腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响，受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别，包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示，腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性，并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷，这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触，使毒性降低；2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出，而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

单个药品及其混合物对Aliivibrio fischeri的毒性研究：单一化合物的实验结果，并对其行为机理和对水生生物潜在急性效应进行思考

在这个较广泛的关于单个和多组分混合药物活性化合物影响研究的第一部分,作者使用了Microtox^?测试系统详细分析了10种广泛使用的人用和兽用药活性化合物对生物荧光细菌Aliivibrio fischeri的影响。实验结果表明大多数受试化合物具有中度毒性。对比实验得到的50%抑制浓度和定量构效关系模型预测的结果表明,大多数受试药物活性化合物与极性麻醉型化合物对A. fischeri的行为类似(似乎只有抗生素金霉素有特定的作用机制)。将实验结果与其他不属预定目标的生物急性毒性数据集进行比较表明,一般而言A . fischeri较其他水生物种敏感。然而,根据全球化学品统一分类和标签制度,大部分受调查的化学物质可归为水生生态系统中有害或无毒的化合物。最后,基于欧盟水体中测量的环境浓度第95百分位数和各种水生生物的急性毒性数据的比较,可以认为当受试药物活性化合物作为单一化合物进行评估的时候,不存在水生生物风险。
精选自Valeria Di Nica, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio. Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 807–814, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3568
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3568/full
     

应用体内和体外方法评价原油水溶性组分和原油污染的地表水对淡水生物的内分泌干扰潜力

目前关于原油对淡水水生脊椎动物内分泌信号的潜在影响的认知有限。本文以非洲爪蟾(爪蟾属,X. laevis)蝌蚪和莫桑比克罗非鱼幼鱼(口孵非鲫属,O. mossambicus)为研究对象,选择风化原油和未风化提炼后的原油这2种原油的水溶性组分(WAFs)进行暴露实验,选择出可作为内分泌信号改变的生物标志物的基因,对其表达进行了研究。此外,将X. laevis蝌蚪暴露于靠近地下石油库的地表水中,对上述基因表达做了定量分析。利用重组酵母对原油、原油水溶性组分和地表水的(抗)雌激素和(抗)雄激素性进行了评价。在X. laevis对2种原油WAFs的响应中,甲状腺激素受体β表达均显著下调,而另一种与甲状腺相关的基因,2型脱碘酶,在O. mossambicus暴露于高浓度的原油WAF时被上调。此外,这2种WAFs都改变了与脂肪生成相关的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ在X. laevis中的表达。原油和WAFs在体外表现出抗雌激素和抗雄性激素的活性。然而,O. mossambicus雄激素受体2作为唯一一个代表生殖系统的基因,受到WAF暴露的影响显著。在地表水样品中发现了雌激素、抗雌激素和抗雄激素的作用;但是,在暴露于地表水的X. laevis中没有观察到任何基因表达的明显变化。在所用的2种模式生物以及2种原油中,响应各不相同。尽管如此,这些数据提供了证据证明原油污染可能会因内分泌信号转变对淡水鱼和两栖动物的健康造成不利影响。
精选自Truter, J. C., van Wyk, J. H., Oberholster, P. J., Botha, A.-M. and Mokwena, L. M. (2017), An evaluation of the endocrine disruptive potential of crude oil water accommodated fractions and crude oil contaminated surface water to freshwater organisms using in vitroand in vivo approaches. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1330–1342. doi: 10.1002/etc.3665
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3665/full
     

没有找到微塑料对黑头软口鲦(Pimephales promelas)幼鱼摄食量和生长影响的证据

微塑料是水环境中一种含量丰富的污染物。但关于其对幼鱼的影响情况知之甚少。我们考察了塑料微珠的密度增大对黑头软口鲦(Pimephales promelas)幼鱼觅食和生长的影响。我们发现微塑料对幼鱼摄食幼虫卤虫无节幼体(Artemia nauplii)的摄食量影响很小，对30天体长也基本无影响。 精选自Timothy David Malinich, Nathan Chou, Maria S. Sepúlveda, Tomas O. H??k. No evidence of microplastic impacts on consumption or growth of larval Pimephales promelas. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37:2912-2918.
详情请见 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4257
     

蛋白组学分析揭示出阿特拉津对非洲爪蟾的生殖毒性源于其诱导生殖细胞凋亡并干扰紧密连接蛋白和代谢相关信号通路

阿特拉津可对雄性脊椎动物生殖系统造成不良影响,但其中分子机制尚不明了。本文作者将非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)暴露于100 ppb的阿特拉津120 d,利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(iTRAQ)技术检测了非洲爪蟾睾丸和卵巢中蛋白图谱的变化,结果显示100 ppb阿特拉津可影响爪蟾发育,延迟和阻碍雄性细精管的形成。组学分析显示,睾丸中143种以及卵巢中121种蛋白均表达异常,这些蛋白与细胞凋亡、细胞间紧密连接以及代谢途径相关。
精选自Xiuping Chen, Jiamei Wang, Haojun Zhu, Jiatong Ding and Yufa Peng. Proteomics analysis of Xenopus laevis gonad tissue following chronic exposure to atrazine. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2980
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2980/full     

多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺混合物MON 0818的水生环境危害评估：脉冲暴露后沉积物、温度和恢复能力的影响

我们对一种商业表面活性剂混合物(多种聚氧乙烯牛脂胺)MON 0818进行了一系列毒性测试：1. 测定底栖无脊椎动物和鱼类在沉积物存在的情况下受到的毒性;2.测定大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和4种初级生产者经过24 h的脉冲暴露之后的恢复能力;3.鉴定水体温度上升对于2种冷水鱼类所受到MON 0818毒性的潜在影响。在沉积物存在的情况下,5种生物中有3种在最高10 mg/L的浓度下短期(24 h)死亡率为零。其余2种物种的中位有效浓度则显著高于仅对水体进行测试的结果。15 ℃下北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus)的半数有效浓度统计上低于10 ℃下。绿藻(Rhabdocelis subcapitata)和普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在经过24 h 1 mg/L的暴露后的恢复期中显示出生长延迟的状况,表明该暴露可能存在潜在影响。尽管如此,2个物种的最大绝对生长速率并未改变,表明其均可恢复。1.5 mg/L下的蝾螈共生藻(Oophila sp.)和100 mg/L下的浮萍(Lemna minor)经过24 h的暴露并未显示显著反应。24 h 5 mg/L暴露之后的恢复期中,大型蚤显示出潜在的死亡率。然而存活个体的生殖终端指标并未受到影响。结果表明在沉积物的存在下MON 0818的快速损耗可以减轻对于被暴露生物的效果,在不小于环境中可能出现的MON 0818浓度情况下,24 h暴露以后的生物的完全恢复是可能的。
精选自Jose L. Rodriguez-Gil, Ryan Prosser, Gregory Hanta, David Poirier, Linda Lissemore, Mark Hanson, Keith R. Solomon. Aquatic hazard assessment of MON 0818, a commercial mixture of alkylamine ethoxylates commonly used in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. Part 2: Roles of sediment, temperature, and capacity for recovery following a pulsed exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 2, pages 512–521, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3558
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3558/full
     

蛋白组学分析揭示出阿特拉津对非洲爪蟾的生殖毒性源于其诱导生殖细胞凋亡并干扰紧密连接蛋白和代谢相关信号通路

阿特拉津可对雄性脊椎动物生殖系统造成不良影响,但其中分子机制尚不明了。本文作者将非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)暴露于100 ppb的阿特拉津120 d,利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(iTRAQ)技术检测了非洲爪蟾睾丸和卵巢中蛋白图谱的变化,结果显示100 ppb阿特拉津可影响爪蟾发育,延迟和阻碍雄性细精管的形成。组学分析显示,睾丸中143种以及卵巢中121种蛋白均表达异常,这些蛋白与细胞凋亡、细胞间紧密连接以及代谢途径相关。
精选自Xiuping Chen, Jiamei Wang, Haojun Zhu, Jiatong Ding and Yufa Peng. Proteomics analysis of Xenopus laevis gonad tissue following chronic exposure to atrazine. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2980
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2980/full     

基于QSAR模型的蒙特卡洛方法分析有机化学物质对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的毒性

本文建立一系列758种有机化合物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)毒性的定量结构-活性关系(QSARs)。用简化的分子线性输入系统(SMILES)代表分子结构。用CORAL(关联和逻辑)软件作为工具来开发QSAR模型。这些模型使用蒙特卡罗方法建立,依据的原理是QSAR是一个“随机事件”,假设检验一组随机数据分布在可见的训练集和不可见的验证集。检验了三组分布于可见的训练、校准、测试集中的数据以及不可见的验证集。最佳模型的预测潜能,也就是其不可见的验证集的统计特征如下:n = 87,r² = 0.8377,RMSE = 0.564。建议和讨论了所构建模型的机械解释和适用领域。
精选自Alla P. Toropova, Andrey A. Toropov, Aleksandar M. Veselinovi?, Jovana B. Veselinovi?, Danuta Leszczynska, Jerzy Leszczynski. Monte Carlo based QSAR models for toxicity of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2691–2697, November 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3466
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3466/full
     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.