Synthesis of novel CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties

To utilize visible light more effectively in photocatalytic reactions, a fly ash cenosphere （FAC）-supported CeO2-BiV04 （CeO2-BiVO4/FAC） composite photocatalyst was prepared by modified metalorganic decomposition and impregnation methods. The physical and photophysical properties of the composite have been characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The XRD patterns exhibited characteristic diffraction peaks of both BiVO4 and Ce02 crystalline phases. The XPS results showed that Ce was present as both Ce4＋ and Ce3＋ oxidation states in Ce02 and dispersed on the surface of BiV04 to constitute a p-n heterojunction composite. The absorption threshold of the CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composite shifted to a longer wavelength in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum compared to the pure Ce02 and pure BiV04. The composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for Methylene Blue （MB） degradation under visible light irradiation. It was found that the 7.5 wt.% CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composite showed the highest photocatalytic activity for MB dye wastewater treatment.     

BiVO4表面氧缺陷调控及其光催化氧化三价砷

以乙二醇为溶剂,采用溶剂热-煅烧法制备缺陷型BiVO₄光催化剂,通过控制溶剂热反应时间调控BiVO₄表面氧缺陷以增强对As （III）的光催化氧化性能.同时,借助各种表征手段如XRD、SEM和XPS等分析样品的晶型结构、形貌特征及化学组成等性质,考察其在可见光下对As（III）的光催化氧化性能,并研究其氧化机理.结果表明,溶剂热反应时间对BiVO₄的晶粒尺寸和光吸收性能没有影响,但能通过影响比表面积调控BiVO₄的表面氧缺陷浓度.经优化得到,反应时间为14 h时制备的BiVO₄光催化剂（BiVO-14）对As（III）（6 mg·L^-1）的氧化效率高达95.7%,并具有良好的光催化稳定性.BiVO₄氧化As （III）的主要途径是光生空穴（h⁺）的直接氧化作用.表面氧缺陷能增强导电性能,促进电荷分离和迁移,强化h⁺的氧化作用,从而提高BiVO₄的光催化氧化性能.BiVO-14能有效促使As（III）转化为低毒的As（V）,在饮用水源As污染去除方面具有广阔应用前景.     

Visible light responsive N-F-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol

Visible light responsive N-F-codoped TiO₂ photocatalysts exhibit a higher catalytic activity than N-doped TiO₂ for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol due to the synergistic effect of nonmetal elements.     

Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light

The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue（MB） over Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light was investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS） system, Fourier transform infrared spectra（FT-IR）, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）. The results show that the doping with Fe significantly promoted the light absorption ability of CaTiO3 in the visible light region. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than CaTiO3 for the degradation of MB.However, the photocatalytic activity of the Fe-doped CaTiO3 was greatly influenced by the calcination temperature during the preparation process. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 prepared at500°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, with degradation of almost 100% MB（10 ppm）under UV-visible light for 180 min.     

Ti0.7W0.3O2@BiVO4 p-n复合异质结构界面光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化降解苯酚机理的研究

设计并制备了新型Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面光催化剂应用于可见光条件下降解模拟含苯酚污染物的废水.采用粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、固体粉末紫外漫反射（DRS）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术表征了Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面的性状.结果显示BiVO₄纳米粒子均匀地分布在Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂纳米颗粒周围并构筑了稳定的p-n复合异质结构界面.Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面光催化剂具有更宽的可见光响应范围和更低的能带宽度.纯BiVO₄和Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂纳米颗粒的导带位置分别为-0.62 eV和0.56 eV.优化了Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面光催化剂降解苯酚的条件（即：pH值为4.5,催化剂用量为0.60 g·L^-1和苯酚初始浓度95 mg·L^-1）,质量分数为5%Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄表现出最高的苯酚催化活性且初始降解速率常数（k）为0.01137 min^-1.6次连续光催化降解苯酚后,Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构表现出良好的稳定性和可循环使用性.自由基捕获结果说明3种自由基均参加了苯酚的光催化降解过程中,且氧化能力由强到弱顺序为：羟自由基（·OH^-） > 过氧化物自由基阴离子（·O^2-） > 光生空穴（h⁺）.总有机碳结果表明苯酚在降解的过程中是先产生了中间降解产物,最后这些中间产物再矿化为无机的CO₂和H₂O.利用对苯二甲酸（TA）荧光探针证明了Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面光催化剂降解苯酚为羟自由基（·OH^-）机理反应;同时,利用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）和高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（HPLC-MS）探究了苯酚的中间降解产物,推测了苯酚在Ti_0.7W_0.3O₂/BiVO₄ p-n复合异质结构界面上可能的降解机理.     

Response surface methodology analysis of the photocatalytic removal of Methylene Blue using bismuth vanadate prepared via polyol route

Visible-light driven photocatalyst bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) photocatalyst was synthesized by the polyol route using ethylene glycol. The precipitate was washed, dried and calcined at 450℃ for 3 hr. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, surface area (BET method) and band gap energy via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The synthesized BiVO₄ has a monoclinic phase with a surface area of 4.3 m²/g and a band gap energy of 2.46 eV. A majority of the particles were in the range of 90-130 nm as obtained from the particle size distribution histrogram. The efficiency of the sample as a visible-light driven photocatalyst was examined by photodegrading Methylene Blue (MB). The effects of some operational photodegradation parameters such as mass loading, initial dye concentration and pH were also examined. Experimental design methodology was applied by response surface modeling and optimization of the removal of MB. The multivariate experimental design was employed to develop a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the percentage removal of MB and three experimental factors (BiVO₄ loading, MB initial concentration and pH). The percentage removal of MB approached 67.21% under optimized conditions. In addition, a satisfactory goodness-of-fit was achieved between the predictive and the experimental results.     

Photocatalytic decomposition of acrylonitrile with N–F codoped TiO2/SiO2 under simulant solar light irradiation

The solid acid catalyst, N–F codoped TiO₂/SiO₂ composite oxide was prepared by a sol–gel method using NH₄F as nitrogen and fluorine source. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis), ammonia adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and N₂ physical adsorption isotherm. The photocatalytic activity of the catalyst for acrylonitrile degradation was investigated under simulant solar irradiation. The results showed that strong Lewis and Brønsted acid sites appear on the surface of the sample after N–F doping. Systematic investigation showed that the highest photocatalytic activity for acrylonitrile degradation was obtained for samples calcined at 450°C with molar ratio (NH₄F to Ti) of 0.8. The degradation ratio of 71.5% was achieved with the prepared catalyst after 6-min irradiation, demonstrating the effectiveness of photocatalytic degradation of acrylonitrile with N–F codoped TiO₂/SiO₂ composite oxide. The photocatalyst is promising for application under solar light irradiation. Moreover, the intermediates generated after irradiation were verified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and UV–Vis spectroscopy to be simple organic acids with lower toxicity, and the degradation pathway was also proposed for acrylonitrile degradation with the prepared catalyst.     

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of porous La–N–co-doped TiO2 nanotubes for gaseous chlorobenzene oxidation

The photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous chlorobenzene(CB) by the 365 nm-induced photocatalyst La/N–Ti O2, synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method, was evaluated. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to model and optimize the conditions for synthesis of the photocatalyst. The optimal photocatalyst was 1.2La/0.5N–Ti O2(0.5) and the effects of La/N on crystalline structure, particle morphology, surface element content, and other structural characteristics were investigated by XRD(X-ray diffraction), TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis(Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller). Greater surface area and smaller particle size were produced with the co-doped Ti O2 nanotubes than with reference Ti O2. The removal of CB was effective when performed using the synthesized photocatalyst,though it was less efficient at higher initial CB concentrations. Various modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models involving the adsorption of chlorobenzene and water on different active sites were evaluated. Fitting results suggested that competitive adsorption caused by water molecules could not be neglected, especially for environments with high relative humidity. The reaction intermediates found after GC–MS(Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis indicated that most were soluble, low-toxicity, or both. The results demonstrated that the prepared photocatalyst had high activity for VOC(volatile organic compounds) conversion and may be used as a pretreatment prior to biopurification.     

焙烧条件对热聚合法制备石墨相氮化碳光催化性能的影响及其机理

以三聚氰胺、硝酸为原料,采用热聚合法制备石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,研究了不同焙烧温度对石墨相氮化碳光催化性能的影响。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、紫外-可见漫反射（UV-Vis DRS）以及光致发光光谱（PL）等技术对石墨相氮化碳样品的形貌、化学组成、晶体结构等理化性质进行表征,通过光催化降解实验探究石墨相氮化碳的催化活性。实验结果表明:当焙烧温度为550℃时,制备的石墨相氮化碳样品光催化性能最好。当催化剂投加量为0.04 g时,可见光照射50 min后,对50 mL浓度10 mg/L的罗丹明B（RhB）溶液的降解效率可达到91.7%。适宜的焙烧温度能够使光催化剂的光吸收能力增强,并促进光生电子（e-）和空穴（h+）分离。     

低温燃烧合成纳米Ni掺杂TiO2光催化剂的表征及活性研究

采用低温燃烧合成法制备了Ni掺杂TiO₂光催化剂,通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、激光散射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)等方法对催化剂的光吸收特性、晶相组成、粒度分布、升温过程中化学变化等进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性.结果表明,相对P25而言,Ni掺杂TiO₂的光吸收带边红移,当Ni/Ti原子比为0.4时,催化剂的带隙宽度为2.3eV,对应的吸收带边为564nm;催化剂晶型以锐钛矿TiO₂为主,随Ni掺杂量增大,NiTiO₃比例升高;催化剂粒径主要分布在50～150nm之间,占总量的96.9%;升温过程中催化剂在445.2℃发生晶型转化,出现锐钛矿和NiTiO₃晶体.催化剂显示出较高的催化活性,在可见光作用150min后最高可使93.9%的亚甲基蓝分解,活性高于P25.     

Fe_2O_3-TiO_2光催化降解水中酸性橙Ⅱ研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2/Fe2O3复合半导体催化剂,用SEM、X-ray衍射仪对催化剂进行表征,设计了光催化降解反应装置以研究光催化降解水中酸性橙。探讨了Fe2O3-TiO2催化剂对可见光吸收性能,以及降解水中酸性橙Ⅱ的催化性能影响。实验结果表明:Fe2O3修饰的TiO2出现明显的红移,20%wFe2O3修饰的TiO2催化剂催化效率较高;TOC结果表明,低pH值条件有利于酸性橙Ⅱ的矿化。     

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of two azo dyes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with high photoactivity were prepared by sol-gel process and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV-vis absorption spectra. Compared to pure TiO₂, the combination of MWCNTs with titania could cause a significant absorption shift toward the visible region. The photocatalytic performances of the MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite catalysts were evaluated for the decomposition of Reactive light yellow K-6G (K-6G) and Mordant black 7 (MB 7) azo dyes solution under solar light irradiation. The results showed that the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for the degradation of azo dyes K-6G and MB 7. The effect of MWCNTs content, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration were examined as operational parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was found to follow a pseudo-first-order rate law. The photocatalyst was used for seven cycles with photocatalytic degradation efficiency still higher than 98%. A plausible mechanism is also proposed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.     

双极液膜法可见光光催化降解染料废水

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti膜电极,X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)和光电性能测试进行了表征,结果表明,Bi元素掺杂进入了TiO2催化剂,拓展了催化剂的光响应波长,使其在可见光下有较明显的光电响应.将Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti光阳极与Cu阴极组装成双极液膜反应器,在可见光下光催化处理活性艳红X-3B,得出当初始pH值为2.52,废水流量为80mL/min时,处理20mg/L活性艳红X-3B 150min,脱色率可达88%.双极液膜法可见光光催化的初步机理考察表明,光生电子自发由Bi2O3-TiO2表面转移到Cu电极表面,并在Cu电极表面直接还原染料,或与其表面液膜中的溶解氧反应生成H2O2,进而参与染料的氧化,由此可实现Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti的直接氧化和Cu阴极的直接还原和间接氧化的双极双效效果.     

FeTiO3/TiO2纳米异质结的制备和可见光催化性能

采用水热法和溶胶凝胶法制备了新型FeTiO3/TiO2纳米异质结复合材料,并明确了最优的掺杂比例(0.5%).随后利用X射线衍射能谱(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对该复合材料进行表征,证实了其结晶度、吸光度随掺杂量的规律性变化.电镜照片显示,该复合材料具有蓬松多孔的微观结构,且晶格条纹清晰、分散度高,有利于光电子的传导.对苯的降解实验表明,相比于纯TiO2,该催化剂的气相可见光催化能力大幅提高,降解率提升了3倍,达到40%,而CO2生成量提升了5倍,超过300 ppm.同时,电化学测试和电子顺磁共振谱(ESR)等均证实,FeTiO3的窄能带能够提高TiO2的光响应,实现可见光激发;而二者的能带相互匹配,有助于转移光生载流子,实现电子-空穴的高效分离,进而其光生电子和自由基生成能力大幅增强,因此,表现出了较强、较稳定的光催化活性.     

上转换发光剂掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及可见光降解乙基紫的研究

合成了一种新型含有稀土金属Er的上转换发光剂40CdF₂·60BaF₂·1.6Er₂O₃,此上转换发光剂在488 nm可见光的激发下,产生了5个波长均小于387 nm的上转换紫外光发射峰.采用超声波分散的方法制备出了上转换发光剂掺杂的纳米TiO₂可见光光催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.以乙基紫染料为研究对象,研究了在(三基色灯下发出的)可见光的照射下该可见光光催化剂的催化降解性能,并与未掺杂的纳米TiO₂粉末的催化性能进行了对比.结果表明,作为掺杂成分的上转换发光剂可有效地将可见光转化为紫外光并被纳米TiO₂粉末吸收利用,在可见光照射12.0 h后乙基紫降解率达到了99.68%,大大高于未掺杂纳米TiO2时的降解率.     

Ag-AgIO3改性BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用沉积沉淀-光还原法制备了不同AgIO₃含量的BiOI光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和电子自旋共振对其物理化学结构进行表征,在光催化反应器上研究了AgIO₃负载量、光照、溶液温度、pH值、SO₂和NO对气态单质汞（Hg⁰）去除性能的影响.结果表明,与BiOI相比,Ag-AgIO₃改性后光催化剂的脱汞性能大幅提高.当AgIO₃负载量为4wt.%时,光催化剂的脱汞效率高达98%.与NO相比,SO₂对脱汞性能的抑制作用更大.由于Ag和AgIO₃在BiOI表面的高度分散性,Ag-AgIO₃（4%） BiOI的可见光吸收性能明显提高.荧光灯辐照与Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂协同会产生大量的活性物种.在Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂的高效脱汞体系中,超氧阴离子自由基（·O₂^-）为最主要的活性物质,而空穴（h⁺）和羟基自由基（·OH）次之.     

Ag-AgIO3改性BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用沉积沉淀-光还原法制备了不同AgIO₃含量的BiOI光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和电子自旋共振对其物理化学结构进行表征,在光催化反应器上研究了AgIO₃负载量、光照、溶液温度、pH值、SO₂和NO对气态单质汞（Hg⁰）去除性能的影响.结果表明,与BiOI相比,Ag-AgIO₃改性后光催化剂的脱汞性能大幅提高.当AgIO₃负载量为4wt.%时,光催化剂的脱汞效率高达98%.与NO相比,SO₂对脱汞性能的抑制作用更大.由于Ag和AgIO₃在BiOI表面的高度分散性,Ag-AgIO₃（4%） BiOI的可见光吸收性能明显提高.荧光灯辐照与Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂协同会产生大量的活性物种.在Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂的高效脱汞体系中,超氧阴离子自由基（·O₂^-）为最主要的活性物质,而空穴（h⁺）和羟基自由基（·OH）次之.     

Photo-catalytic decolourisation of toxic dye with N-doped titania: A case study with Acid Blue 25

Dyes are one of the hazardous water pollutants.Toxic Acid Blue 25,an anthraquinonic dye,has been decolourised by photo-catalysing it with nitrogen doped titania in aqueous medium.The photo catalyst was prepared from 15% TiCl 3 and 25% aqueous NH 3 solution as precursor.XRD and TEM revealed the formation of well crystalline anatase phase having particle size in the nano-range.BET surface area of the sample was higher than that of pure anatase TiO 2.DRS showed higher absorption of radiation in visible range compared to pure anatase TiO 2.XPS revealed the presence of nitrogen in N-Ti-O environment.The experimental parameters,namely,photocatalyst dose,initial dye concentration as well as solution pH influence the decolourisation process.At pH 3.0,the N-TiO 2 could decolourise almost 100% Acid Blue 25 within one hour.The influence of N-TiO 2 dose,initial concentration of Acid Blue 25 and solution pH on adsorption-desorption equilibrium is also studied.The adsorption process follows Lagergren first order kinetics while the modified Langmuir-Hinselwood model is suitably fitted for photocatalytic decolourisation of Acid Blue 25.     

H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2可见光下光催化降解孔雀石绿的研究

以钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2光催化剂,然后浸渍法制备出H3PW12O40/TiO2复合型光催化剂,并运用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和DRS对催化剂进行表征和分析.研究了可见光光照下H3PW12O40/TiO2对孔雀石绿降解的光催化活性,考察了浸渍量、催化剂用量、底物浓度、pH值对光催化降解率的影响.实验表明,在pH=5条件下,H3PW12O40/TiO2催化剂用量为0.3g.L-1,浓度为10mg·mL-1的孔雀石绿溶液在2L·min-1曝气、300W可见光下光照4h后光催化降解率为78%,比TiO2光催化活性提高了24%.     

CH3O·引发的溴酸盐还原机制探究

针对溴酸盐(BrO-3)污染,本研究以三聚氰胺为前驱体制备石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)为自由基诱导催化材料.通过XRD、TEM、UV/Vis-DRS对其物相组成和光催化性能进行表征发现,制备的层状g-C3N4有稳定片层结构及可见光响应的禁带宽度(~2.70 e V).可见光照射下,g-C3N4表面产生的光生载流子不能直接还原溴酸盐.然而,若有有机小分子(如甲醇)存在,光催化还原效率迅速增大.通过原位电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)及对材料表面的光电化学测试分析,我们探索了该体系的光催化还原Br O-3的机制.结果表明,g-C3N4带隙较窄其空穴氧化能力较弱,在光催化过程中空穴只能将甲醇分子转化为CH3O·自由基,因而甲醇分子的存在提升了光生载流子的分离效率,加剧了自由基的累积.该自由基具有较高的还原活性,可迅速将水相中的溴酸根还原至溴离子.