地震灾后住房重建规划生态影响预测方法初探

采用半定量的方法,从资源环境承载能力、规划实施强度两个方面分别研究,选取12个指标,形成指标体系,对地震灾后住房重建规划实施活动的生态影响进行预测评价,根据评价结果,为灾区重建活动提供生态环境保护建议和对策。     

一万亿重建资金如何用得更有效率？

8月I2日,国家汶川地震灾后重建规划组对外全文公布了《国家汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划（公开征求意见稿）》（以下简称“重建规划”）,向国内外征求意见和建议。“重建规划”指出,灾区恢复重建资金总需求经测算约为1万亿元。     

汶川地震灾后重建城镇体系规划环评探讨

本文在对<国家汶川地震灾后重建城镇体系规划环境影响篇章>归纳和总结的基础上,从规划环评的特征、技术路线、主要评价内容和技术方法等方面,对灾区重建城镇体系规划环评工作进行了探讨,以期为中国城镇体系规划及相关规划的环境影响评价工作提供一定的借鉴和参考.     

UNEP：准备为灾后重建提供环境支持

5月12日四川汶川发生大地震,灾后恢复重建任务繁重,在重建过程中资源和环境因素凸显.联合国环境署(UNEP)驻华代表张世钢近日向<环境保护>表示,灾后修复和重建工作需要今后数月甚至数年时间的长期关注.UNEP将与联合国系统其他部门一起,继续协助中国抗震救灾的努力,并做好准备在灾后重建过程中发挥环境支持作用.     

环境健康风险管理中心简介

<正>环境健康风险管理中心(Center for Environmental Health Risk Management and Research)是生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心的重要学科平台,,主要研究领域包括三个方面:一是开展环境健康风险管理战略与政策研究,完成中国环境健康宏观战略研究及国家环境保护"十二五""十三五"环境与健康工作规划等,为政府制定相关法律、法规、标准和管理文件等提供技术支持;二是开展环境健康风险防控技术方法研究,对宏观尺度环境     

西部开发中的环境策略及若干政策思考

实施西部开发战略 ,是党中央加速我国现代化建设的一项重大战略决策。研究环境经济政策与策略是适应西部开发的环境保护战略的重要组成部分。针对西部地区情况 ,作者认为在西部开发中 ,应当尽快弄清家底 ;按“三区推进”的思想进行环境区划 ,在地图上明确位置 ,抢先进入西部大开发的前沿阵地 ;编制环境规划 ,明确当地开发过程中和生态建设过程中的环境保护工作的目标和重点 ,做到在开发过程中恢复一批 (或一些地区 )、保护一批 (或一些地区 )、建设一批(或一些地区 ) ;进行工程项目和政策措施的环境影响评价。并建议尽快开展农村能源问题的环境经济政策研究 ;开展节水、治水的环境经济政策研究 ;开展生态环境补偿的环境经济政策研究 ;通过生态示范区建设加强西部地区小城镇的环境保护工作     

生态环境部环境规划院

正生态环境部环境规划院原为人事部于1987年批准设立的中国环境规划院(劳人编[1987]131号),独立运行于2001年,为独立法人事业单位。主要职责是:面向国家重大需求,开展国家生态文明、绿色发展、美丽中国等战略研究,承担国家中长期生态环境规划、重点流域和区域规划、重点领域环境规划等编制与实施评估技术支持;开展环境政策相关理论与技术方法研究,承担环境保护税费、生态补偿、环保电价、排污交易、环境审计、环境公共财政等环境政策实践与应用研究;承担中央财政专项资金项目技术咨询、技术服务和绩效评估等工作;开展生态环境重大工程项目的策划设计和污染修复工程方案编制、实施及评价工作;承担环境风险评估与规划、污染损害鉴定、环境经济核算与评估等研究及技术支持;开展环境健康评估、环境修复、生态恢复配套技术与政策研究。     

生态环境部环境规划院

正生态环境部环境规划院原为人事部于1987年批准设立的中国环境规划院(劳人编[1987]131号),独立运行于2001年,为独立法人事业单位。主要职责是:面向国家重大需求,开展国家生态文明、绿色发展、美丽中国等战略研究,承担国家中长期生态环境规划、重点流域和区域规划、重点领域环境规划等编制与实施评估技术支持;开展环境政策相关理论与技术方法研究,承担环境保护税费、生态补偿、环保电价、排污交易、环境审计、环境公共财政等环境政策实践与应用研究;承担中央财政专项资金项目技术咨询、技术服务和绩效评估等工作;开展生态环境重大工程项目的策划设计和污染修复工程方案编制、实施及评价工作;承担环境风险评估与规划、污染损害鉴定、环境经济核算与评估等研究及技术支持;开展环境健康评估、环境修复、生态恢复配套技术与政策研究。     

战略环境评价的发展以及适合中国的管理程序和技术路线探讨

本文总结、概述了战略环境影响评价(SEA)在国际上的推广及应用情况,包括SEA的成型和具体化两个发展阶段,SEA的三种类型及选例,SEA的执行标准的讨论,以及SEA在国外的发展趋势等。在此基础上,讨论了在中国开展战略环境评价所涉及的各个部门的职责,提出了在中国开展战略环境评价的管理程序和技术路线。     

长期环境规划的改革与创新探讨

本文提出在可持续发展新的要求下，传统的环境规划目标和指标体系要进行相应的改革，探讨了开展环境承载力、城市生态规划、战略环境评价等研究的创新方案。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.