一种新的阴离子表面活性剂电极的研制及应用

研制出一种新的阴离子表面活性电极,电极膜最佳组成：ＴＨＤＡ－ＤＢＳ５ｍｇ,ＤＢＰ０４ｍｌ,ＮＢ０．３ｍｌ,ＰＶＣ粉０．２ｇ,电极线性范围１×１０＾－３－８．１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,级差５８ｍＶ／ｄｅｃ,对ＤＢＳ和ＳＤＳ检测分别为５．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和７．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

BDAB键合硅胶富集测定水体中痕量汞(Ⅱ)的研究

分别用静态法和动态法研究了苯重氮氨基偶氮苯键合硅胶吸附水体中痕量汞的条件,提出了一种富集和测定痕量汞的分析方法,结果表明,在ＰＨ４．０的条件下可现场富集环境水体中的妆胆汞,水体中其它元素不被吸附,ＢＤＡＢ－ＳＧ的最大吸附量为９６μｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１,     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明,适合的ＰＨ范围为５．５－９．０,λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ,在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下,十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＳＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０＾４和３．１×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。用此法测定了     

5—Br—PADAP分光光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢

提出了一种光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢的方法，在０．３～１．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸介质中，过氧化氢与钒（Ｖ）及２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基酸酚（５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ）反应形成一种组成比为１：１：１的蓝色三元配合物，其最大吸收波长位于５９６ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数为５．５×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１过氧化氢在０．０７～４．１μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内服从比耳定律，该方法简便，具有较高的选择     

2,4—二氯苯基荧光酮与铬显色反应的研究与其应用

研究了铬（Ⅳ）－２，４－二氯苯基荧光酮（ＤＣＩＰＥ）－溴化十六烷基三甲胺（ＣＴＭＡＢ）体系的显色条件，试验结果表明，在ｐＨ５．２～７．０范围内，铬与ＤＣＩＰＦ及ＣＴＭＡＢ形成红色三元胶束配合物，其最大吸收波长为５７８ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数为１．４０×１０＾５Ｉ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，铬（Ⅵ）含量在０～９．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，配合物的组成为Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）：ＤＣＩＰＦ＝１：２，拟定方法     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅱ.硫酸盐还原行为及对体系抑制作用机理

采用半连续实验方法，研究了中温厌氧条件了硫酸盐的还原行为及产生抑制作用的机理。实验结果表明，ＳＯ４＾２－在厌氧体系中被硫酸盐还原菌全部或部分还原为硫化物，其还原率与ＳＯ４＾２－累积加入浓度有关，还原产物的形态与体系中ｐＨ值有关，较高的ｐＨ值（７．６－８．４）使体系中Ｈ３Ｓ含量下降。ＳＯ４＾２－对厌氧体系的抑制与ＳＯ４＾２－还原过程中ＳＲＢ与产甲烷菌的底物竞争及还原产物的毒性相关。前者受ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅰ.抑制作用及其影响因素

采用半连续实验方法，研究了中温条件下不同硫酸盐负荷在两种不同实验基质中对厌氧体系产生的影响和抑制作用规律。结果表明，在两种基质中硫酸盐对厌氧体系的抑制作用表现出相同的规律，在一定ＣＯＤ负荷下，ＳＯ４＾２－负荷小于０．１０－０．３０ｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ），对厌氧体系产生轻度抑制；ＳＯ４＾２－负荷大于１．５ｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ）时，会产生重度抑制作用；当ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ４＾２－≥１，体系中ＳＯ４＾２－累积浓度大于８０００     

大气气溶胶酸式硫酸盐的FTIR研究

在详细分析了硫酸盐和酸式硫酸盐的红外光谱特征的基础上,利用傅利叶变换红外光谱仪,ＫＢｒ压片的制样方式,选择７５０－５００ｃｍ＾－１作为定量范围,对１９９４年春,夏、冬和１９９５年春季北京中关村地区气溶胶样品中的ＳＯ４＾２－和ＨＳＯ４＾－进行了定量测定,ＳＯ４＾２－和ＨＳＯ４＾－在大气中的含量分别为２．５６至６０．４μｇ＝ｍ＾３和未检出至５．７μｇ／ｍ＾３,从而建立了直接测定大气气溶胶中酸式硫酸盐的     

水系沉积物中铅含量的快速荧光测定方法的研究

建立了简单、快速测定Ｐｂ＾２＋的荧光测定方法。在ｐＨ＜６．８的酸度条件下,Ｐｂ＾２＋与浓度为１．４－２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｃｌ＾－形成的铅氯配合物在２６２．５ｎｍ的紫外光激光下发射出４８５．０ｎｍ可用于痕量铅离子测定的荧光,在选定激发单色器通带１０．０ｎｍ,发射单色器通带２０．０ｎｍ的仪器条件下,荧光强度与１．０×１０＾－７－１．０×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围的Ｐｂ＾２＋的线性关系可用△Ｆ＝１．０１×１     

Fe2+和Fe3+在4-氯酚光化学反应中性质的相似性

研究在光照条件下,２０ｍｇ／ｌ４－氯酚＋１ｍｇ／ＬＦｅ＾２＋（体系Ａ）和２０ｇ／Ｌ４－氯酚＋１ｍｇＦｅ＾３＋（体系Ｂ）中Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾３＋的浓度变化,通过离子色谱手段,在体系Ａ中能够同时检测出Ｆｅ＾２＋,在体系Ｂ中亦能够同时检测到Ｆｅ＾２＋,故Ｆｅ＾２＋和Ｆｅ＾２＋在４－氯酚光化学反应中的性质,表现出相似性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...