Post‐earthquake rehabilitation of the rural water systems in Kashmir's Jehlum Valley

After the devastating earthquake of 8 October 2005 in Kashmir, international organizations provided the Pakistani government with relief and reconstruction assistance. Under the oft‐cited motto ‘rebuild better’, many of these efforts targeted the rural areas. The emergency period was followed by a development phase, during which all actors sought to ensure that their reconstruction projects would have long‐term, sustainable impacts. Based on the authors’ experience during that phase, this paper offers specific guidelines for rehabilitation work on Kashmir's rural water supply system, stressing the need for analysis of the social context to guarantee sustainability of the completed projects.     

Food aid and relief-development strategies*

This paper begins by setting out the main arguments on which a proposal for "relief-development strategies" rest. The second part of the paper is concerned with a discussion of the way the objectives of a "relief-development strategy" might be achieved and the roles emergency food aid might have. In the third part of the paper, a number of strategic issues are discussed. A stylized account is presented of how a broad "relief development strategy" might be mounted. The last part of the paper draws together the discussion by considering how emergency projects should be assessed. If the principles on which this paper are based are accepted, then the evaluation of emergency projects should extend well beyond convention.     

莱州湾南岸平原古河道及其与海（咸）水入侵关系研究

海（咸）水入侵作为莱州湾南岸平原的一种新的环境灾害,其发生、发展与该区广泛分布的古河道密切相关。本文研究了古河道的分布规律、沉积特征及分期,并重点探讨了其与海（咸）水入侵的密切关系。古河道是该区海（咸）水入侵的主要通道,古河道中海（咸）水入侵速度快、方式多、周期性变化明显,是灾情是严重、入侵变化最复杂的地貌单元;古河道又是防治海（咸）水入侵的天然工程,古河道砂层径流条件好,只要采取措施提高其地下淡     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration in community post-disaster reconstruction: case study from the Longmen Shan Fault area in China

While multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective community post-disaster reconstruction (CPDR), it is often very difficult in practice. The Longmen Shan Fault active seismic zone in China has experienced several recent earthquakes with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Lushan earthquake, both of which caused extensive and widespread damage to many communities, presenting unprecedented challenges for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper develops a multi-cycle field research method that involves three interconnected cycles: internet research, field visits, and extensive surveys: to examine multi-stakeholder collaboration for the CPDR following the Wenchuan earthquake. It was found that there were 12 types of active stakeholders engaged across four main areas: infrastructure rebuilding, psychological recovery, socio-economic rehabilitation, and ecological restoration. Specifically, local community participation and effective collaboration between the community and the external stakeholders were found to be the most crucial elements for successful reconstruction. Multi-stage field research after the Lushan earthquake verified that CPDR was effective and that multi-stakeholder collaboration had improved from the lessons learnt from the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction experience. Some advantages and limitations of this research are also given.     

黑龙江省公路雪冰基本特征与灾害防治对策

黑龙江省冬季降雪不多,但在寒冷和强风条件下,容易产生风吹雪,使某些地点形成较深的积雪,阻塞交通.风吹堆积下的积雪在低温下形成密实坚硬的硬深霜.涎流冰是冬季影响山区交通的另一个主要因素,它的各个部位呈现出间歇性增厚的特征,是涌出水在各处反复交替流动、冻结的结果.随着经济发展,交通流量增加,正常降雪将会产生越来越大的影响和危害,必须给予足够的重视.因此,在雪冰减灾战略对策上,应逐步推广使用防滑汽车轮胎,建立较为完善的公路雪冰清除服务体系,并辅以必要的工程措施.     

Restocking refugee pastoralists in the horn of Africa

Repeated and lingering famine in the Horn of Africa has produced enormous pastoralist refugee populations in a region where livestock production is a major form of land use. Permanently settling destitute pastoralists has a record of failure. It can disrupt host land-uses, causing social and ecological problems, and prevent the utilization of very large grazing areas where pastoralism may be the only ecologically and economically sustainable land-use. Herd reconstitution should be considered an option in relief and rehabilitation programmes for pastoralists. This paper examines a design where the most proven and immediate way of sustaining stockless pastoralists – farming – can be used to facilitate restocking objectives. Using data gathered in Somalia, estimates of livestock carrying capacity are linked with forage resources, land area, livestock units, and the frequency of good, average, and poor (drought) water years, to explore the possibilities for incorporating restocking into refugee rehabilitation efforts.     

帕默尔干旱指标及其应用研究进展

干旱灾害是世界各国,尤其是我国最为严重的自然灾害之一.不同领域、不同应用中所定义的干旱指标各不相同.气象干旱是其他各类干旱的基础,而帕默尔(Palmer)干旱指标是气象干旱的主流指标,有着广泛的影响,该指标能反映干旱的成因、程度及开始、结束和持续时间,具有物理意义明确、涉及资料容易获得和参数计算简便等特点.根据国内外大量文献,对帕默尔干旱指标的研究进展进行了回顾,对其应用进行了总结,同时对未来帕默尔旱度模式的进一步修正进行了展望.     

长江口地区的盐水入侵灾害及变化趋势

本文在总结长江口地区现状盐水入侵时空变化规律的基础上,着重分析了在未来海平面上升、长江东线南水北调和三峡水利枢纽工程以及长江口北支综合整治等因素影响下,南支河段盐水入侵强度的变化趋势。     

略论信息技术在农业气象灾害减灾中的应用

农业气象灾害减灾对策是一项十分复杂的系统工程，其系统可划分为两个子系统：农业气象灾害子系统和减灾对策子系统。农业气象灾害子系统包括灾害的发生、发展到消亡的整个过程。减灾对策子系统是指减轻灾害的对策措施，可概括为灾前防御、灾中抗御、灾后补救等。其系统涉及到灾害的监测、预报、防御、抗御、治理、灾情评估和减灾效益的分析等环节。因此，对这样一个系统工程，除总结和继承传统的农业气象灾害的减灾方法外，还需要利用现代的信息技术；遥感技术、人工智能技术、作物模拟技术等来提高防灾、减灾的能力。     

水灾害治理对种植业生产的影响

为了应对水灾对我国种植业生产的破坏，国家每年要投入大量资金用于防灾减灾工作，在对1980年以来我国种植业生产、自然灾害和水利建设的统计数据进行描述性分析的基础上，通过建立模型，定量分析了26年来我国救灾工作和各种防灾水利建设对种植业增长所起的作用，为我国进一步制定科学有效的国家防灾减灾政策提供参考。     

Rehabilitation in Complex Political Emergencies: Is Rebuilding Civil Society the Answer?

The paper examines the challenge of rehabilitation from complex political emergencies (CPEs) and identifies a strategy that is characterised as a civil society rebuilding approach. It focuses on Somalia and a case study of a CARE project that aims to build the capacity of local NGOs. The paper argues that civil society in CPEs is simultaneously being undermined and contested by warring parties and emerging after state collapse. The scope of the paper is limited to one case study and that case study examines only a single aspect of civil society: national and international NGOs. The paper therefore presents tentative and preliminary results based on limited research. However, in reviewing the literature and presenting a way of approaching the subject, it aims to suggest a starting-point for developing a theoretical framework for such research. The paper finds that international agencies have tended to focus on civil society institutions simply as conduits for aid money and that this has tended to create organisations which lack downward accountability, are dependent on donors and are not addressing the wider roles for civil society envisaged in the approach. Rebuilding civil society does hold out the promise of giving non-military interests a stronger voice and starting a process of changing the aid delivery culture. Achieving these objectives, however, will be a slow and largely indigenous process and there is a need for lowered expectations about what outside assistance can achieve     

山区沿河公路水毁危险性评价方法的研究

为了预测评价山区沿河公路水毁灾害,通过理论分析和专家系统调查,阐明了沿河公路水毁危险性的含义,确定了其主要危险因子(洪水流量、水位、流速)和次要危险因子(洪水持续时间、河流形态)。运用灰色系统的关联度方法,根据关联序确定了各危险因子的权重;在因子等级划分的基础上,提出了沿河公路水毁危险性指数的计算方法,并在工程中得到了应用。研究成果可供沿河公路水毁易发段危险性点及整个路段的评价参考。     

沈阳市浑河南堤防洪标准的数值模拟计算

浑河原为沈阳南部的一条河流，随着经济的发展，市区扩展迅速，按沈阳市的规划，浑河以南地区不久将发展成为有３０万人口的新区。因此，需在浑河南岸修建堤防，以保护浑南新区不受洪水的危害。但南堤的修建是否会对北岸大堤的防洪安全造成威胁成为防洪规划决策中一个亟待回答的问题。     

大型抽水蓄能电站场地地震动效应及设计地震动参数研究

大型抽水蓄能电站往往建于山区的沟源坳地,场地地形复杂,各工程场点高差大。结合某大型抽水蓄能电站工程的具体情况,根据工程场地岩土参数原位测试及试验室试验结果,采用二维波动有限元方法研究复杂场地条件下的场地地震动效应,计算确定了50年及100年设计基准期对应超越概率63%、10%、5%、2%共8个设防水准的地震动参数,并通过不同高程处地震动参数的对比分析,研究了地形地貌对场地地震动效应的影响,得到一些有价值的结论。研究成果已在具体工程设计中采用,该成果对其它同类工程也有一定借鉴作用。     

Recovering from disasters: a study of livelihoods in post‐quake villages in northern Pakistan

The October 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan severely affected the livelihoods of 1.5 million people. With the destruction of material assets and communications infrastructure, the quake had a devastating impact on people's way of life in this remote mountainous region. This paper explores livelihood revival interventions undertaken during the earthquake response, and considers how differentiated livelihood outcomes were achieved. In addressing this objective the paper examines livelihood rehabilitation schemes in terms of structural aspects, working strategies, key factors, strengths of interventions and the role of human agency in influencing livelihood trajectories of quake‐affected communities. Primary data for this study was gathered in northern Pakistan between October 2008 and January 2009. The study identifies structural shortcomings and strengths of the programmes attempting to revive the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable households. It identifies how households in two villages made the most of opportunities to improve their lives and move towards favourable outcomes.     

中国海岸地带面临的重大环境变化与灾害及其防御对策

中国海岸地带面向２１世纪的持续发展,面临着相对海面加速上升和热带气旋、风暴潮与低洼地洪涝不断加剧以及海岸环境急剧恶化等一系列重大环境变化与灾害问题。本文着重分析相对海面上升、热带气旋、风暴潮与洪水灾害以及海岸环境污染的特征、演变趋势及防御对策。     

DROUGH TREND IN NORTH CHINA IN RECENT FIFTY YEARS

Inrecentseveralyears ,abnormaldroughtoccursinthepartnorthernofChina .Itex ertssomeinfluenceonChina’snationaleconomyandhasarousedwideattentionfromallwalksoflife .Muchresearchindrought wetindexhasbeendonebothathomeandabroad .Theresultcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:first,droughtindexdirectlyisdefinedbyprecipitationorothermeteorologicalfactors;second ,droughtindexisidentifiedbycalculatinggainingandlos ingoflocalwaterinaccordancewithequationofwaterbalance ,andsomealsoconsidertheim pactofdrought…     

Pollution by halogenated aromatic compounds at Trissino: A case study of groundwater contamination and rehabilitation

An investigation is presented on industrial contamination by benzotrifluoride percolation into ground water used for drinking water, in a populated area of 20 km² at Trissino, north Italy, due to improper chemical waste disposal. Hydrogeological features of the situation are reported, as well as the emergency action taken, such as the surveys made and their analytical results. The epidemiology of the emergency is examined and rehabilitation measures are presented and discussed. Fortunately no major ecological or social disaster occurred, In part thanks to the speed and efficiency with which the affair was handled. It is notable that the authorities kept the public duly informed and thus retained their confidence.     

震后泥石流治理工程有效性评价及存在问题分析

汶川8.0级地震及芦山7.0级地震后,针对严重的泥石流灾害,在强震区实施了大量防治工程.通过对地震重灾区92条泥石流沟治理工程实地调查分析,初步建立了基于事前(P)、事中(N)、事后(F)阶段的泥石流防治工程效果评价体系,并利用该评价体系对研究区的泥石流防治工程进行了有效性评价,治理工程效果"良好-优"的占到总数的59...     

大型公共场所风险评价研究现状与展望

大型公共场所由于人群高度密集和财富高度集中的特点,其防灾减灾问题一直是城市防灾减灾的重点和难点,其风险性研究直接影响到城市防灾减灾安全工程建设及管理策略的制定实施.全面调研了国内外大型公共场所风险评价指标体系及评价方法的研究现状,分析了大型公共场所风险评价的重要地位,指出了大型公共场所风险评价方面存在的问题,并提出了有关大型公共场所风险评价方面的几点建议.