基于改进火焰原子吸收光谱的土壤六价铬分析

针对分离和萃取环节,对火焰原子吸收光谱测定土壤中六价铬的方法加以改进。采用聚合氯化铝为絮凝剂、异戊醇为萃取剂,使三价铬和六价铬有效分离,并减少了测试干扰。考察了聚铝试剂用量和萃取液振荡时间对测定的影响,并将该方法与EPA 3060A方法和未改进的火焰原子吸收光谱法比较,表明改进后的方法能用于土壤中六价铬的测定。     

二苯碳酰二肼比色法测定某些工业废水中六价铬

六价铬对皮肤有刺激性,并能在体内蓄积,已确认为致癌物。电镀、制革、纺织等工业废水中,含有铬的化合物,水体将可能受到这些含铬废水的污染。因此,准确测定工业废水中六价铬,对防止铬污染,保障人体健康是很有意义的。 二苯碳酰肼比色法是通用的六价铬的化学分析法,该法操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好。但被有机物着色的污水,不能直接用比色法测定。 本文拟定的操作方法,经对方法的回收率、精密度进行实验,效果良好,可用于一般工业废水中六价铬的测定。 实验部分 (一)仪器与试剂 1.721型分光光度计。 2.亚硫酸:(A.R)。 3.氯化钙:5％水溶液 4.硫酸锰:0.5％水溶液。 5.高锰酸钾:0.25％水溶液,贮于棕色瓶中。     

应该用Cr(Ⅵ)表示六价铬

在许多环境科学的书籍中,六价铬经常被表述为Cr~(6+)或Cr~(+6),在计算总铬含量(以铬毫克/升计)时,亦经常采用Cr~(6+)或Cr~(+6)。我们认为,这两种表述六价铬的写法都是值得商榷的。 一、按照著名化学家鲍林及桐山良一的建议,这两种不同的写法都没有明确体现铬元素化合价为六正的含义。元素符号的右上角际以m+,n-, 表示离于电荷。Cr~(6+)即表示带六个正电荷的铬离子;元素符号的右上角标以+m,+n,表示氧化数,Cr~(+6)表示铬元素     

铬渣制砖的毒性浸出及评价

对铬渣制砖的毒性浸出进行了研究,结果表明铬渣制砖可对六价铬起到封闭作用,但被封闭的六价铬的液体环境中会有浸出,砖样浸出液中六价铬的含量随时间及浸出方法的不同而不同,浸泡20d浸出液中六价铬含量达到稳定,碱性环境有利于六价铬的重新溶出。     

黄河水中六价铬和总铬的前处理和保存方式试验研究

黄河水中六价铬和总铬的前处理和保存方式试验研究解敏丽（山东省环境监测中心站，济南２５００１３）对含泥沙等悬浮物质的黄河水样，六价铬和总铬的稳定性（１）不受容器材料ＢＧ和ＰＥ的影响，保存２８天，误差＜７％；（２）在室温。４℃冷藏或用ＮａＯＨ调ｐＨｇ一１...     

六价铬标准溶液保存时间的试验

《水和废水监测分析方法(第4版)》二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定六价铬,所用1．0mg／L六价铬标准溶液要当天配制。为提高工作效率,作1．0mg／L六价铬标准溶液常温条件下的保存时间试验。     

铬盐工业项目特征污染物的监测与数据问题分析

对铬及其化合物工业项目排放废气中特征污染物的监测方法和评价标准问题进行探讨,提出了验收监测应参考《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB 16297—1996)的建议;通过对监测数据的合理性和逻辑性分析,提出了现场监测和数据审核的注意事项,应严格监控工况,并详细记录关键设备运行参数;提出应把废气中六价铬作为特征污染物控制指标,并结合新颁布的《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中对六价铬的要求,确定合理的排放限值,并研究适合的配套监测方法,为后续铬及其化合物工业污染物排放标准以及特征污染物监测方法的制修订提供技术依据。     

支撑液膜在线萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中痕量铬(Ⅵ)的研究

选用无毒性的磷酸三丁酯为流动载体,煤油为膜溶剂的支撑液膜萃取体系,建立了支撑液膜在线萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中痕量铬( )的新方法。对实验条件进行了优化。在最优条件下,方法的检出限为0.5μg/L,线性范围为3.0～120μg/L。应用于地下水与工业废水中铬( )的检测,结果满意。     

铬污染的防护与铬渣的综合利用

铬盐的用途很广。在制造铬盐的过程中产生六价铬及其铬渣，它会对人体健康、土壤以及环境造成严重危害，操作工人与社会各界反响较大。本文重点叙述了铬污染的危害、防护技术以及铬渣的综合利用途径。     

TBP萃取流动注射间接光度法测定工业废水中铬(Ⅵ)和总铬

根据Cr(Ⅵ)与Fe~(2-)反应使Fe(Ⅱ)phen红色螫合物褪色,其吸光度降低与Cr(Ⅵ)浓度成正比,建立了间接测定Cr(Ⅵ)的反相流动注射分光光度法测定的线性范围和检出限分别是0—2.5ppn和0.01ppm,相对标准偏差0.6％。藉TBP萃取和平行试样用KMnO_4氧化,可同时测定工业废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬     

Monitoring the species of arsenic, chromium and nickel in milled coal, bottom ash and fly ash from a pulverized coal-fired power plant in western Canada

The concentration of As, Cr and Ni and their speciation (As3+;5+, Cr3+;6+ and Ni0;2+) in milled coal, bottom ash and ash collected by electrostatic precipitator (ESP) from a coal fired-power plant in western Canada were determined using HGAAS, ICP-AES and XANES. The chemical fractionation of these elements was also determined by a sequential leaching procedure, using deionized water, NH4OAC and HCI as extracting agents. The leachate was analyzed by ICP-AES. Arsenic in the milled coal is mostly associated with organic matter, and 67% of this arsenic is removed by ammonium acetate. This element is totally removed from milled coal after extraction with HCI. Arsenic occurs in both the As3+ and the As5+ oxidation states in the milled coal, while virtually all (>90%) of the arsenic in bottom ash and fly ash appears to be in the less toxic arsenate (As5+) form. Both Ni and Cr in the milled coal are extracted by HCI, indicating that water can mobilize Ni and Cr in an acidic environment. The chromium is leached by water from fly ash as a result of the high pH of the water, which is induced during the leaching. Ammonium acetate removes Ni from bottom ash through an ion exchange process. Chromium in milled coal is present entirely as Cr3+, which is an essential human trace nutrient. The Cr speciation in bottom ash is a more accentuated version of the milled coal and consists mostly of the Cr3+ species. Chromium in fly ash is mostly Cr3+, with significant contamination by stainless-steel from the installation itself.     

棕壤吸附-解吸铬影响因素研究

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同铬浓度及不同pH对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响,草酸、EDTA和柠檬酸3种有机酸在不同浓度、不同pH条件下对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响。结果表明,棕壤对Cr6＋的吸附率随其浓度的增大逐渐增大,并在酸性条件下易于吸附Cr6＋,在碱性条件下易于解吸Cr6＋,低浓度有机酸有利于棕壤对Cr6＋的解吸。EDTA解吸率最大,草酸次之,柠檬酸最小。     

常温下比色法和滴定法测定COD

在强酸溶液中，催化剂存在下，用重铬酸钾将Cr^6 还原为Cr^3 ，用比色法测定Cr^3 浓度或滴定过量的重铬酸钾来间接测定出COD浓度。     

TOA—苯体系萃取分离—原子吸收法测定环境水样中铬（Ⅲ）和铬（Ⅵ）

研究了三正辛胺（ＴＯＡ）－茉体系对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的选择性萃取作用,在硫酸介质中可将水相中的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）萃取到有机相里,而Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）仍留在留在水相中,用原子吸收法（ＡＡＳ）测定可求得Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的含量,回收率分别为９４％￣１０５％和９４％￣１０４％。方法简单、快速、准确。     

水体突发性重金属污染胁迫下斑马鱼的行为反应分析

研究了斑马鱼在不同程度突发性的Zn2＋和Cr6＋胁迫下的行为反应,采用计算机视觉技术量化研究斑马鱼游动行为数据。结果表明,在Zn2＋和Cr6＋的突发性胁迫中,斑马鱼的行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为与污染物种类、质量浓度和暴露时间直接相关,并表现出比较相似的行为变化规律;随着胁迫程度的增加,斑马鱼游动速度的变化幅度增大,反应时间缩短,且其变化曲线符合生物行为的环境压力模型。斑马鱼的行为变化远远提前于生物的病理损伤或死亡,可利用斑马鱼暴露于污染物时的行为变化实现在线水体突发性重金属污染事故的监测预警。     

Reduction and immobilization of chromium(VI) by nano-scale Fe0 particles supported on reproducible PAA/PVDF membrane

A new class of nano-scale Fe0 particles (NZVI) supported on a PAA/PVDF membrane (NZVI-PAA/PVDF) were synthesized and the feasibility of using NZVI-PAA/PVDF for reductive immobilization of Cr(VI) in water was investigated through laboratory batch tests. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal capacity of NZVI-PAA/PVDF was 181 mg Cr/g Fe at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 20 mg L(-1) under pH 6.5 +/- 0.1. XPS results showed that Cr(VI) was converted to nontoxic Cr(III). Interfering ions exerted various degrees of impact on NZVI-PAA/PVDF's Cr(VI) removal capacity. Specifically, Ca2+ alone showed the mildest impact while the presence of ions (Mg2+ and HCO3-) exerted the greatest impact. An advantage of NZVI-PAA/PVDF is that the nano-scale Fe0 and resultant particles were combined within a PAA/PVDF membrane, which prevents secondary pollution. Moreover, a piece of PAA/PVDF membrane (4.7 cm diameter) can still support 6.51 mg of nano-scale Fe0 particles after being renewed.     

Chromium redox speciation in natural waters

Dissolved hexavalent chromium concentrations were determined in river, estuarine and coastal waters of the Humber catchment in north-east England. Samples were collected, filtered, extracted on site and after storage for up to eight days. Hexavalent chromium concentrations did not change by more than 0.05 microg l(-1) (not significant, p = 0.05) over this period. Total chromium concentrations in the catchment were less than 1.0 microg l(-1). This is low in relation to the proposed Environmental Quality Standard. Hexavalent chromium accounted for between 27% and 100% of the total dissolved concentration, with an average of approximately 50%. The proportion of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the rivers and estuary were of the same range as previously measured in 1993. The addition of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to fresh and saline water samples illustrates the complexity of the factors controlling chromium speciation in natural waters. The presence of oxidisable organic matter and the stabilising role of complexing organic ligands are proposed as the main controlling influences of redox speciation in filtered samples.     

上海浦东新区环境空气重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2012年3月—2013年2月在浦东新区城区点和郊区点采集TSP样品,利用双酸消解原子荧光法、ICP法分析了样品中的13种元素。结果表明,除As略超标外其他元素均达标,城区点和郊区点环境空气重金属年均值排在前3位的元素是:Fe、Sn、Zn,占样品金属总量的83%~87%;排在末4位的元素是:Ni、Cr、As、Cd,占金属总量的1%~2%。通过EPA PMF 5.0模型运算结果,在城区中6个因子贡献比最高的31.5%为Sn+Fe+Mn,贡献比最低的2.1%为Hg;在郊区中6个因子贡献比最高的36.4%为Pb+Cu,贡献比最低的9.2%为Fe+Sn+Mn。浦东新区富集因子E≤10的元素有Cr、V、Ba、Mn、Ni、Fe、Hg城、Cu郊、As;富集因子E10的元素有Hg郊、Cu城、Zn、Pb、Cd、Sn。     

Modeling nonlinearly transient zero-order bioreduction and transport of Cr(VI) in groundwater

Cr(VI) contamination of soil and groundwater is considered a major environmental concern. Bioreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) can be considered a potentially effective technology in remediating Cr(VI) contaminated sites. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) is one of the bacteria capable of reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under anaerobic conditions. The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by MR-1 is defined by the dual-enzyme kinetic model which is nonlinear, transient, and zero-order. Existing transport models are not designed to simulate such reaction kinetics. The objective of this paper is to present a Petrov–Galerkin finite element model (PGFEM) to simulate transport and bioreduction of Cr(VI), by MR-1, in groundwater. The model developed is unconditionally stable and provides oscillation free accurate results for a wide range of Peclet number (Pn) and Courant number (Cn).     

石油化工工业区区域废水中COD_（Cr）和COD_（Mn）的相关性研究

连续同时监测天津市大港石化发展规划区区域废水中的ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ，并考查其线性相关性后得出ＣＯＤＣｒ＝４．９６ＣＯＤＭｎ＋１１６．３，相关系数为０．７５０。该回归方程适用于类似石油化工工业区区域废水中ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ间的换算