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1.
The failure to anticipate the public's response to environmental problems can lead to expensive delays, bad public relations, and litigation, as well as environmental decisions that do not represent public values and preferences. This study examines the influence of conflict between management goals, perceived resource scarcity, and information bias on evaluations of the importance of management goals; the perception of conflicts among the goals; and the emotions evoked in an urban forest management problem. Environmental problem scenarios were systematically manipulated as to the level of conflict between development and natural preservation goals, the scarcity of urban nature, and the bias of the presented information. Evaluations of the importance of urban nature and economic development were susceptible to manipulations of scarcity. The importance of urban nature was also higher when information was biased toward pro-preservation issues. Negative emotions were associated with high conflict and scarcity and with the propreservation information bias. Both evaluations of goal importance and conflict among goals appeared to be based on an underlying economics-versus-amenity dimension. These results are similar to previous studies of environmental decision making with regard to nonurban environmental problems. This research offers a beginning in understanding and anticipating the way members of the public may respond to information about environmental problems. 相似文献
2.
The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour
Taciano L. Milfont 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(3):263-269
There are several claims in the literature that social desirability concerns affect people’s response to self-reported measures
of environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour. However, only a few empirical studies have indirectly evaluated the impact of social desirability on environmental issues measures, and those who did have found only a low impact.
This article describes two studies that explicitly address whether socially desirable responding has direct and moderating effects on self-reported environmental attitudes
and ecological behaviour. Results from correlational and moderated multiple regression analyses from both studies showed that
social desirability had only a weak direct effect on environmental attitudes (but not ecological behaviour), and had no moderating
effect on the environmental attitudes–ecological behaviour relationship. Implications of these findings for research on environmental
issues are discussed.
相似文献
Taciano L. MilfontEmail: |
3.
Oenema J Burgers S Verloop K Hooijboer A Boumans L ten Berge H 《Journal of environmental quality》2010,39(6):2016-2028
Nitrate leaching in intensive grassland- and silage maize-based dairy farming systems on sandy soil is a main environmental concern. Here, statistical relationships are presented between management practices and environmental conditions and nitrate concentration in shallow groundwater (0.8 m depth) at farm, field, and point scales in The Netherlands, based on data collected in a participatory approach over a 7-yr period at one experimental and eight pilot commercial dairy farms on sandy soil. Farm milk production ranged from 10 to 24 Mg ha(-1). Soil and hydrological characteristics were derived from surveys and weather conditions from meteorological stations. Statistical analyses were performed with multiple regression models. Mean nitrate concentration at farm scale decreased from 79 mg L(-1) in 1999 to 63 in 2006, with average nitrate concentration in groundwater decreasing under grassland but increasing under maize land over the monitoring period. The effects of management practices on nitrate concentration varied with spatial scale. At farm scale, nitrogen surplus, grazing intensity, and the relative areas of grassland and maize land significantly contributed to explaining the variance in nitrate concentration in groundwater. Mean nitrate concentration was negatively correlated to the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the shallow groundwater. At field scale, management practices and soil, hydrological, and climatic conditions significantly contributed to explaining the variance in nitrate concentration in groundwater under grassland and maize land. We conclude that, on these intensive dairy farms, additional measures are needed to comply with the European Union water quality standard in groundwater of 50 mg nitrate L(-1). The most promising measures are omitting fertilization of catch crops and reducing fertilization levels of first-year maize in the rotation. 相似文献
4.
Jaroslav Balek 《Natural resources forum》1996,20(1):69-72
Some time ago I was invited to an international meeting concerned with water management issues in a particular region, the boundaries of which had been clearly defined by its climatic gradients. Combined with another event, that meeting was attended not only by the participants from the region but also by delegates representing states located far from its climatic and ecological boundaries. Instead of playing the role of silent listeners, delegates from distant regions took the floor, presenting their official national statements and expressing their interest and right, to participate in the programme. Such statements were made before any technical and ecological aspects had been explained or the outlines of the proposed programme made clear . 相似文献
5.
The majority of environmental effects monitoring (EEM) frameworks that have been proposed compare selected indicator variables
as a means of assessing whether significant changes in stressed ecosystems have occurred. Most are deterministic in nature
and do not appropriately account for the natural variability and dynamics within the systems being comapred. This suggests
that the comparative procedures should be statistically based and immediately raises the issue of whether the selected comparative
procedures are to be used as decision-making tools or conclusive procedures. Conclusive procedures require a significant body
of evidence before rejecting the postulated null hypothesis. The costs and time involved in environmental data collection
accordingly bias action toward the maintenance of a status quo approach to environmental management. if, however, EEM is treated
as a decision-making procedure, risk functions that include consideration of type I and II statistical error may be developed
and combined with costs to select a minimum expected loss strategy for environemental management. Examples of the interpretative
difficulties and conclusion reversal phenomena caused when EEM is used as a conclusive procedure are presented. In addition,
risk functions appropriate for environmental management within an EEM context are constructed and applied. Only when such
tools are fully developed and applied can EEM expect to have significant impacts on minimizing environmental degradation. 相似文献
6.
The present study tested the separate and the interactive pollution effects of cadmium and mercury on the electrophoretically detected allelic isozyme frequencies of the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase for two species of littoral marine gastropods —Littorina punctata andL. neritoides — and the enzyme amino peptidase forL. neritoides. Our results indicate differential survivorship of allelic isozyme genotypes specific for each type of pollutant and for their interaction, as well as trends common to all pollutants. Theoretically the results reflect the adaptive nature of at least some allozymic genotypes in these marine gastropods and seem inconsistent with the neutral theory of allozyme polymorphisms. Practically, the results reinforce earlier conclusions that changes in the frequency of allelic isozymes may be used as a genetic monitor of pollution. 相似文献
7.
8.
The influence of use-related,environmental, and managerial factors on soil loss from recreational trails 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Recreational uses of unsurfaced trails inevitably result in their degradation, with the type and extent of resource impact influenced by factors such as soil texture, topography, climate, trail design and maintenance, and type and amount of use. Of particular concern, the loss of soil through erosion is generally considered a significant and irreversible form of trail impact. This research investigated the influence of several use-related, environmental, and managerial factors on soil loss on recreational trails and roads at Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, a unit of the U.S. National Park Service. Regression modeling revealed that trail position, trail slope alignment angle, grade, water drainage, and type of use are significant determinants of soil loss. The introduction of individual and groups of variables into a series of regression models provides improved understanding and insights regarding the relative influence of these variables, informing the selection of more effective trail management actions. Study results suggest that trail erosion can be minimized by avoiding “fall-line” alignments, steep grades, and valley-bottom alignments near streams, installing and maintaining adequate densities of tread drainage features, applying gravel to harden treads, and reducing horse and all-terrain vehicle use or restricting them to more resistant routes. 相似文献
9.
Joseph N. Lekakis 《Environmental management》1990,14(4):465-473
Environmental protection policies generate an equity question concerning the fair allocation of environmental benefits and
costs. This paper presents evidence from Greece during the 1980s. The findings reveal that Greek environmental policies, in
the form of government self-regulatory programs, are mostly regressive in nature. At the regional level these programs combine
all forms of vertical equity. Since the public sector finances the majority of related expenditures out of taxes, the regressive
elements of environmental policies have been reinforced by discretionary fiscal measures and tax evasion, accompanied by inflation,
which have distorted the country's progressive tax system. 相似文献
10.
The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study employed a mixed-methods design to examine the relationship between nature experience type (e.g., direct and indirect) and learning outcomes (e.g., environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior) associated with an environmental education, international immersion program for adolescents. Longitudinal data from 108 participant and 49 comparison group members were analyzed to test the study’s hypotheses. Additionally, qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology to assess participants’ perceptions of these processes. The findings indicate that environmental knowledge increased more than environmental attitudes during the indirect portion of the program (i.e., preparatory program) whereas the direct portion (i.e., international workshop) produced similar levels of knowledge and attitude growth. Further, while attitudes were more strongly associated with behavior during the indirect component of the program, the strength of the relationships between attitudes and behavior, and knowledge and behavior were similar during the direct portion of the experience. A synthesis of the findings suggests that the program’s direct experiences catalyzed environmental knowledge into a stronger motivating force than it had been during the indirect experiences. The qualitative findings also provide insights into the characteristics of direct experiences. These findings offer important insights for both theory and practice related to the use of direct and indirect nature experiences to develop environmental knowledge, attitude, and behaviors. 相似文献
11.
The dynamic nature of cognition during wayfinding 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Much of our day-to-day wayfinding behaviour takes place in familiar large-scale urban environments, yet there is a dearth of studies examining how wayfinding unfolds on a second-by-second basis in this context. Here we used a retrospective verbal report protocol, eye tracking and a highly accurate virtual reality simulation of a real city (London, UK) to examine this issue. Subjects, who were taxi drivers, were able to produce extremely detailed accounts of what they had been thinking during wayfinding, which were validated by independent eye-tracking data. There was a high degree of consistency in the types of thoughts across subjects, permitting classification into a number of distinct categories. Moreover, it was possible to quantify the number of thoughts in each category, their durations and temporal order. Detailed analysis of the verbal reports provided new insights into the processes and strategies involved, and highlighted a greater range of thoughts than has previously been reported in studies of wayfinding. By analysing the temporal order of thoughts it was possible to identify specific relationships between categories. Some of these relationships were predicted by current cognitive models of wayfinding, others were novel, thus shedding new light on how navigation unfolds in a busy city. 相似文献
12.
Nguyen Thi Yen N. T. K. Oanh Lars Baetz Reutergardh Donald L. Wise Nguyen Thi Thu Lan 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1996,18(1-4)
An integrated investigation on wastewater characterization and the environmental effects from the COGIDO pulp and paper mill in Bien Hoa Industrial Estate, Vietnam, a chlorine bleached soda integrated pulp and paper mill operating without a chemical recovery system, on the receiving water body was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons in 1993 and 1995. The pollution load from the mill was very high in terms of BOD, COD and SS (CODm: 58.7 t/d; BOD: 33.3 t/d and SS: 25.1 t/d). The effluent toxicity was determined using four toxicity tests: the green micro-alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, Microtox (marine bacteria: Photobacterium phosphoreum), the duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis, and fish (silver barb: Puntius gonionotus, and Tilapia: Tilapia nilotica). Selenastrum capricornutum was the most sensitive among the tested organisms. The mill toxicity emission rate (TER) was as high as 338 610 (Selenastrum test). The bleaching-pulp and semi-chemical pulp plants which contributed the largest pollution load to the total COGIDO effluent, therefore, were targeted for abatement measures. Physico-chemical parameters as well as qualitative and quantitative aquatic organism composition for the river water were established. The BOD5 and COD values exceeded the potable surface water standard by a factor of 2 to 4. The species diversity and abundance of the phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were found to be lower (20–40%) than that of unpolluted rivers in Vietnam, whereas pollution-indicator species increased up to four times during the dry season 1995. 相似文献
13.
Nick Johnstone Pascale Scapecchi Bjarne Ytterhus Rolf Wolff 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2004,47(5):685-707
This paper reports on the results of a survey of environmental management and technical measures amongst almost 2000 European firms. Logit analysis is undertaken to determine the effects of firm characteristics, commercial conditions, perceived environmental impacts, expected benefits and stakeholder pressures on the probability of having an environmental management system in place. Subsequently, determinants of the likelihood of undertaking environmental actions in five environmental areas are estimated. There is a positive effect of environmental management on the likelihood of undertaking technical measures to reduce environmental impacts in some (but not all) areas, as well as a positive role for integrated environmental management strategies. 相似文献
14.
This paper evaluates the relative influences of use, managerial and environmental factors on trail width, from a survey of all formal trails in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. A Trimble GPS was used to navigate to and collect data at sample points spaced at a 152.4 m (500 ft) interval across all National Park Service trails on Mount Desert Island. Regression analyses focus on increasing understanding of factors that influence the width of formal hiking trails. ANOVA analyses demonstrate differences in trail width based on trail surface type (class), and the presence or absence of trail borders. A novel approach of comparing intended widths to actual widths enabled us to look specifically at the avoidable and undesirable impacts associated with having a trail that is wider than intended. 相似文献
15.
The measurement of place attachment: Personal,community, and environmental connections 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Place attachment has been researched extensively in the social and behavioural sciences over the past two decades. However, it is challenging for researchers to assimilate the mixed messages presented in the place attachment literature and to understand the multiple place attachment terms. In this study, a four-dimensional model of rural landholder attachments to their natural resource management region was conceptually and empirically developed with the aim of developing an integrated approach to the measurement of place attachment that clearly distinguishes between different elements of place scholarship. A 29-item place attachment scale with the dimensions of place identity, place dependence, nature bonding, and social bonding was tested on a random sample of rural landholders in the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia (N = 320). The majority of respondents were male (69.3%) and the average age was 59 years. The scale was reduced to 20-items and then administered simultaneously and in the same response format to rural landholders in two other areas of South Australia: the Northern and Yorke region (N = 664) and South Australian Murray-Darling Basin region (N = 659). In both studies, the majority of respondents were male (85%) and the average age was 55 years. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses of Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges and Northern and Yorke datasets produced a five-dimensional model of place attachment with high reliabilities. Social bonding divided into the constructs of family bonding and friend bonding. The refined five-dimensional model was then examined for convergent validity, with moderate but significant correlations found between individual attachment constructs and dependent variables expected to be related to the construct, such as place identity and length of residence, and nature bonding and time currently spent in nature. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test the goodness-of-fit of the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin (SAMDB) dataset to the proposed five-dimensional model and then compared its fit to the traditional two-dimensional model of place identity and place dependence. The five-dimensional model provided moderate fit for the SAMDB data. We conclude with a discussion of the validity and reliability of the five-dimensional model and its future role in place attachment research. 相似文献
16.
Different people become engaged in environmental issues and perform proenvironmental behavior because they believe in and are concerned about adverse consequences of environmental problems for themselves (egoistic beliefs and concerns), others (social-altruistic beliefs and concerns), or the biosphere (biospheric beliefs and concerns). These different beliefs and concerns are assumed to derive from corresponding value orientations. Yet, distinguishing egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric value orientations has proved difficult in previous research. Based on a survey of 494 Swedish residents between 18 and 69 years old, the present study provides empirical support for that egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns are related to corresponding awareness-of-consequences beliefs, and that both the beliefs and environmental concerns are related to the three value types power, benevolence, and universalism. 相似文献
17.
Cindy Sage 《The Environmentalist》2012,32(2):144-156
The meltdown and release of radioactivity (ionizing radiation) from four damaged nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Nuclear
Facility in Japan in March 2011 continues to contaminate air and ocean water even 1 year later. Chronic exposure to low-dose
ionizing radiation will occur over large populations well into the future. This has caused grave concern among researchers
and the public over the very long period of time expected for decommissioning alone (current estimate from official sources
is 30–40 years based on TEPCO in Mid-and long-term roadmap towards the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
units 1–4, 2011) and the presumed adverse effects of chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation on children, adults and the environment. Ultimately,
radioactive materials from Fukushima will circulate for many years, making health impacts a predictable concern for many generations
(Yasunari et al. in PNAS 108(49):19530–19534, 2011). There is long-standing scientific evidence to suggest that low-dose ionizing radiation (LD-IR) and low-intensity non-ionizing
electromagnetic radiation (LI-NIER) in the form of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation
(RFR) share similar biological effects. Public health implications are significant for reconstruction efforts to rebuild in
post-Fukushima Japan. It is relevant to identify and reduce exposure pathways for chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation in
post-Fukushima Japan given current scientific knowledge. Intentional planning, rather than conventional planning, is needed
to reduce concomitant chronic low-intensity exposure to non-ionizing radiation. These are reasonably well-established risks
to health in the scientific literature, as evidenced by their classification by World Health Organization International Agency
for Research on Cancer as Possible Human Carcinogens. Reducing preventable, adverse health exposures in the newly rebuilt
environment to both LD-IR and LI-NIER is an achievable goal for Japan. Recovery and reconstruction efforts in Japan to restore
the communications and energy infrastructure, in particular, should pursue strategies for reduction and/or prevention of both
kinds of exposures. The design life of buildings replaced today is probably 35–50 years into the future. Cumulative health
risks may be somewhat mitigated if the double exposure (to both chronic low-dose IR from the Fukushima reactors and LI-NIER
[EMF and RFR] in new buildings and infrastructure) can be dealt with effectively in early planning and design in Japan’s reconstruction. 相似文献
18.
C.D. Smith 《Journal of environmental psychology》1984,4(3):229-234
An experiment is reported which investigates the effect which the pleasingness of a landmark has on the accuracy of judging the distance from that landmark to another landmark. Thirty subjects were shown a scaled map. They were then asked to recall from memory various distances between landmarks on the map, and to rank the landmarks in order of pleasingness. The results showed that accuracy increases as the pleasingness of a landmark increases. 相似文献
19.
Guidelines for implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act state that environmental impact statements (EISs) shall
use “appropriate graphics.” We examined one component of graphics, typography, identifying applicable criteria from the literature
and applying them to 150 EISs prepared by seven agencies. We found that the EISs ranged widely in typographic quality. The
average EIS met fewer than seven of ten criteria; 12% were considered unreadable. The results suggest that weak typography
may seriously limit public review of EISs. Agencies are encouraged to make typography a serious component of their public
participation programs. 相似文献
20.
Jean H. McCreary 《环境质量管理》1995,4(4):17-28
This article discusses the primary arguments advanced in the debate in favor of and against the adoption of a qualified privilege to protect audit findings and explores various alternative incentives for promoting the practice of environmental health and safety auditing and for encouraging voluntary disclosure of audit findings to the regulators. This article also examines whether establishing a privilege provides the greatest motivation to auditing and disclosure, particularly in the context of EPA's recent reevaluation of its policy on auditing. 相似文献