臭氧对锅炉烟气用PPS滤料性能影响的实验研究

PPS滤料以其优越的性能成为燃煤锅炉烟气除尘首选的优良滤料,但其抗氧化性欠佳。电袋复合烟气除尘中,位于烟气上游的静电除尘器产生的臭氧会对下游的袋除尘器PPS滤料产生不良影响,从而减少滤袋使用寿命。为研究PPS滤料的抗氧化性,通过系统的实验方案和手段,研究了臭氧浓度、温度和作用时间三因素对PPS滤料强力的影响。结果表明,随着三因素在数量上的增大,强力下降明显,电镜扫描发现某些纤维出现断裂。另外,理论分析表明PPS分子链加入了氧元素,使其颜色加深,脆性增加。现场使用中应限定烟气的最高含氧量。     

电袋复合除尘器中产生氧化性物质的研究

针对电袋复合除尘器前级电场电晕放电有可能会产生臭氧,而臭氧又迅速与烟气中NO反应生成NO2这一猜想,通过对实际工况下电袋复合除尘器中臭氧含量和NOX浓度进行的测试,得出电袋复合除尘器中并无臭氧产生,且NO2浓度也未增加。但烟气中NO2浓度已经接近除尘器PPS滤料在使用温度下(150℃)所能承受的最高限值,PPS滤料会因发生氧化而失效,缩短滤料使用寿命。     

储罐硫腐蚀产物标志性气体的监测

含硫油品储罐内的腐蚀产物与油品中的活性硫反应生成硫化物,而此类硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃是导致储油罐发生火灾、爆炸事故的重要原因.通过试验考察了氧气体积比对硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃过程的影响,探索了铁锈模拟物在氧化过程中SO2气体的释放规律.结果表明:氧气浓度越高,硫腐蚀产物的自燃危险性越大;随着O2浓度增加,氧化反应中SO2的浓度越大,SO2气体析出速度越快,当氧化反应的温度为40℃时,SO2气体浓度达到最大.     

循环流化床半干法垃圾焚烧烟气脱酸的试验研究

针对垃圾焚烧烟气中含HCl和SO2较多的特点,对循环流化床半干法烟气脱酸进行试验研究,并测试炉膛温度、Ca( OH)2给料量、烟气流量、烟气温度、喷水量等影响酸性气体产生和脱酸效率的主要参数.结果表明:SO2产生量随炉膛温度增加而降低,HCl产生量在炉膛温度为900～950℃之间最低,在低于900℃和高于950℃均有所升高;Ca(OH)2给料量由70 kg/h增加至210 kg/h,HCl和SO2的排放值分别由157.8mg/m3、123.6mg/m3降至23.1 mg/m3、49.1 mg/m3;烟气流量由30 000 m3/h增至45 000 m3/h,SO2的排放值变化不大,而HCl的排放值有明显增加,同时为满足烟气中O2含量要求,烟气流量应不低于36 000 m3/h; HCI和SO2的排放值随烟气温度的降低和喷水量的增加而不断降低,同时为满足布袋除尘器稳定运行的要求,烟气温度宜控制在150℃以上.在炉膛温度为900～950℃,熟石灰给料量为160 kg/h,烟气温度为160℃,烟气流量为36 000 m3/h和喷水量为0.8～ 1.0 t/h时,烟气中HCl和SO2的排放值分别为40.6mg/m3和77.9mg/m3,烟气净化系统的脱酸效果达到最佳.     

脉冲电晕放电与CuO/γ-Al2O3协同处理烟气中SO2和NO的实验研究

研究了催化剂CuO/γ-Al2O3与脉冲电晕放电协同作用脱除烟气中的SO2和NO.结果表明, 在100 ℃以下,CuO/γ-Al2O3与脉冲电晕放电协同作用具有较好的脱硫脱氮效果.当脉冲电压40 kV,进口烟气温度80 ℃,出口烟气温度40℃,气体在烟道中的流速为1.3 m/s,SO2的初始质量浓度为1 400 mg/m3,NO的初始质量浓度350 mg/m3,SO2的脱除率达到85%,NO的脱除率达到30%.     

室内织物火灾烟气危害性分析

室内织物因其容易点燃、燃烧速度快、蔓延迅速等燃烧特性,对室内火灾的发生、发展蔓延及火灾危害都有重要影响.在低强度热源加热条件下,研究了几种常见室内织物如牛仔裤、化纤运动裤、棉布床单、混合织物等温度变化、火灾烟气危害性及喷水对热解烟气的影响.结果表明,棉类织物在低强度火源引燃后烟气毒害成分主要为CO、NOx、SO2,3种毒性气体在7～ 10 min超过人体允许极限值,喷水降低了烟气毒性成分的生成速度与生成量,如牛仔裤热解烟气中CO、SO2的超标时间分别增加了约4min、7 min,NOx则未超标;化纤类织物热解气体超标主要毒性成分为CO、SO2,喷水有利于化纤等聚合物熔融物的流动,在一定程度上反而加快了热量传递,热分解速度加快,有毒有害气体的生成量和产生速度增加.如加水后化纤运动裤热解烟气中,CO超标时间提前了10 min,SO2、NOx烟气也在20 min左右出现了超标情况.     

袋式除尘用滤料挺度与温度关系的试验研究

选用常用的3种袋式除尘滤料——聚苯硫醚(Polyphenylene Sulfide, PPS)、涤纶和芳纶，研究不同材质滤料在相同时间、不同温度条件下挺度的变化规律。结果表明，随温度升高，PPS、涤纶和芳纶3种滤料的挺度均呈现先缓慢上升后迅速增大的现象，而滤料挺度发生骤升的温度拐点均略大于3种滤料常规使用温度，由此，可通过滤料的挺度变化判断滤料在使用过程中是否经历过超温。     

高温对机织布玻纤覆膜滤料耐折性能影响实验研究

为研究机织布玻纤覆膜滤料耐折性能,通过实验研究在不同温度、不同加热时间下高温老化对机织布玻纤覆膜滤料耐折性能的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高、加热时间延长,滤料耐折次数下降趋势明显,2#滤料耐折次数随温度和作用时间下降趋势最明显。红外光谱结果也表明,900~1200 cm^(-1)频段内透射率随温度升高和加热时间的延长有下降趋势,即耐折次数与玻纤官能团对应的频段处透射率呈线性正相关关系。因此,在现场使用中应控制温度,避免机织布玻纤滤袋在高温工况下工作。     

烟气组分对活性炭脱硫性能的影响

活性炭应用于烟气脱硫技术具有脱硫效率高、原料来源广泛、工艺适应范围广、环保性能好、脱硫过程不耗水等优点,受到人们的高度重视。简要介绍了我国SO2的污染现状及目前各种脱硫技术,采用干法脱硫工艺,着重对影响脱硫效率的反应温度、烟气中O2体积分数、SO2体积分数和活性炭粒径等因素进行了研究。结果表明:1)温度的降低有利于提高脱除SO2的效率;2)烟气中O2体积分数越高,活性炭脱硫效果越好,活性炭脱硫能力与烟气中O2体积分数成正比;3)烟气中SO2体积分数越低,活性炭脱硫效果越好,活性炭脱硫能力随SO2体积分数增加而降低;4)活性炭粒径对活性炭的脱硫能力没有明显影响。     

水刺滤料对微细粒子过滤性能的实验研究

采用水刺工艺制造毡类过滤材料相对于针刺工艺具有很多优势,不仅具有更低的纤维损伤,而且体现出优异的过滤性能。根据国家标准建立实验装置,对水刺滤料和常规针刺毡滤料、覆膜滤料的性能进行了综合性实验研究。结果表明:水刺滤料对微细粒子的捕集效率优于针刺毡滤料,阻力低于覆膜滤料,在过滤除尘方面有很大优势。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。