袁州区飞剑潭水库库区地质灾害发育特征及成因分析

飞剑潭水库库区地处萍乡—乐平坳陷带北缘,地质灾害较发育。选取该地区地质灾害进行调查研究,分析了地质灾害的分布规律及其成因特征。调查结果显示:该地区地质灾害类型主要为土质滑坡;从地质灾害发育的时空分布规律分析,具有集中群发性特征。空间上主要分布于缓坡地带、人类工程活动强烈区,同时沿主要构造线发育;从时间上分析,地质灾害发育主要集中于雨季,其中2014年5月最为严重。因此,库区地质灾害发育特征受控于地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造及人类工程活动等因素综合作用,同时降雨是地质灾害的主要诱发因素。     

基于改进Logistic回归模型在地质灾害评价中的应用

为了解决传统Logistic回归模型中灾害点和随机点可能重叠的问题,该文提出了一种基于格网单元的二分Logistic回归模型。以四川省威远县为研究区,借助于遥感卫星影像、地质普查资料和地理国情监测数据,采用灾害点和格网单元2种方法的二分Logistic回归模型对威远县地质灾害进行评价,同时采用ROC曲线和已知点2种方验证评价结果。结果表明:在低山丘陵区域,基于格网单元的Logistic回归模型评价精度更高;威远县地质灾害中高易发区主要分布在西部、西北部山区,占全区总面积的39.35%;地层岩性、高程、坡度和距道路距离是导致地质灾害发生的主要因素。     

基于地理信息的地质灾害危险性空间分布特征

本文以中巴资源卫星02C影像为数据源,选取2008年5·12地震重灾区作为研究区,采用地理信息与遥感相结合的手段,根据研究区地质灾害发育特征,通过地理信息的空间分析能力,总结研究区内与地质灾害有关的四大类因子,并逐级进行分析研究,总结出了研究区地质灾害危险性空间分布特征,确定了一套行之有效的地质灾害危险性空间分布特征分析的方法。     

基于地质灾害危险性评价的建设用地布局规划

":5.12"汶川地震诱发了都江堰市许多新的地质灾害,恢复重建工作不断遭遇一系列复杂的地质环境问题。文章根据重灾区都江堰市震后地质地理环境特征,优选出坡度、震后地质灾害密度、工程岩组、线性构造密度、土地利用现状、河网密度等6个评价指标,建立分级标准;利用GIS技术对空间数据的采集和分析功能,结合数理统计的方法原理,对都江堰市进行地震诱发地质灾害危险性定量评价。经过精度验证,结果显示震后都江堰市地质灾害高危险区和较高危险区占土地总面积的15.8%,主要位于"5.12"特大地震发震的龙门山推覆构造带的前山推覆构造带上;地质灾害中等危险区分布较广,占总面积的15.8%;地质灾害低危险区和较低危险区分布最广,占总面积的68.4%,主要分布在坡度平缓、植被发育、坚硬或半坚硬的岩组地区,将评价结果与新一轮土地利用总体规划的城镇用地布局、农村集中居住区点位叠加,科学准确地揭示出研究区震后建设用地区域地质灾害空间分布规律,从空间上对建设用地的安全布局进行了预警,为新一轮土地利用总体规划建设用地布局规划方案提供科学的参考。     

福建省宁化县地质灾害发育规律及其影响因素

宁化县地处福建省西北部,是地质灾害多发地区.本文通过分析宁化县地质灾害的类型、规模、时空分布特征等,总结出该地区地质灾害的发育规律,并在统计分析地质灾害的发生频率与人类工程活动和降雨的关系的基础上,研究了该地区地质灾害发生的影响因素,提出了具体的治理建议,以为当地防灾减灾提供科学依据.     

内蒙古地区崩塌与滑坡地质灾害研究

通过对内蒙古地区地质环境基础条件以及对全区地质灾害的调查的成果分析与研究,总结出我区崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的一些基本特征和发生规律。本文简要阐述了内蒙古地区崩塌与滑坡地质灾害的类型及发育特征、分布规律、危害及发展趋势与防治。     

青海省滑坡环境、特点与发展趋势预测分析

青海省地形多样,分带性显著。北依祁连山,西为柴达木盆地,东跨黄土高原,南为青南高原,地质灾害种类繁多,广泛分布。文章通过青海省671个滑坡进行分类,举例说明各种滑坡类型的特点及其危害,根据省内滑坡地质灾害的类型与发育特征,对滑坡成灾环境、发育特点进行归纳、总结,并对青海省滑坡地质灾害的发展趋势进行预测分析,加强地质灾害的研究,深化对地质灾害的认识,有利于构筑防灾体系,促使人类避免群死群伤事件,将地质灾害防治从分散的、被动应急状况,转变为有组织的、主动的和有预见性的局面。     

安徽省地质灾害空间分布的分形研究

分形分维是度量不规则系统自相似性程度大小的参数,以往对安徽省地质灾害的研究一直都限于对其定性的描述。本文采用分形理论对安徽省地质灾害空间分布特征进行了定量的计算,结果表明:安徽省地质灾害空间分布分维值为1. 4847,崩塌与滑坡、地面塌陷和泥石流的空间分布分维值依次为1. 3756、1. 1074和1. 0902,相关性系数R~2均大于0. 98,分维相关性强,自相似性明显;降雨量、海拔、地貌和地层影响着地质灾害空间分布的分形特征,而水系和断裂空间分布分维值(1. 5825、1. 5111)与安徽省地质灾害空间分布分维值接近,表明两者是影响地质灾害空间分布的主要因素;分维值图显示安徽省地质灾害空间分布分维值由北向南逐渐增大,西南部和南部分维值较高,与实际该区域的地质灾害发育程度较强烈、灾害数量多、密度大相吻合,且其地质灾害空间分布分维值与安徽省地质灾害空间分布分维值接近,存在较好的自相似性,具有明显的分形特征。故利用分形理论研究地质灾害分布成因以及对地质灾害区划和防治具有重要的意义。     

江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及防治建议

通过1∶5万区域水文地质和环境地质调查,利用物探、钻探等手段研究江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及其发育规律。景德镇城区覆盖型碳酸盐岩基岩面起伏大,浅部岩溶发育,土洞较多,第四系岩性结构复杂,覆盖层厚度一般<20m,地下水埋藏浅。通过分析该区岩溶塌陷分布特征、形成条件和诱发控制因素,确定抽排地下水是该区岩溶塌陷的主要诱发因素。在预测岩溶塌陷发展趋势的基础上,对可能发生岩溶塌陷的区域进行初步预测,并针对性提出相应的保护和防治措施,为城市工程建设和环境保护提供参考。     

福建省南安市地质灾害发育特征及影响因素分析

为有效防治南安市地质灾害,针对南安市地质灾害易发育、数量多、类型全、分布广、稳定性差、突发性强和危害性大等特点,在南安市地质灾害详查工作的基础上总结了南安市地质灾害发育、分布及稳定性特征,分析了主要控制因素和诱发因素,南安市地质灾害发育类型主要为滑坡、崩塌和不稳定斜坡,地质灾害诱因主要为降雨和人类工程活动。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.