The effects of arm posture and holding time on holding capability and muscle activity

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of arm posture and holding time on human holding capability and resulting muscle activity. Fifteen healthy young males were recruited as participants. Maximum holding capacity was examined at 0 (degrees of shoulder forward flexion angle)/90 (degrees of elbow angle), 30/120 and 90/180 arm postures. Maximum acceptable weight of holding was evaluated in three arm postures (0/90, 30/120, 90/180) by three holding times (10?s, 20?s, 30?s). The greatest and lowest maximum holding capacity or maximum acceptable weight of holding occurred at 0/90 and 90/180 arm postures, respectively. Maximum acceptable weight of holding decreased with increasing holding time. While holding maximum acceptable weights, the % of maximum voluntary contraction of brachioradialis, biceps brachii and erector spinae ranged from 14 to 44%, from 14 to 53% and from 25 to 36%, respectively.     

Influence of trunk muscle activity and stability in front and back holding

Purpose. A tandem carrying style is often used in the workplace, but carrying approaches are different for two people because of the holding load in the tandem posture. To understand these carrying styles, this study aimed to investigate the patterns of muscle activity and stability of the trunk influenced by front and back holding of a heavy load. Methods. Electromyography data of eight trunk and two hip muscles, as well as displacements of the trunk, were recorded for analysis while subjects stood statically holding a handle in the front and back of the body with and without load. Results. Without load, muscle activities during front holding mirrored those during back holding. With load, greater muscle activities were observed in the dorsal muscles of the trunk and lesser activities were noted in the ventral muscles in the two holding styles. More frequencies of trunk oscillations occurred in front holding with and without load. Conclusions. The results revealed that back holding of load created more stability of the upper body, whereas front holding resulted in more instability of the trunk.     

基于AlphaPose与REBA的手工搬运作业姿势风险评估方法

为有效预防职业性肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs),提出基于计算机视觉技术与快速全身评估(REBA)结合的作业姿势评估方法,以手工搬运作业为例,通过人体姿态识别AlphaPose模型检测作业姿势,利用提取的各关节点空间位置信息计算身体各部位关节角度;利用SG滤波法处理身体遮挡、光线等对数据的影响,有效保留数据变化信息的同时消除数据突变;根据身体关节角度范围与危害程度对应关系自动评判作业姿势的风险大小。研究结果表明：作业姿势评估方法可通过采集的视频数据自动评估搬运作业的姿势危险性,降低WMSDs风险,通过分析不同下蹲取物姿势风险,可论证作业姿势评估方法的可行性,为及时改善搬运作业中的不安全动作提供参考。     

Effects of Manual Handling,Posture, and Whole Body Vibrations on Low-Back Pain

To determine the effect of occupational stress on low-back pain (LBP), a cross-sectional study has been carried out, by interviews, on workers exposed to 3 stresses: manual handling (MH, 82 women and 264 men), whole body vibrations (WBV, 274 men), and static postures (278 women). Anthropometric data, occupational stress, LBP severity and frequency, and a psychological evaluation of these groups were compared to those of a control population of 208 workers (104 men and 104 women).

The results show that 30% of the population had never suffered from LBP. Age and the body mass index of the workers were the parameters most closely associated with LBP. Women involved in MH had higher frequency and severity of LBP than their reference population. Men involved in MH or exposed to WBV had higher frequency of painful episodes than their reference population. Workers exposed to one of the stresses were on sick leave for LBP more often, and for longer periods, than workers in the reference group. The results show that individual factors are often decisive in the onset of LBP. Nevertheless, in the more serious LBP cases, occupational stress is an aggravating factor for LBP and its consequences.     

Development of statistical models for predicting muscle and mental activities during repetitive precision tasks

This study was conducted to develop muscle and mental activities on repetitive precision tasks. A laboratory experiment was used to address the objectives. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activities from eight upper limb muscles, while electroencephalography recorded mental activities from six channels. Fourteen university students participated in the study. The results show that muscle and mental activities increase for all tasks, indicating the occurrence of muscle and mental fatigue. A linear relationship between muscle activity, mental activity and time was found while subjects were performing the task. Thus, models were developed using those variables. The models were found valid after validation using other students’ and workers’ data. Findings from this study can contribute as a reference for future studies investigating muscle and mental activity and can be applied in industry as guidelines to manage muscle and mental fatigue, especially to manage job schedules and rotation.     

Effect of posture on forces and moments measured in a Hybrid III ATD lower leg

Objective: Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are used to assess real injury risk to occupants of vehicles during injurious events. In the lower leg, values from load cells are compared to injury criteria developed in cadaveric studies. These criteria are typically developed with the leg in a neutral posture, whereas the ATD may assume a wide range of postures during safety evaluation tests. The degree to which the initial posture of an ATD has an effect on the measured forces and moments in the lower leg is unknown.

Methods: A Hybrid III ATD lower leg was impacted in a range of postures under conditions representing a crash test, and peak axial force and adjusted tibia index injury measures were evaluated. Ankle posture was varied in 5° increments using a custom-made footplate, and dorsi/plantarflexion (20° DF to 20° PF) and in/eversion (20° IV to 5° EV) were evaluated. Tibia angle was also varied (representing knee flexion/extension) by ±10° from neutral.

Results: Peak axial force was not affected by ankle flexion or tibia angulation. Adjusted tibia index was lowest for plantarflexion, as well as for tibia angles representative of knee extension. Both peak axial force and adjusted tibia index were lowest for postures of great inversion and were highest in neutral or near-neutral postures.

Conclusions: The range of postures tested herein spanned published injury criteria and thus would have made the difference between pass and fail in a safety evaluation. In/eversion had the largest influence on injury metrics, likely due to the change in axial stiffness and altered impact durations in these postures. Results suggest increased injury risk at neutral or near-neutral postures, whereas previous cadaveric studies have suggested that in/eversion does not influence injury risk. It is unclear whether the ATD appropriately represents the natural lower leg for impacts in out-of-position testing. Great care must be taken when initially positioning ATDs for safety evaluations, because small perturbations in posture were shown herein to have large effects on the measured injury risk using this tool.     

一种早强型注浆封孔材料的制备与性能研究

针对矿井复杂环境对封孔材料使用性能提出的要求,通过引入２-丙烯酰胺基-２-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）复合三乙醇胺（TEA）作为有机早强组分,氯化钠（NaCl）、硫酸钠（NaSO4）为无机早强组分,模拟井下高湿环境,,通过正交试验并利用热失重分析（TG）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等研究手段考察了早强剂的制备与性能。研究结果表明:当掺量为氯化钠0.5%,硫酸钠0.5%,三乙醇胺0.05%,AMPS1.0%时,早强效果最显著。封孔材料1 d抗压强度为5.5 MPa,3 d抗压强度为9.7 MPa,7 d抗压强度为13.9 MPa,分别比基准组强度提高了323%,137%和167%。     

The influence of axle position and the use of accessories on the activity of upper limb muscles during manual wheelchair propulsion

Introduction. Wheelchair configuration is an important factor influencing the ergonomics of the user–device interface and, from a biomechanical point of view, small changes in chair setup may have a positive influence on the demand on the upper limbs during manual propulsion. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the position of the rear wheels’ axle and the use of accessories on the activity of upper limb muscles during manual wheelchair propulsion. Methods. Electromyography signals of the biceps, triceps, anterior deltoids and pectoralis major were collected for 11 able-bodied subjects in a wheelchair propulsion protocol with four different wheelchair configurations (differing in axle position and the use of accessories) on a straightforward sprint and a slalom course. Results. With accessories, moving the axle forward led to a decrease in the activity of all muscles in both the straightforward sprint (significant differences in triceps, anterior deltoids and biceps) and the slalom course (significant difference in anterior deltoids and biceps). However, when propelling the chair without accessories, no difference was found related to axle position. Conclusion. Changes in wheelchair configuration can influence the ergonomics of manual wheelchair propulsion. Reducing the biomechanical loads may benefit users’ mobility, independence and social participation.     

Impact of rest-break interventions on the neck and shoulder posture of symptomatic VDU operators during prolonged computer work

There is limited research on the effects of different types of rest-break interventions for visual display unit (VDU) operators on neck and shoulder postures. This study examined the effect of rest-break interventions on the neck and shoulder postures of symptomatic VDU operators during prolonged computer work. Thirty subjects were randomly and equally assigned to breaks with stretching, breaks with dynamic movement and passive breaks. Subjects performed the typing task for 60 min and received 3-min breaks after 20 min of work. The craniovertebral and forward shoulder angles were obtained from a 3D motion analysis system. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the craniovertebral and forward shoulder angles among any types of rest breaks. It can be concluded that the three types of rest-break interventions had positive effects on neck and shoulder posture during prolonged computer terminal work.     

基于强度理论及虚拟仿真相结合的行星减速机构可靠性分析

基于破煤理论建立了采煤机的力学模型,采用ADAMS建立采煤机刚柔耦合模型,并解决了边界条件添加、接触法向力提取等技术问题,分析了行星轴、架的可靠性;基于行星减速机构强度校核基本原理,开发了行星齿轮强度校核软件,以虚拟仿真中的动态接触法向力为输入,对某公司两种行星减速机构设计方案中各齿轮的接触应力和弯曲应力进行研究。该方法解决了传统分析中齿轮受力无法确定以及采用有限元软件无法求解齿根弯曲应力、求解接触应力时间过长的不足。结果表明:二级行星减速机构采用4行星轮结构要优于采用3行星轮方案,传动更稳定、可靠。     

油气管道剩余强度评价方法适用性研究

为了研究油气管道剩余强度评价方法的适用性,介绍了完整管道失效压力的计算方法以及NG-18,B31G,DNV RP-F101和PCORCC等4种计算含缺陷管道剩余强度的方法。对4种方法中的流变应力和膨胀系数进行了分析,同时采用4种计算方法计算了30组不同钢级管道的剩余强度。结果表明:流变应力的选取对中低强度钢管的影响较大,对中高强度钢管的影响较小,当管道钢级为X80及以上时,流变应力对剩余强度计算结果的影响可以忽略不计;各评价方法中,改进的B31G中的膨胀系数表达形式更加接近实际情况; NG-18和B31G适用于评价中低强度的钢管,其中,改进的B31G结果更为准确;DNV RP-F101和PCORCC适用于评价中高强度的钢管,其中,DNV RP-F101的计算结果优于PCORCC的计算结果;对于高钢级管道的评价方法还需要进一步研究和改进。     

基于强度理论及虚拟仿真相结合的行星减速机构可靠性分析

基于破煤理论建立了采煤机的力学模型,采用ADAMS建立采煤机刚柔耦合模型,并解决了边界条件添加、接触法向力提取等技术问题,分析了行星轴、架的可靠性;基于行星减速机构强度校核基本原理,开发了行星齿轮强度校核软件,以虚拟仿真中的动态接触法向力为输入,对某公司两种行星减速机构设计方案中各齿轮的接触应力和弯曲应力进行研究。该方法解决了传统分析中齿轮受力无法确定以及采用有限元软件无法求解齿根弯曲应力、求解接触应力时间过长的不足。结果表明:二级行星减速机构采用4行星轮结构要优于采用3行星轮方案,传动更稳定、可靠。     

高压、超高压油气井装备抗内压强度设计计算分析*

为解决传统计算公式与方法已几乎无法满足目前对高压、超高压油气井装备强度设计的需求,利用理论分析方法,对不同抗内压强度计算公式进行详细分析,引入压力容器行业高压、超高压的计算公式与方法,并对某高温高压井抗内压强度进行分析,提出适用于超高压油气井的油套管抗内压强度计算公式。研究结果表明:不同抗内压强度公式的基本思想与设计准则不同,在使用时应注意限制条件,现有的抗内压强度计算公式不适用于高压、超高压油气井,材料性能不能充分利用且存在一定安全隐患;对超过100 MPa的油气井,可以采用弹塑性理念计算抗内压强度,对于油套管可以减小强度等级同时增加壁厚来满足抗内压强度要求。研究结果对高压、超高压油气井装备抗内压强度设计具有一定参考价值。     

城市区域土体铁的化学行为与土体强度变异关系研究

统计了南宁市地下水中Fe的变化情况,实验研究了Fe的物理化学行为与土体强度之间的联系,并进一步研究了铁对土体强度影响的双向性.结果显示,城市区域将由于Fe的溶蚀、置换作用等使土体强度降低;城市区域CO2分压增高将促进土体中铁的溶蚀而使土体强度进一步恶化.在含水量相对较高时,铁质胶结物被溶解、迁移,土体强度降低;而在含水量相对较低时,铁质胶结物不易被溶解,而更趋向于发生沉淀反应,使土体对铁的吸附作用加强,从而使土体的强度增加.     

湿喷混凝土支护强度影响规律探究及改进

为探究普朗铜矿湿喷混凝土技术应用中出现的喷层强度低、易开裂等问题原因,针对水灰比、养护温度2个因素对湿喷混凝土强度发展规律展开研究,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察湿喷混凝土的微观形貌、EDS和XRD进行物相分析.结果表明:温度是影响湿喷混凝土强度增长关键因素;水灰比越大,硬化水泥石浆体内孔隙越多,混凝土强度越低;温度...     

消防射水与自然冷却下玻璃纤维对灾后混凝土性能影响

本文对火灾后消防射水对玻璃纤维改性混凝土(GF-1)剩余抗压强度的影响进行了研究。分析了GF-1在不同温度、不同冷却方式条件下抗压强度的变化规律,并利用ORIGIN7.5软件拟合了高温作用后GF-1剩余抗压强度与温度之间的关系。研究得出:在两种冷却条件下,二种配比的HPC在高温后剩余抗压强度均呈持续降低,消防射水冷却条件下HPC的剩余抗压强度降低速率大;加热到900℃时,消防射水冷却条件下HPC的剩余抗压强度最低;消防射水对高温作用后GF-1的剩余强度影响很大,射水冷却后GF-1剩余强度明显低于自然冷却的剩余强度;且随着破坏温度升高,经消防射水冷却的GF-1剩余抗压强度呈衰减状态,;GF-1在射水冷却下强度变化没有NC-1快速,与自然冷却条件下的强度变化相比,也呈现出不同的衰减规律;并建立了自然冷却条件下及消防射水冷却条件下GF-1剩余强度与火场温度之间的多阶多项式拟合式。     

The influence of confounding factors on the relationship between muscle contraction level and MF and MPF values of EMG signal: a review

The purpose of this article is to gather results of studies on the relationship between median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) and the level of muscle contraction, and to use those results to discuss the differences in the trends according to factors related to measurement technique and subject. Twenty-one studies with 63 cases for upper limb muscles and nine studies with 31 cases for lower limb muscles were analysed. Most results showed an increase in parameters with an increased level of muscle contraction, only some studies showed a decrease. The influence on parameters of the level of muscle contraction and factors such as subjects, type of contraction, muscle length and electrodes was analysed for each muscle. It was concluded that when analysing the influence of different factors on MF and MPF, because those factors interact they should be considered together, not separately.     

剪切速率及法向应力对煤散体抗剪强度影响研究

在煤层巷道垮落后需安全快速地开挖出1条应急救援巷道,为了了解开挖速率和法向压力对救援巷道稳定性的影响,通过将垮落的破碎煤视为均质散粒体的方式,采用相似模拟实验的手段,分析了剪切速率和法向压力对煤散体抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:煤散体的抗剪强度与其对应的法向应力存在线性关系,该关系近似符合莫尔库仑强度准则,但剪切强度增长率随法向压力增大而先增大后减小;在相同法向应力作用下,剪切速率对黏聚力的影响明显大于对内摩擦角的影响。     

棱状钻杆应用于松软突出煤层钻进强度匹配研究

为解决棱状钻具的强度匹配问题,应用实体设计和数值分析软件,建立不同结构棱状钻具力学分析模型,对其进行强度分析,优化棱状钻具结构。分析结果表明,常规棱状类钻具整体强度匹配不合理,丝扣位置存在受力薄弱点,安全系数较低且整体分布不均衡。可采取加大接头直径、优化接头及棱边结构、应用摩擦焊接工艺等技术手段提高棱状钻具整体强度;改进后的棱状钻杆,整体安全系数分布均衡、波动小,钻杆整体力学性能得到了有效的提高。通过工程应用,解决了煤矿复杂条件煤层钻孔施工丢钻、断钻频繁的被动局面,平均深度超过了设计深度,钻进效率提高20     

压实度和含水率对铁尾矿抗剪强度影响的试验分析

以阜新同乃铁矿排放的铁尾矿为研究对象,经试验得出其级配不良,属于含砂低液限粉土.通过室内试验分析了不同含水率和压实度条件下铁尾矿的抗剪强度.结果表明,铁尾矿的抗剪强度与其含水率和压实度之间有很大的相关性.相同压实度条件下,黏聚力随含水率升高呈先增大后减小的规律,存在特征含水率,在特征含水率条件下黏聚力达到最大值.黏聚力与含水率可近似拟合为二次函数.土颗粒间的水膜联结和胶结作用对黏聚力的产生具有重要作用,黏聚力因含水率的不同而变化较大.试验得出含水率变化对铁尾矿内摩擦角的影响较小,这是因为砂土的内摩擦角与砂土的颗粒结构、大小及密实程度密切相关,而铁尾矿中的粗粒含量较高,含水率变化不会引起其颗粒结构、大小及密实程度的显著变化.在相同含水率条件下,铁尾矿的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随压实度增大而呈近似线性增大.不同含水率和压实度条件下,铁尾矿的黏聚力均不大,铁尾矿的抗剪强度主要依靠内摩擦角的贡献.考虑铁尾矿材料的抗剪强度因压实度和含水率不同而变化,可使尾矿库稳定性分析结果更符合实际情况.