典型废矿物油中苯系物的污染特性及其再生利用中的迁移转化

分别对6种不同的废矿物油、废矿物油再生中的原料油、半成品油、成品油和废弃物中的苯系物(全称苯及衍生物,简称BTEX)污染特征进行了系统分析.结果表明,6种不同的废矿物油中,苯系物总含量大小为:废机油(3569.8 mg·kg~(-1))废淬火油(531.9 mg·kg~(-1))废铸造用油(314.8 mg·kg~(-1))废防锈油(96.5 mg·kg~(-1))废液压油(42.3 mg·kg~(-1))废润滑油(11.7 mg·kg~(-1)),这与苯系物的来源及油品的工作环境有关.再生利用过程中的原料及产品中,苯系物总含量大小为:半成品油(5516.2 mg·kg~(-1))成品油(2692.5 mg·kg~(-1))原料油(756.3mg·kg~(-1)),这与原料油催化裂解过程中新的苯系物的生成,以及半成品油吸附精制过程中部分苯系物被吸附有关.再生过程中产生的废弃物中,苯系物总含量大小为:酸渣(1368.9 mg·kg~(-1))废白土(382.1 mg·kg~(-1))沉淀油渣(145.3 mg·kg~(-1))废吸附沙(121.0 mg·kg~(-1))裂解残渣(25.7 mg·kg~(-1)),这与废矿物油再生处理工艺和方法有关.     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.     

Seasonal variations in the concentration and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates from the wastewater of a sewage treatment plant

In this study, we investigated the occurrence and fate of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) in a full scale sewage treatment plant, which applied an Anaerobic/Oxic process. Concentrations of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the wastewater were measured during the period spanning a whole year. The results showed remarkable seasonal variation in the concentrations of the compounds. The NPnEO compounds were most abundant in winter, with the total concentrations of influent NP, NP1EO and NP2EO ranging from 3900 to 7000 ng/L, 4000 to 4800 ng/L and 5200 to 7200 ng/L, respectively. Regarding the total removal efficiencies of the three types of short-chain NPnEO compounds, different trends were exhibited according to different seasons. The average removal efficiency of NP for the different seasons ranked as follows: winter > summer > autumn > spring; NP2EO concentrations decreased as follows: summer > autumn > winter > spring, while NP1EO concentrations reduced according to: spring > summer > autumn > winter. We also investigated the contribution ratio of individual treatment units in the A/O process, with the findings suggesting that the anaerobic treatment unit plays an important role in the elimination of short-chain NPnEOs from the wastewater.     

Importance of storage time in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

Storage was used as a pretreatment to enhance the methanization performance of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Food wastes were separately stored for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 days, and then fed into a methanogenic reactor for a biochemical methane potential(BMP) test lasting up to 60 days. Relative to the methane production of food waste stored for 0–1 day(285–308 m L/g-added volatile solids(VSadded)), that after2–4 days and after 5–12 days of storage increased to 418–530 and 618–696 m L/g-VSadded,respectively. The efficiency of hydrolysis and acidification of pre-stored food waste in the methanization reactors increased with storage time. The characteristics of stored waste suggest that methane production was not correlated with the total hydrolysis efficiency of organics in pre-stored food waste but was positively correlated with the storage time and acidification level of the waste. From the results, we recommend 5–7 days of storage of food waste in anaerobic digestion treatment plants.     

Profiles and removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by two different types of sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong

Sewage discharge could be a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the coastal waters. Stonecutters Island and Shatin Sewage Treatment Works(SCISTW and STSTW)in Hong Kong, adopted chemically enhanced primary treatment and biological treatment,respectively. This study aimed at(1) determining the removal efficiencies of PAHs,(2) comparing the capabilities in removing PAHs, and(3) characterizing the profile of each individual PAHs, in the two sewage treatment plants(STPs). Quantification of 16 PAHs was conducted by a Gas Chromatography. The concentrations of total PAHs decreased gradually along the treatment processes(from 301 ± 255 and 307 ± 217 ng/L to 14.9 ± 12.1 and 63.3 ± 54.1 ng/L in STSTW and SCISTW, respectively). It was noted that STSTW was more capable in removing total PAHs than SCISTW with average total removal efficiency 94.4% ± 4.12% vs. 79.2% ± 7.48%(p 0.05). The removal of PAHs was probably due to sorption in particular matter, confirmed by the higher distribution coefficient of individual and total PAHs in solid samples(dewatered sludge contained92.5% and 74.7% of total PAHs in SCISTW and STSTW, respectively) than liquid samples(final effluent-total contained 7.53% and 25.3% of total PAHs in STSTW and SCISTW, respectively).Despite the impressive capability of STSTW and SCISTW in removing PAHs, there was still a considerable amount of total PAHs(1.85 and 39.3 kg/year, respectively for the two STPs) being discharged into Hong Kong coastal waters, which would be an environmental concern.     

低环多环芳烃异位热脱附行为分析

随着我国工业和城镇的快速发展,化石能源的大量使用使得环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留量不断增加,给环境和人体健康带来严重危害.以2～4环PAHs为研究对象,探讨了热脱附温度、时间以及PAHs自身结构对热脱附效果的影响,简要分析了热脱附处理对土壤性质的影响,评估了管式炉热脱附的能耗.结果表明:低环PAHs的脱附率随着脱附温...     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

CO2 sequestration utilizing basic-oxygen furnace slag: Controlling factors, reaction mechanisms and V–Cr concerns

Basic-oxygen furnace slag(BOF-slag) contains 35%CaO,a potential component for CO_2sequestration.In this study,slag-water-CO_2 reaction experiments were conducted with the longest reaction duration extending to 96 hr under high CO_2 pressures of 100-300 kg/cm2 to optimize BOF-slag carbonation conditions,to address carbonation mechanisms,and to evaluate the extents of V and Cr release from slag carbonation.The slag carbonation degree generally reached the maximum values after 24 hr slag-water-CO_2 reaction and was controlled by slag particle size and reaction temperature.The maximum carbonation degree of 71%was produced from the experiment using fine slag of0.5 mm under 100℃and a CO_2 pressure of 250 kg/cm~2 with a water/slag ratio of 5.Vanadium release from the slag to water was significantly enhanced(generally 2 orders) by slag carbonation.In contrast,slag carbonation did not promote chromium release until the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.However,the water chromium content was generally at least an order lower than the vanadium concentration,which decreased when the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.Therefore,long reaction durations of 48-96 hr are proposed to reduce environmental impacts while keeping high carbonation degrees.Mineral textures and water compositions indicated that Mg-wustite,in addition to CaO-containing minerals,can also be carbonated.Consequently,the conventional expression that only considered carbonation of the CaO-containing minerals undervalued the CO_2 sequestration capability of the BOF-slag by~20%.Therefore,the BOF-slag is a better CO_2 storage medium than that previously recognized.     

设施栽培对土壤与蔬菜中PAHs污染特征及其健康风险评价

利用现场设施栽培试验,研究了大棚内外土壤、蔬菜(生菜、苋菜、空心菜和青菜)及蔬菜生长期内湿沉降样品中16种PAHs的含量特征、可能来源以及对人的健康风险.结果表明,大棚内外蔬菜中PAHs含量平均值分别为99.27 ng·g~(-1)和109.11 ng·g~(-1);棚内外土壤中PAHs含量分别为128.01 ng·g~(-1)和173.07 ng·g~(-1).棚内PAHs含量明显低于棚外,棚内外土壤与蔬菜体内的PAHs均以低环为主.湿沉降颗粒态与溶解态PAHs含量分别为2 986.49 ng·g~(-1)和61.9 ng·L~(-1).通过分析蔬菜对土壤中PAHs的生物富集系数发现蔬菜对低环PAHs富集系数较大.土壤与蔬菜中PAHs主要来源为石油排放和草、木和煤的燃烧;湿沉降颗粒态中PAHs主要来源为油类排放与草、木和煤的燃烧;溶解态主要来源为化石燃料的燃烧和汽油排放.分析终身暴露致癌风险,儿童与成人食用不同种类蔬菜的终身暴露致癌风险值ILCR在10-6~10-4(排除苋菜)之间,都存在潜在致癌风险,棚外蔬菜致癌风险高于棚内,相比较其他3种蔬菜食用苋菜(ILCR10-6)的致癌风险最低,青菜的终身暴露风险ILCR10-5,有较高的致癌风险.     

Comparative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sea water-soluble fractions of different Kuwaiti crude oils

The sea water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of 10 different crude oils, produced from Kuwaiti oil fields, were investigated for the composition of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their methylated homologs. The results indicate that the total PAHs in the WSFs ranged from 171 to 2176 μg/l. The WSFs prepared from the oil from northern oil fields generally contained higher levels of PAHs. Naphthalene and its homologs formed the bulk of the PAHs (ranging from 88.4 to 97.5% of the total PAHs). Significant levels of fluorene, phenanthrene and their homologs were also present in all of the WSFs. PAHs higher than phenanthrene were also detected at very low concentrations. The PAHs in the WSFs of the crude oils were compared with those in Kuwaiti crude oil (export), and the crude export was found to contain relatively lower levels of PAHs.     

Algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen in wastewater treatment plants

The algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A_2O)process was investigated in this study. Anaerobic, aerobic and effluent DON samples from two wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) were separated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions using a DAX-8 resin coupled with an anion exchange resin and a nanofiltration(NF)pretreatment. Hydrophilic DON accounted for 66.66%–88.74% of the entire DON for the two plants evaluated. After a 15-day incubation, 16.95%–91.75% DON was bioavailable for algal growth, and untreated samples exhibited higher DON bioavailability, with 52.83% DON average uptake rates, compared with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions(45.53% and 44.40%, respectively) because the pretreatment caused the inorganic salt to be resistant to algae. Anaerobic untreated samples, hydrophilic fractions and hydrophobic fractions showed higher DON reduction rates and higher biomass accumulation compared with the other DON fractions due to the decomposition of resistant organics by anaerobic and anoxic bacteria.DON in aerobic and effluent samples of plant A was more bioavailable than that of plant B with usages of 27.49%–55.26% DON. DON bioavailability in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process decreased in the following order: anaerobic effluent aerobic. The DON contents were reduced after anaerobic treatment in the two plants. The EEM-PARAFAC model identified three DON components, including two humic acid-like substances and one protein-like substance in plant A and two protein-like substances and one humic acid-like substance in plant B.     

Controls on the phosphorus content of fine stream bed sediments in agricultural headwater catchments at the landscape-scale

There have been no landscape-scale assessments which quantify the relative importance of the organic and mineral properties of BS (bed sediment) and associated catchment characteristics (geology, land cover and mean topsoil phosphorus (P) content) for BSP concentration. Mid infra red diffuse reflectance spectrometry was applied to estimate the quantities of organic matter, dithionite extractable aluminium- (Al_d) and iron (Fe_d), kaolinite, dioctahedral clay and mica (D&M) minerals in 1052 snapshot samples of fine (<150 μm) BS in small to medium-sized (5-55 km²) agricultural headwater catchments across a large area (15 400 km²) of central England. Analyses included estimates of BS specific surface area, cerium (Ce) concentrations (enriched in P-bearing apatite and P-fertilsers), and catchment average topsoil P content.Simple linear regression demonstrated that the proportion of variance in BSP explained by specific components of BS across all catchments declined in the following order: Al_d > Fe_d > topsoil P = kaolinite = residual iron> organic matter = Ce> D&M > mineral SSA. No single component accounted for more than 36% of the variance in BSP. Multiple regression - including a classification of bedrock lithology and proportions of arable and grassland by area - accounted for 61.9% of the variance in BSP. The proportion of arable and grassland by area in each catchment was also a statistically significant predictor of BSP. Across this large region - with widely differing geology and soils - Fe_d in BS is more strongly associated with kaolinite than D&M minerals because iron-oxyhydroxides and kaolinite form contemporaneously during pedogenesis. The SSA of fine bed sediments is largely determined by catchment area, fitted accurately using a power function.     

Preliminary investigation of phosphorus adsorption onto two types of iron oxide-organic matter complexes

Iron oxide(FeO)coated by natural organic matter(NOM)is ubiquitous.The associations of minerals with organic matter(OM)significantly changes their surface properties and reactivity,and thus affect the environmental fate of pollutants,including nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus(P)).In this study,ferrihydrite/goethite-humic acid(FH/GE–HA)complexes were prepared and their adsorption characteristics on P at various p H and ionic strength were investigated.The results indicated that the Fe O–OM complexes showed a decreased P adsorption capacity in comparison with bare Fe O.The maximum adsorption capacity(Q_(max))decreased in the order of FH(22.17 mg/g)FH-HA(5.43 mg/g)GE(4.67 mg/g)GE-HA(3.27 mg/g).After coating with HA,the amorphous FH–HA complex still showed higher P adsorption than the crystalline GE–HA complex.The decreased P adsorption observed might be attributed to changes of the Fe O surface charges caused by OM association.The dependence of P adsorption on the specific surface area of adsorbents suggests that the Fe O component in the complexes is still the main contributor for the adsorption surfaces.The P adsorptions on Fe O–HA complexes decreased with increasing initial p H or decreasing initial ionic strength.A strong dependence of P adsorption on ionic strength and p H may demonstrate that outer-sphere complexes between the OM component on the surface and P possibly coexist with inner-sphere surface complexes between the Fe O component and P.Therefore,previous over-emphasis on the contributions of original minerals to P immobilization possibly over-estimates the P loading capacity of soils,especially in humic-rich areas.     

油田污染土壤残油组成与特征参数分析

为揭示石油在土壤中的降解规律、残油组分特征,筛选土壤残油的生物降解性评价参数,选取大庆、胜利、百色3个油田区共18个深度降解的石油污染土样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了土壤残油中链烷烃(正烷烃+姥鲛烷+植烷)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等5类超过100种石油烃单体.结果表明,经长期降解后残留在土壤残油中总烷烃残留率低于10%,总PAHs残留率低于30%,而萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物较难降解.正烷烃降解性随碳数增加有下降的趋势,但碳数<37的正烷烃降解率平均值>80%;PAHs中2～4环PAHs降解率平均值>70%,5～6环PAHs较难生物降解;萘系列、菲系列、系列及苯并[e]芘系列中随烷基取代数增多而残留率增高.残油中可被GC-MS识别的组分<3%,主要为碳数高于20的正烷烃、烷基取代萘和菲、萜烷、甾烷及三芳甾烃等生物标志物.基于烷烃及多环芳烃组成特征,筛选出6个由易降解组分含量与总油或难降解组分含量的比值构成的标准残油的特征参数,可用于判断污染土壤中石油污染物的生物降解性.     

Mobilization of arsenic from contaminated sediment by anionic and nonionic surfactants

The increasing manufacture of surfactants and their wide application in industry,agriculture and household detergents have resulted in large amounts of surfactant residuals being discharged into water and distributed into sediment. Surfactants have the potential to enhance arsenic mobility, leading to risks to the environment and even human beings. In this study, batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate arsenic mobilization from contaminated sediment by the commercial anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), sodium laureth sulfate(AES)and nonionic surfactants phenyl-polyethylene glycol(Triton X-100) and polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate(Tween-80). The ability of surfactants to mobilize arsenic followed the order AES SDBS SDS ≈ Triton X-100 Tween 80. Arsenic mobilization by AES and Triton X-100 increased greatly with the increase of surfactant concentration and p H, while arsenic release by SDBS, SDS and Tween-80 slightly increased. The divalent ion Ca~(2+) caused greater reduction of arsenic mobilization than Na~+. Sequential extraction experiments showed that the main fraction of arsenic mobilized was the specifically adsorbed fraction. Solid phase extraction showed that arsenate(As(V)) was the main species mobilized by surfactants,accounting for 65.05%–77.68% of the total mobilized arsenic. The mobilization of arsenic was positively correlated with the mobilization of iron species. The main fraction of mobilized arsenic was the dissolved fraction, accounting for 70% of total mobilized arsenic.     

渤海及邻近海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源解析

利用GC/MS测定了渤海及其邻近海域表层沉积物中的16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs),采用多种数据分析技术解析了PAHs的来源。结果显示:除了萘、苊烯、苊在部分样品中未检出之外,其他13种PAHs在所有样品中均有检出。总PAHs的含量范围为:(148.27~1211.81)10-9,平均值为507.1310-9。TOC(总有机碳)与总PAHs显著相关(R=0.66,P= 0.0002),表明TOC对研究区域PAHs的分布有重要作用。该海域PAHs以高环(4~6环)为主,轻重比值(LMW/HMW)表明该区域的PAHs主要来自高温燃烧源。分子诊断比值分析也表明,PAHs主要来自生物质、煤炭和石油燃烧。主成分分析-多重线性回归分析(PCA-MLR)表明,沉积物中PAHs主要来自煤炭燃烧源、交通源(石油燃烧)、焦化源和石油源,其贡献分别为54.3%,28.6%,13.4%和3.7%。     

Carbonyl compounds in dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams in restaurants with varying cooking methods in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Eighteen carbonyl species in C₁–C₁₀ were measured in the dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams of six different restaurant types in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. Measured results in the dining areas show that Japanese barbecue (45.06 ppb) had the highest total carbonyl concentrations (sum of 18 compounds), followed by Chinese hotpot (38.21 ppb), Chinese stir-frying (8.99 ppb), Western fast-food (8.22 ppb), Chinese–Western mixed style (7.38 ppb), and Chinese buffet (3.08 ppb), due to their different arrangements for dining and cooking spaces and different cooking methods. On average, low carbon-containing species (C₁–C₄), e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and butyraldehyde were dominant and contributed 55.01%–94.52% of total carbonyls in the dining areas of all restaurants. Meanwhile, Chinese–Western mixed restaurants (45.48 ppb) had high total carbonyl concentrations in kitchens mainly because of its small kitchen and poor ventilation. However, high carbon-containing species (C₅–C₁₀) such as hexaldehyde, heptaldehyde and nonanaldehyde (16.62%–77.00% of total carbonyls) contributed comparatively with low carbon-containing compounds (23.01%–83.39% of total carbonyls) in kitchens. Furthermore, Chinese stir-frying (132.10 ppb), Japanese barbecue (125.62 ppb), Western fast-food (122.67 ppb), and Chinese buffet (119.96 ppb) were the four restaurant types with the highest total carbonyl concentrations in exhaust streams, indicating that stir-frying and grilling are inclined to produce polluted gases. Health risk assessments indicate that Chinese hotpot and Japanese barbecue exceeded the limits of cancer risk (10^− 6) and hazard index (= 1), mainly due to high concentrations of formaldehyde. The other four restaurants were below both limits.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Fluoride removal by Al, Ti, and Fe hydroxides and coexisting ion effect

Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate fluoride removal by Al,Fe,and Ti-based coagulants and adsorbents,as well as the effects of coexisting ions and formation of aluminum–fluoride complexes on fluoride removal by co-precipitation with alum(Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O).Aluminum sulfate was more efficient than the other coagulants for fluoride removal in the pH range between 6 and 8.Nano-crystalline TiO_2 was more effective for fluoride removal than Al and Fe hydroxides in a pH range of 3–5.Coexisting anions in water decreased the removal of fluoride in the order:phosphate(2.5 mg/L) arsenate(0.1 mg/L) bicarbonate(200 mg/L) sulfate(100 mg/L) = nitrate(100 mg/L) silicate(10 mg/L) at a pH of 6.0.The effect of silicate became more significant at pH 7.0.Calcium and magnesium improved the removal of fluoride.Zeta-potential measurements determined that the adsorption of fluoride shifted the PZC of Al(OH)_3 precipitates from 8.9 to 8.4,indicating the chemical adsorption of fluoride at the surface.The presence of fluoride in solution significantly increased the soluble aluminum concentration at pH 6.5.A Visual MINTEQ modeling study indicated that the increased aluminum solubility was caused by the formation of AlF~(2+),AlF~(+2),and AlF_3complexes.The AlF_x complexes decreased the removal of fluoride during co-precipitation with aluminum sulfate.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.