基于遥感监测的黄海绿潮漂移路径及分布面积特征分析

本文利用2008～2012年的多源卫星遥感序列图像,动态监测各年绿潮发生的漂移路径、影响海域面积,得到各年绿潮漂移趋势、分布面积和最大分布面积出现时间。根据监测结果,划分出影响绿潮漂移路径的关键区域,并分析了2008、2009和2010年关键区域内各年绿潮漂移方向和面积变化情况。     

海上溢油应急反应专家系统

海上溢油应急反应专家系统作为海上船舶溢油事故控制中心的指挥决策保证系统和技术咨询系统，是海上船舶溢油应急计划的重要组成部分，也是海上船舶溢油应急计划的关键技术。本文介绍了该专家系统的功能集成、辅助决策、卫生遥感监测、先进的多媒体技术等特点以及自动报警、通讯联络、数值预测、处理方案、污染预警、污染损害评价、索赔与赔偿等主要功能和系统的总体构成。     

一种融合多波段比值法和随机森林算法的Sentinel-2绿潮信息提取方法

遥感卫星可以高效、大面积地监测海洋绿潮的发生及发展情况,而绿潮的精准识别提取尤为重要,对于维护海洋生态环境安全具有重大意义。本研究提出一种融合多波段比值法和随机森林算法（random forest,RF）的绿潮信息提取方法,基于高分辨率的Sentinel-2遥感影像,以苏北近岸海域为研究区,以绿潮和非绿潮两类地物为识别目标进行精准识别分类,并与最大似然法（maximum likelihood classification,MLC）、RF和支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）以及融合多波段比值法的MLC和SVM等五种模型进行对比。结果表明：归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）和漂浮藻类指数（floating algae index,FAI）能够有效提高绿潮信息提取的准确性,融合这两种指数的RF模型分类结果 Kappa系数为0.98,总体精度为99.92%,高于其他五种模型。研究结果可为海洋环境生态及生物地球化学循环的相关研究与治理提供理论与技术支撑。     

基于主导因子的绿潮灾害预测方法研究

为寻求基于主导因子的绿潮灾害预测方法,在以2014年南黄海绿潮遥感监测覆盖面积数据的平均增长速率为依据划分阶段的基础上,建立支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）权重计算模型分析影响绿潮扩散的气候因子的权重变化,给出主导因子的权重交点和在不同阶段的变化规律,使用2015年监测数据验证该方法所得结果,误差为1.8%～7%。结果表明,温度与浪高均值比在形成期小于7,快速增长期为4～6,平稳期为5～7,消亡期大于7,雾霾的平均增长速率差分在形成期大于2或小于-2,快速增长期为-3～2,平稳期为-1～1,消亡期接近0。     

赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统的概念设计

赤潮灾害是目前已知海洋最大的生态灾害之一,它危及海洋渔业资源、破坏海洋生态环境、危及人类健康,造成的海洋经济损失逐年增加。本文在分析国内外各种自然灾害应急决策支持系统的研究现状及赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统研究成果的基础上,设计实现了赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统。本系统集成卫星遥感、浮标、船载快速监测和走航等多源监测数据,实时或准实时地监测赤潮灾害的环境、生物和灾情各相关要素的状况与动态变化,提供实时监测数据和赤潮灾害的决策信息,并按照赤潮灾害的生消变化分成灾前、临灾、灾中和灾后四个阶段,以达到快速、实用、准确地提供专门的赤潮灾害决策成果,为有关部门的赤潮灾害预测预报及选取科学有效的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据。     

风对黄海绿潮藻漂移的影响

利用海洋模型,对绿潮漂移路径的黄海海域进行模拟,在绿潮漂移模型中采用不同风拖曳系数,并结合遥感图像,分析风在绿潮漂移中起到的作用。研究结果表明,在数值模拟绿潮漂移过程中,风对绿潮的拖曳作用不能忽略,在日照至青岛海域,风对绿潮的拖曳系数应取0.015,风对绿潮的漂移距离有一半的贡献率,应当是风和流的共同作用使绿潮逐渐聚集。     

傅里叶红外遥感监测技术在石化企业泄漏监测的应用

针对传统气体泄漏检测方式存在的不足,通过采取基于傅里叶红外遥感监测技术的气体泄漏监测设备,与现有手段共同构成了立体化的气体泄漏监测网。监测数据表明,傅里叶红外遥感监测技术可以快速、准确地监测到泄漏气体的种类、浓度和扩散趋势,为石化企业泄漏监测提供了有力的技术保障。     

人工神经网络模型在水质预警中的应用研究进展

水质预警模型是大数据时代构建环境智能决策与管理体系的关键技术.近年来,水质自动化监测能力的提升以及测管协同对环境模型的强烈需求,激发了研究人员探索新的建模方法并努力提高模型预测性能.其中,人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)模型发展迅速.本文综述了3大类ANN模型的发展历史和模型结构特点,梳理了ANN模型在水质数据软测量、数据异常检测和时间序列预测等方面的研究进展,归纳了一般建模流程、技术建议和常用的模型性能指标,发现ANN模型的应用依赖于监测数据质量,存在模型可解释性差、模型运行硬件资源要求较高等不足,提出未来水质预警模型的研发思路和重点,需要加快推进水环境监测技术与预警模型的协同发展和业务化应用,通过多种应用场景检验实现技术迭代,形成大数据驱动的水质在线监测-智能预警-应急管理支撑体系,助力我国环境治理能力现代化.     

卫星数据融合技术在环境遥感监测中的应用

在丹东典型区域环境遥感监测中,将CBERS-1（“中巴地球资源一号”卫星）信息与地面监测站、数据传输与处理系统、地理信息系统（GIS）相结合,采用多源卫星遥感数据融合技术,实现了对区域环境准确、客观、动态、简捷、快速的监测。     

基于高频在线水质数据异常的突发污染预警

在高频水质自动监测背景下,建立了基于软测量和水质时间序列异常检测的水体突发污染预警预报技术.假定突发污染事故会引起典型自动监测水质参数变化,采用回归分析建立水质参数和在线高频监测水质参数间的线性关系进行软测量,采用人工神经网络预测短程水质变化,建立基于预测残差的异常判断最小阈值,最终通过有序监督聚类进行水质突变检测从而对突发污染事故进行预警.采用美国弗吉尼亚州的Potomac River流域在线监测数据进行算法验证和案例分析.分析受试者工作曲线(ROC)表明:该方法对2倍异常和3倍异常水平的检测准确率分别为62.7%和92.5%,且随着异常水平的增加准确率增加,通常突发污染事故中特定污染物浓度水平一般明显高于3倍,该方法具有较高的准确率.较其他突发污染水质预警技术,该技术有效缩短了平均检测时间,为流域污染预警预报和快速应急响应提供了新途径.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.