ENSO and Disaster: Droughts, Floods and El Niño/Southern Oscillation Warm Events

The connection between El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and precipitation and temperature variability worldwide is increasingly well understood. ENSO has been linked to droughts and flooding in some regions. This paper uses the disaster history database of the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance to examine the link between ENSO events and droughts or floods of sufficient magnitude to trigger international disasters. Worldwide, disasters triggered by droughts are twice as frequent during year two of ENSO warm events than during other years. No such relationship is apparent in the case of flood disasters. Drought disasters occur during year two of ENSO warm events significantly more frequently than in other years in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia. No regional pattern emerges from a comparable analysis of flood disasters. Those places likely to be affected by ENSO-triggered droughts can take proactive measures to mitigate the impacts.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Refugee Women: A Review (S.F. Martin)
Population Movements and the Third World (Mike Parnwell)Routledge, London
Mitigating Natural Disasters: Phenomena, Effects and Options. United Nations, New York
Les Tropiques: Terres de Risques et de Violences, by Jean Gallais. Armand Colin Editeur (Collection U. S6rie G6ographie)     

美国防洪政策演变

回顾了近３００年来美国防洪战略转移的历史进程。美国陆军工程兵团曾根据国家防洪与发展航运的需要,实施“堤防万能”的防洪政策,然而,１９２７年的大洪水冲毁了“堤防万能”的神话,迫使国会通过１９２８年的防洪法,进行水库、行洪区、分洪区与堤防协调防洪。随着联邦洪水及其它灾害救济费用的不断攀升,促使美国颁布１９６８年的洪水保险法与１９７３年的洪水灾害防御法,实行洪水风险区划与土地利用规划,以减轻洪水灾害。１     

浅析泥石流堆积物的光谱特征——以蒋家沟泥石流堆积物为例

运用 10 0 BXMTS野外光谱仪探测了小江支流蒋家沟新、老泥石流堆积物的光谱反射率 ,总结了新、老堆积物的反射光谱特性 ,分析了影响泥石流堆积物反射光谱特性的因素 (岩性、水分含量、植被覆盖 ) ,最后讨论了应用高空间分辨率遥感图像解译泥石流堆积物的可能性。     

巨灾保险下减灾积极性的影响因素及激励措施——基于美国巨灾保险项目的经验

讨论了保险的损失补偿职能和防灾减灾功能的关系,分析了巨灾保险框架下影响被保险人、保险人和其他利害方减灾积极性的多种因素,并基于美国的实践经验,从巨灾保险制度自身设计、政府支持和社会其他利害方的配合这三个角度剖析了调动防灾减灾积极性的各种手段和政策措施。这些经验对我国巨灾保险体系的构建具有一定的借鉴意义。研究结论表明,在合理的制度下,巨灾保险将发挥重要的防灾减灾功能。     

国外农业保险模式概述

分别介绍了美国、日本、法国、俄罗斯和一些发展中国家的农业保险发展模式,剖析了这些国家农业保险模式的特点,并将农业保险与其特定的经济环境和社会背景相联系,为政府扶持农业保险发展提供政策支持。这些对探讨我国农业保险的发展,有一定的借鉴意义。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Slope Instability Edited by Denys Brunsden and David B. Prior
Disaster Preparedness Update - A Computerized Index of an Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Bibliography of Interest for Latin America and the Caribbean
The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries by Piers Blakie
Department of Geology and Geography University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A.
The State of Food Emergency Preparedness in Ethiopia by Peter Cutler and Robin Stephenson     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
HUNGER and DISEASE: STUDIES BY THE JEWISH PHYSICIANS IN THE WARSA W GHETTO:Myron Winick, John Yudkin
BOTSWANA SOCIETY(1979) SYMPOSWM ON DROUGHT IN BOTSWANA:Randall Baker
SANITA TION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:Ken Grant
EARTHSHOCK
AUXILIARIES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE:Christine Hogg
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. WASHINGTON, D.C.
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE     

Public health aspects of volcanic hazards; Evaluation and prevention of excessive morbidity and mortality due to natural disasters

This is a summary of the proceedings of sessions on Volcanic Hazards at the First International Symposium on Public Health in Asia and the Pacific Basin, held 3–11th March 1983, in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Symposium was sponsored by the Association of Schools of Public Health, the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the South Pacific Commission, and the East–West Center of the University of Hawaii. The full proceedings are being prepared for publication. The Symposium was supported in part by: The Pan American Health Organization and The Amoco Foundation.     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES

Accidents and sudden illness constitutes a major public health problem in many countries. Emergency medicine had developed as a vigorous new specialty in the U.S. and has fully integrated itself within the American medical and hospital system to provide improved emergency medical care. Emergency medicine plays a central role in disaster medical services, planning, and management and is the only specialty in American civilian medicine that includes disaster medicine as a primary field within its domain. Now that the basic framework of emergency medicine has been established, the American College of Emergency Physicians is implementing a nationwide training program on disaster planning and management for emergency physicians.     

江苏数字地震台网地震定位能力分析

依据江苏数字地震台网的几何布局 ,对区域上设定的不同震级和震源位置的可能事件 ,作了以下两点考虑。 (1)根据不同震级地震的监测范围 ,确定了相应的定位子台组合。 (2 )对同一地震事件 ,考虑到震相分析P震相和S震相测量精度上的差异 ,引入了不同的标准误差σP 和σS。在此基础上 ,通过模拟地震波理论走时和对走时矩阵的奇异值分解方法 ,计算了估计震源参数标准误差的参量空间协方差矩阵值 ,给出了标准误差理论值等值线图 ,用此方法讨论分析了江苏数字地震台网的地震定位能力。     

考虑地形和土地覆盖影响的参数化台风风场模拟

现有参数化台风风场模型通常采用单一地表粗糙度假设,忽略地形和土地覆盖的影响,使得参数化台风风场模型不能真实反映台风风场。本文基于GTOPO30(Global Topographic Data of 30 arc seconds)全球数字高程数据和USGS(U.S.Geological Survey)全球土地覆盖数据,将地形地貌效应等效为地表粗糙长度,建立了受西北太平洋台风影响的东亚地区的地表粗糙长度空间分布;并对比验证了3个典型地貌的地表粗糙长度。然后,对参数化台风风场模型进行了适当修正,使其能耦合地形起伏对风场产生的抬升和沉降作用。以WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式的模拟结果为基准,采用3个历史台风案例,考察了地形地貌对参数化台风风场模拟的影响。对比结果表明,考虑地形地貌效应可以显著提升参数化台风风场模型对台风空间结构的模拟能力。考虑地形地貌影响的参数化台风风场模型的模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

Normalized tornado damage in the United States: 1950–2011

In 2011, thunderstorms in the United States resulted in 550 deaths from tornadoes and more than $28 billion in property damage, according to data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with the vast majority of economic losses resulting from tornadoes. This article normalizes U.S. tornado damage from 1950 to 2011, using several methods. A normalization provides an estimate of the damage that would occur if past events occurred under a common base year's societal conditions. We normalize for changes in inflation and wealth at the national level and changes in population, income and housing units at the county level. Under several methods, there has been a sharp decline in tornado damage. This decline corresponds with a decline in the reported frequency of the most intense (and thus most damaging) tornadoes since 1950. However, quantification of trends in tornado incidence is made difficult due to discontinuities in the reporting of events over time. The normalized damage results are suggestive that some part of this decline may reflect actual changes in tornado incidence, beyond changes in reporting practices. In historical context, 2011 stands out as one of the most damaging years of the past 61 years and provides an indication that maximum damage levels have the potential to increase should societal change lead to increasing exposure of wealth and property.     

江苏地区地电阻率各向异性度分析

应用地电阻率各向异性度S值计算公式和程序，对江苏地区4个地电台1980～1997年的地电阻率各向异性度S值进行了计算研究分析。 结果表明，S值这一新的电性参数在江苏南黄海2次6级以上地震前存在异常变化。 地电阻率各向异性度S值可以作为一种新的电性参数应用于地震综合预报研究。 在讨论中对S值的定义提出改进的公式，与同仁商榷。     

安徽地区地震活动趋势分析

安徽地区地震活动周期表将公元２８８ 年以来Ｍ≥４ ．０ 地震活动划分为与华北二至七周期相对应的六个地震周期,每周期分为与华北相似的初震段、前震段、主震段和余震段四个地震段。安徽地震周期超前于华北地震周期,每周期４ 级以上地震从皖渐交界一带的皖东南地区开始活动,各阶段最大地震震中由南向北迁移。第七周期４ 级以上地震活动至１９７９ 年固镇５ 级地震已结束,未来将进入第八周期初震段。近几年皖东南地区的广德县或旌德县可能发生４－３ 级左右地震。     

长江中下游 南黄海地震带地震活动趋势分析

对长江中下游 南黄海地震带地震活跃期、幕划分及其发展趋势进行了研究,对江苏及其邻区今后几年的地震大形势及重点危险区进行了判定。分析认为,长南带从１９７１年以来进入第二活跃期的第３幕,该幕地震活动将持续到２０１０年前后,最高活动水平为６．５级左右。今后几年江苏东部至南黄海海域发生５～６级或６级以上地震的可能性较大。     

《地震学刊》的刊徽设计

提出了刊徽设计的原则和要求。所设计的《地震学刊》的刊徽是个由经纬网格所构成的公转着的地球。经纬网格由ＳＪ两个字母和两条细线所组成。ＳＪ为《地震学刊》英文名和江苏的汉语拼音名的缩写。Ｓ表示大地震所激发的地球自由振动的一阶振型；两条细线既表示经线，又表示地球自由振动的基振型。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Tim Dyson, Population and Food: Global Trends and Future Prospects
R. S. J. Sparks, M. I. Bursik, S. N. Carey, J. S. Gilbert, L. S. Glaze, H. Sigurdsson and A. W. Woods, Volcanic Plumes
Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine
Dali L. Yang, Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Forward     

山东地震台网数字与模拟记录资料对比分析

对山东数字化台网荣成、烟台、莱阳、潍坊、苍山和大山台记录的垂直向P波初动半振幅、S波与P波的振幅比、P波、S波的卓越周期及振动持续时间比等参数进行了测算,并将之与同台址相应的模拟记录进行了对比,得出分析结果为:1 数字记录的速度震级较模拟记录的位移震级平均偏小0 11,数字记录的仿真震级与模拟记录的位移震级基本一致。2 数字记录的地震波参数与模拟记录一致性较好,没有明显差异。     

Nutrition assessment through the use of a nutritional scoring system

In 1984 and 1985, Chad was affected by a large scale drought. In order to ensure rapid decision making for the allocation of food and because of the practical problems encountered when using the classical nutritional survey methods, a Nutritional Score System (N.S.S) was developed. This method was based on the use of social, economic and nutritional indicators and allowed comparison of nutritional status between communities. This paper discusses how the N.S.S. was developed and applied, and how it compared with the classical survey methods.