深圳市水径余泥渣土受纳场边坡监测与稳定性分析——以深圳市水径余泥渣土受纳场边坡为例

以深圳市水径余泥渣土受纳场边坡为例,采用深层位移监测和GEO-SLOPE稳定性计算相结合的方法,对边坡稳定性以及监测数据分析后表明:采用圆滑滑动法计算的一般工况安全系数都大于1.35,地震工况大于1.15,边坡处于稳定状态。边坡位移变化整体呈现前期速度较快,后期位移速度逐渐趋缓,最终处于相对稳定状态,且累计位移都在10mm以内。     

近场动力学方法在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

有限元强度折减法在边坡稳定性分析中有着广泛的应用,以近场动力学方法代替有限元法,可以在有限元求解不收敛的情况下得到边坡失稳状态下的滑移趋势。基于非关联流动法则,可以得到摩尔-库仑屈服模型的近场动力学应力更新算法。以边坡系统的最大位移为失效判据,建立了边坡的最大位移与折减系数之间的关系曲线,可以得到边坡的安全系数以及边坡的滑移面。以引江济汉工程边坡为研究对象,利用近场动力学强度折减法分别计算了边坡比为1∶2和1∶2.5两种工况下边坡的最大水平位移以及边坡的塑性应变分布情况,所得到的计算结果与实际施工情况基本一致,表明该近场动力学强度折减法可用于分析边坡的稳定性问题。     

某水电站导流洞入口边坡开挖稳定性分析

某水电站导流洞处于高山峡谷区,洞室开挖只是影响6倍洞径范围内围岩应力重分布状态,对边坡整体稳定性影响不大,但边坡开挖将切除一部分可支撑边坡的坡脚岩体,会产生较大的不利影响。本文就该边坡开挖过程中的稳定性问题进行了数值模拟,并对边坡开挖过程中的最大不平衡力、位移变形、应力状态、稳定系数等进行了监测与分析,得出边坡天然工况下有局部失稳的可能性。该研究可为该边坡的工程设计提供依据,也对类似工程具有借鉴作用。     

地震作用下弧形抗滑桩加固边坡的动力响应及稳定性分析

基于弧形结构在抗压承载方面的优势,以九寨沟某边坡实际工程为依托,研究地震作用下不同弧形排布形式的抗滑桩加固边坡的动力响应特性和边坡的稳定性。结果表明:边坡坡面各监测点的X向水平位移均随着地震加速度幅值的增加而增大;弧形排布抗滑桩能承担并分担边坡土体下滑力,使边坡整体水平位移减小,有效地限制边坡上方土体的滑移,减少地震作用下边坡发生失稳的风险;对边坡位移的约束作用上,表现为:弧形排布抗滑桩直杆排布抗滑桩反向弧形排布抗滑桩;不同边坡坡面位置处的地震加速度均随着边坡高程的增加而增大,呈现出一定的放大效应,且这种放大效应随着边坡高程的增加而越来越明显;汶川地震波(0.3 g)作用下弧形排布抗滑桩连系梁和汶川地震波(0.2 g)作用下反向弧形排布抗滑桩连系梁的混凝土已经出现拉裂,无法满足结构抗震承载能力的要求,对此需进行结构尺寸的调整。     

山区高速公路隧道洞口边坡稳定性的数值模拟

山区高速公路在建设过程中,隧道洞口的开挖往往易造成古滑坡的复活或部分复活,并形成新的滑坡灾害。为了保证隧道进洞口施工的顺利进行,隧道洞口边坡的稳定性动态分析尤为重要。本文结合栗石沟隧道进洞口边坡工程实例,利用FLAC3D软件分别对该边坡在自然状况、坡脚开挖+坡面削坡2m以及坡脚开挖+坡面削坡2m+隧道开挖13m三种工况下的稳定性状况进行了数值模拟分析,并通过分析三种工况下的边坡稳定性系数、边坡剪应变增量变化及塑性区破坏情况,探讨了其剪应变的变化特点和塑性区破坏的规律,以验证边坡削坡卸载方案在隧道施工中的安全性和可靠性。     

泸定大渡河特大桥边坡稳定性分析与防护

川藏高速公路泸定大渡河特大桥跨越大渡河深切峡谷,桥位边坡稳定性对于桥梁工程安全起着重要的控制作用。基于边坡岩体结构控制论,在查明泸定大渡河特大桥边坡地质结构的基础上,分析了桥位边坡山体的稳定性和边坡岩土体的稳定性,判定边坡岩土体的失稳破坏模式;针对地震作用下边坡工程的稳定性问题,先采用静力法进行边坡工程潜在失稳岩土体稳定性分析,并依据分析结果对边坡工程进行加固设计,再采用动力时程分析方法对加固后边坡的稳定性进行验证,结果表明地震作用下崩坡积土层将会发生变形与失稳,厚约3～10 m;针对特大跨径桥梁两水准抗震设防要求,提出了与其相适应的桥梁边坡工程防护两水准防震减灾目标,并基于该目标及高边坡工程特点,设计采用开挖预加固、分区加固和坡面碎屑流拦挡与疏排相结合的边坡加固措施,实现了地震作用下边坡整体稳定和局部坡面碎屑流灾害的防治。通过边坡地震动力时程分析表明:地震作用下边坡整体稳定,但未加固区会出现局部土体失稳,与边坡抗震设防目标一致。针对地震作用下边坡局部土体失稳的坡面碎屑流危害,设计采用拦挡与疏排结构保护桥梁构筑物的安全,并通过坡面碎屑流数值模拟分析对其进行了验证。     

地下水位变化对边坡稳定性影响的模拟分析

降雨引起边坡地下水位变化、降低岩土体抗剪强度进而引起边坡失稳产生滑坡是电网工程灾害中最常见的地质灾害之一。文章在现场详细工程地质勘察的基础上,基于恢复山体极限平衡法和强度折减法,利用数值分析方法对降雨引起地下水位变化条件下某电网工程边坡稳定性进行了分析。模拟结果表明,现今地下水位条件下,该边坡整体处于极限平衡状态;在最高洪水位条件下边坡则处于失稳状态。边坡的最大变形位于边坡中上部,并呈现出由上部逐渐向下部扩展的趋势。边坡潜在破坏模式为边坡后缘张拉破坏和中下部剪切破坏的复合破坏模式。最后基于数值分析结果,对该边坡的工程治理提出了建议。     

十白高速公路泰山沟隧道进口边坡稳定性及其破坏概率分析

十堰至白河高速公路泰山沟隧道进口边坡的稳定性对公路建设和运营的安全尤为重要。本文在分析泰山沟隧道进口边坡的工程地质特征及其破坏模式的基础上,采用概率分析方法对泰山沟隧道进口边坡的稳定性及其破坏概率进行了计算与分析。结果表明:边坡稳定性计算显示泰山沟隧道进口边坡在正常工况下处于稳定状态,具有一定的安全储备,但在非正常工况Ⅰ条件下处于基本稳定性状态,在极不利工况条件下处于极限平衡状态;边坡破坏概率计算显示秦山沟隧道进口边坡在正常工况条件下存在低危险性,在非正常工况Ⅰ条件下存在中等危险性,在极不利工况条件下存在高危险性;两种分析结果一致,同时说明泰山沟进口边坡在非正常工况Ⅰ条件下的安全储备不高,需要对其进行加固处理,以为公路安全运营提供保障。     

特高压直流输电线路塔基边坡的稳定性分析

山区输电线路工程塔基一般修建于自然边坡上,塔基边坡的稳定状态是涉及输电线路工程安全的关键技术问题。以甘肃酒泉—湖南±800 kV特高压直流输电线路工程5535~#塔基边坡为例,采用三维有限差分数值模拟方法,利用FLAD~(3D)软件对塔基和塔基边坡的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:塔基在荷载作用下,桩顶位置产生了向坡外向下的位移,桩端位置产生了向坡内的位移,且桩水平位移最大值为4.025 mm,处于桩水平变形允许范围内;塔基荷载作用对边坡的应力总体影响不大,局部范围内应力有所增加,且仅在坡顶局部出现拉破坏,坡顶以下坡体处于弹性变形范围,未形成整体变形失稳的破坏区,对边坡的整体稳定性影响较小;建议对塔基边坡坡顶进行适当的加固处理,以满足特高压直流输电线路工程安全运行的要求。     

基于邓肯-张模型的黏土心墙堆石坝有限元数值模拟分析

基于邓肯-张非线性弹性材料模型,对云南省某在建黏土心墙堆石坝逐层填筑施工和正常蓄水+9度地震作用两种工况情况下的坝体应力和变形进行了有限元数值模拟与分析。结果表明:由于存在"内部拱效应",过渡层出现应力集中,心墙出现应力迅速降低;填筑竣工后的大坝应力分布和位移符合一般规律,但9度地震作用下可能会引起大坝失稳,建议采取一定的工程措施,提高坝坡的抗震稳定性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.