是近年来国内外应用较多、发展较快的一种污水处理技术,本文从国内外人工湿地净化河水的技术应用出发,列举了人工湿地处理河水污染的效果和优势,并对湿地净化河水效率影响较大的湿地植物、填料、气候条件以及湿地构造4个因素进行了比较、分析和总结,最后对人工湿地净化河道水质进行了展望。