环境水样及蔬菜中NO2-和NO3-的流动注射光度法同时测定

将流动注射技术引入Ｎ－（１－萘基）乙烯二胺光度法测定ＮＯ２＾－分析体系,采用单阀双带注入镀镉锌片还原柱带隔离的阀体流路,建立了同时测定微量ＮＯ２＾－和ＮＯ３＾－的分析方法。     

产色链霉菌(Streptomyces chromogenes)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)转化NO3-的研究

筛选出２株真菌,产色链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｃｈｒｏｍｏｇｅｎｅｓ）和立枯丝核菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａ ｓｏｌａｎｉ）具有转化ＮＯ３＾－的活性。它们的生比枯草芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ）还强。产色链霉菌和立枯丝核菌将ＮＨ４＾＋转化为ＮＯ３＾＿的机理也不同于真菌尖孢镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ）必需有ＮＯ３＾－或ＮＯ２＾－的诱导才具有活性,它们可直接将硫     

温敏性水凝胶对金属离子Y3+,UO2+2的浓集分离

利用合成的ＰＮＩＰＡＡｍ／ＡＡｃ交联共聚温敏性水凝胶分别对水溶液中微量的Ｙ＾２＋,ＣＵ２＾２＋离子进行浓集分离研究。实验结果表明,凝胶能有效浓集Ｙ＾２＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋离子,在ＰＨ＝１～４范围内,凝胶的溶胀比及对Ｙ＾３＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋的浓集率均随ＰＨ的增大而增大,浓集率分别达到８０％和９０％,凝胶溶胀比的增大浓集量分别为５．２９３ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１、３６．１６ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１凝胶的表面积也对浓集率有限大影     

紫露草微核效应与SO2和NOx剂量间关系的试验研究

利用紫露草微核技术对大气中重要的污染物ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ进行了室内外试验。结果表明,紫露草对大气中ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ较敏感,紫露草微核频率ＭＣＮ％（效应ｙ）与ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ的浓度（剂量ｘ）的关系在一定的范围内呈正相关。对于ＳＯ２当浓度在０．００－３．７５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝８．３８＋４．３８ｘ,ｒ＝０．９１;对于ＮＯｘ当浓度在０．００－１．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间时,对应的微核频率ｙ＝４．８     

中国燃煤N2O排放量监测和总量估算

对我国不同行业典型燃煤设备－电站锅炉,工业锅炉,工业窑炉和用民灶具燃煤烟气中Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量进行了实际监测,测定的Ｎ２Ｏ浓度为１．５－５７．４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,通过对燃煤煤质分析和烟灰,炉渣中Ｃ含量测定,计算了不同炉具燃煤煤的氧化和烟气量,进而得到了各种炉具燃煤Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子。     

二氧化氮气体氧化亚硫酸根的反应机理

在有氧和无氧条件下，利用罗曼光谱测定反应生成物的方法，研究了ＮＯ２和含ＳＯ＾２－３溶液的反应机理，反应的生成物中含有ＮＯ－３，ＳＯ２－４和Ｓ２Ｏ２－５，反应的初始产物是ＮＯ－２离子和ＳＯ－３，基团：ＮＯ２＋ＳＯ＾２－３→ＮＯ＾－２＋ＳＯ＾－３。ＳＯ＾－３基团可以进行重组，或与氧反应生成ＳＯ－３基团。在无氧条件下，（ＳＯ＾２－４）／（Ｓ２Ｏ＾２－３）＝１．８±０．３，反映ＳＯ＾－３基团重组的反应如下     

还原－衍生化高分辨气相色谱法测定复杂样品中痕量硝基多环芳烃（NO2－PAH）的研究

研究了还原－七氟丁酸酐性生化高分辨气相色谱－ＥＣＤ测定痕量硝基多环芳烃的方法。该法具有选择性好，灵敏度高的特点，适合于复杂样品痕量硝基多环芳的测定。建议采用以氨基多环芳烃ＨＦＢＡ衍生物为参比的ＨＦＢＡＰＡＨ保留指数体系，利用保留指数进行双柱定性成功地在碳黑样品提取中检出包括１－ＮＯ２茈在内的９种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ并提出了定量结果。     

烟气中SO2/NOx同时吸收催化脱除的研究

根据同时脱硫脱硝的要求,对以ＣＵＯ为主要活性组分催化剂的制备和反应过程进行研究,活性测试的结果表明,催化剂的最佳活化温度和活化时间分别为４５０℃和２ｈ。当反应温度为４００℃,空间速度为２×１０＾４ｈ＾－１以及ＣｕＳＯ４／ＣｕＯ摩尔比和Ｃｕ／Ｓ分别保持在１．４６和０．８３以上时,ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ的脱除率可达９０％以上。     

辽河口营养要素的化学特性及其入海通量估算

本文根据１９９２年５月和８月辽河口水域营养要素的两次实测结果，讨论了溶解态无机氮（ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ、ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ、ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ）、活性磷酸盐（ＰＯ４＾３－－Ｐ）和活性硅酸盐（ＳｉＯ３＾２－Ｓｉ）在辽河口水域的含量，分布特征，化学特性及其入海通量。结果表明：辽河口水域溶解态无机氮含量范围为１２．１３￣２２２．７０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，活性磷酸盐含量范围为０．７１￣２．８１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，活性硅酸盐含量范围为     

上海市大气中HO2自由基的测定与特征

为研究上海市大气中ＨＯ２自由基的分布特征,建立了化学放大法测定ＨＯ２自由基系统,对上海市大气中ＨＯ２自由基浓度进行了没定邦等结果表明,ＨＯ２自由基的典型日变化基本上为双峰型,峰值出现在阳光辐射较强的中午时分,实验测得ＨＯ２自由基最大浓度达２．２４×１０＾８分子·ｃｍ＾－３,ＨＯ２自然基民ＮＭＨＣ,Ｃ烽Ｏ２等具有一定的相关性,ＨＯ２自由基的研究对于大气光化学烟雾的研究具有重要意义     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.