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1.
Determinants of Visitor Pro-Environmental Intentions on Two Small Greek Islands: Is Ecotourism Possible at Coastal Protected Areas? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A relatively under-researched question is whether there is a possibility of influencing environmentally aware tourists regarding ecotourism at destinations that continue to develop under a pattern of mass 'seaside' tourism. Our objective was to assess the pro-environmental intentions of visitors at two small Greek islands, which are within a Natura 2000 site, specifically Paxoi and Antipaxoi. Intentions involved willingness to receive information about the protected area, willingness to accept pro-environmental limitations on recreational experience, and willingness-to-pay a conditional environmental conservation value added tax. In addition, we aimed to identify determinants of visitor pro-environmental intentions among visitor and visit characteristics, visitor satisfaction, and self-reported environmental knowledge, as well as anticipated outcomes of tourism development and suggestions for protected area management. We randomly collected 324 usable questionnaires during the summer season; 242 (74.69?%) by Greek visitors and 82 (25.31?%) by foreign visitors. Visitor satisfaction was quite high; however, visitors reported low levels of environmental knowledge. Our findings showed that the unique characteristics of the destination were not salient among visitors and that there is a lack of effective outreach campaigns, interpretation, and on-site environmental education programs. However, our study revealed high levels of visitor pro-environmental intentions that might support the promotion of ecotourism on the two islands. We provide recommendations based on determinants of visitor pro-environmental intentions, which might assist towards advancing visitor participation in environmental education projects, environmentally responsible behavior among visitors, and financial contribution to environmental conservation by visitors. 相似文献
2.
Visitor satisfaction has been a consistently stated goal of outdoor recreation management. Recreation resource managers provide
opportunities for the visiting public with the anticipation of satisfying the needs of the visitors. Management efforts are
often evaluated in terms of visitor satisfaction. In the recent decade, a multiple satisfactions approach has been the primary
research paradigm guiding visitor satisfaction research. This paradigm has focused primarily upon behavioral-type dimensions
such as crowding, goal attainment, and resource impacts resulting from behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine
the importance of a setting dimension relative to behavioral-type dimensions for explaining differences in visitor satisfaction.
A sample of 895 river visitors were sent a questionnaire in the mail; 682 were returned for a 76.2% response rate. Regression
analysis indicated the setting dimension was ranked as one of the most important dimensions for explaining differences in
visitor satisfaction. Other dimensions considered included group behavior, perceived crowding, parking, past experience, encounters,
use levels, and time waiting. Implications for management are discussed. 相似文献
3.
An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White DD 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):50-62
The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address
environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor
access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans
have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however,
on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear
how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior
in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite
Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual
psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological
factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other
national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions
of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit,
type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation
should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest
approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability. 相似文献
4.
An on-site visitor survey instrument was developed to examine visitor perceptions of resource impacts resulting from backcountry hiking activities. The survey was conducted in the Bear Lake Corridor of Rocky Mountain National Park, CO and examined visitor characteristics that may influence visitor perceptions of specific resource conditions. Findings indicate that visitors are more perceptive of recreation-related resource impacts that are the result of undesirable behavior and, while visitors do perceive resource impacts, visitors tend to be more affected by crowding. Factors such as local ecological knowledge and knowledge of minimal-impact practices positively influence visitor perceptions of resource impacts. These findings support the use of visitor education on ecological knowledge and minimum-impact as a means of increasing visitor awareness of recreation impact issues. 相似文献
5.
Many alpine ski areas have recently adopted voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) such as using recycling, renewable energy,
and biofuels to help reduce their environmental impacts. Studies have addressed the performance of these VEPs in mitigating
environmental impacts of this industry, but little is known about visitor awareness and perceptions of these programs. This
article addresses this knowledge gap by exploring skier and snowboarder knowledge of VEPs at a ski area and the influence
of these programs on their motivations to visit this area currently and behavioral intentions to visit again in the future.
Data were obtained from an onsite survey at the Mt. Bachelor ski area in Oregon, USA (n = 429, 89.7% response rate). Few skiers and snowboarders were knowledgeable of VEPs at this area and fewer than 20% were
motivated to visit on their current trip because of these programs. Other attributes such as scenery, snow conditions, and
access were more important for influencing visitation. Up to 38% of skiers and snowboarders, however, intend to visit this
ski area more often if it adopts and promotes more VEPs. Managers can use these results to inform communication and marketing
of their environmental programs and performance to visitors. Additional implications for management and future research are
discussed. 相似文献
6.
Priskin J 《Environmental management》2003,32(2):189-204
Tourist perceptions of environmental degradation caused by nature-based tourism activities in a coastal environment were determined in the Central Coast Region of Western Australia. Structured surveys were administered to 702 visitors over two peak seasons. Visitors were required to indicate their perceptions on a Likert-type scale. Activities assessed were swimming, boating, fishing, diving and snorkelling, (wind)surfing, sandboarding, four-wheel driving, (bush)walking, camping, horseriding and sightseeing. Tourists had significantly variable demographic characteristics over two seasons and participated in different activities. However, perception of environmental degradation of individual activities did not vary significantly between seasons, except for fishing, four-wheel driving and sandboarding. The age, origin and level of education of visitors had more effect on perceptions than gender or income group. Participation in an activity affected perceptions only for those who went fishing, sandboarding, four-wheel driving and sightseeing. Visitor perceptions were comparable to real impacts documented in the recreation ecology literature. The results of this research indicate a need for improved visitor education and interpretation facilities. 相似文献
7.
Watson A Glaspell B Christensen N Lachapelle P Sahanatien V Gertsch F 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):880-888
Many public land management agencies are committed to understanding and protecting recreation visitor experiences. Parks Canada
is deeply committed to that objective for visitors to Canada’s National Parks. This 2004 study, informed by a 2003 qualitative
study of visitor experiences and influences on those experiences at Auyuittuq National Park in Nunavut, worked to bring 50
potential elements of visitor experiences down to five articulated dimensions of the experience that is currently being received
at this remote eastern arctic park. A hypothesized set of 17 influences on experiences, also reduced to just two factors with
similar response patterns, and with some items that did not flow into the two factors, were used in a regression analysis
to understand the relationship between experiences and factors of influence. A sample of 61.8% (84) of the total recreation
visitor population 16 years of age or older was surveyed during deregistration after the trip. Knowledge about the dimensions
of the experiences currently received and factors of influence on those experiences can be used to guide selection of indicators
for describing objectives and prescribing monitoring protocol. 相似文献
8.
Forest Perception and Knowledge of Hikers and Mountain Bikers in Two Different Areas in Northwestern Switzerland 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Recreational activities can have major impacts on vegetation and wildlife in frequently visited forests. We assessed forest perception and knowledge (state, functions, and species diversity) among hikers and mountain bikers in a frequently visited, seminatural suburban recreation forest (Muttenz) and in a more distantly situated, naturally grown excursion forest (Wasserfallen) in northwestern Switzerland. In all, 239 hikers and 126 mountain bikers were interviewed. Mountain bikers in both forests and hikers in the more intensely used recreation forest at Muttenz assessed the state of the forest less optimistically and showed a higher awareness of the negative impact of recreational activities on the flora and fauna than hikers at Wasserfallen. Furthermore, mountain bikers seemed aware of the social conflicts caused by their activity, since they appreciated neutral or positive encounters with other forest visitors. In contrast, 57% of hikers at Muttenz reported on negative experiences with other forest visitors, particularly with mountain bikers. In general, the interviewees ecological and biological forest knowledge (forest type and function, species diversity) was rather high. A large proportion was aware of the pros and cons of different forest conditions for plants and animals, and could name or recognize at least some plant and/or animal species typical for the visited forest. The forest knowledge was neither influenced by the type of recreational activity carried out nor by any aspect of forest visit behavior (frequency and duration of forest visits, means of transportation and travel distance to forest). However, the interviewees forest knowledge was influenced by their age and educational level. 相似文献
9.
Local Peoples' Knowledge,Aptitude and Perceptions of Planning and Management Issues in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Local peoples' knowledge, aptitude, and perceptions of planning and management issues were investigated in Nanda Devi Biosphere
Reserve (NDBR) in Uttaranchal State of India. Conflicts ensued between local inhabitants and the management authority due
to lack of community participation. Although most respondents seem to claim the knowledge of the objectives of Nanda Devi
Biosphere Reserve, the source of information indicates their interaction with the management authority is not frequent. While
local population seem to agree on reduced intensity of agriculture with compensation equal to loss of net income, there is
a perceptible difference in responses among different age groups. While the younger generation seems to agree to move away
to other areas with suitable compensation packages, the older generation prefer those options that require some adjustments
in use and access to natural resources. The option of ecotourism as a source of income is acceptable to most respondents,
but young and old respondents disagreed about impact of such activity on social behavior of local inhabitants. Among those
groups studied, only the “self-employed group” seem to be more interested in ecotourism in comparison to other occupation
classes. Gender differences in perceptions are prominent with reference to development options. While the men preferred economic
opportunities, the women preferred improved living conditions. An evaluation mechanism similar to the one described in this
paper will be helpful to the management authority to assess and modify their management plans to mitigate conflicts with local
people. 相似文献
10.
/ The travel cost method was used to estimate the economic value of seven major power boating resources in Pennsylvania. A significant relationship between number of visitor trips and cost per visitor trip existed for five of the seven water bodies. The annual total value for those five resources was $396 million, which was 2.5 times greater than the total out-of-pocket expenditures of approximately $157 million visitors spent to visit them. Research results can help resource managers plan and craft programs and policies that are founded on economic values of the natural resources involved. 相似文献
11.
Ecotourism development is closely associated with the sustainability of protected natural areas. When facilitated by appropriate management, ecotourism can contribute to conservation and development, as well as the well-being of local communities. As such, ecotourism has been proposed and practiced in different forms in many places, including China. This study assesses ecotourism development at Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, China. Key informant interviews were conducted with representatives from the provincial Forestry Department, the Nature Reserve, and the local community. Observation was undertaken on three site visits and secondary data were collected. The potential for providing quality natural experiences is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. However, current relationships between people, resources, and tourism have yet to provide mutual benefits necessary for successful ecotourism. The multi-stakeholder management style and the ambiguity of landownership within the nature reserve constitute structural difficulties for ecotourism management and operation. Although participation in ecotourism could provide a livelihood opportunity and interests in involvement in tourism have been identified among the local fishing community, current involvement is limited mainly due to the lack of mechanisms for participation. Therefore, it is recommended that management programs and government policies should be established to provide a platform for community participation in ecotourism. Then, a positive synergistic relationship between tourism, environment, and community could be developed. Planning and policy requirements are discussed for ecotourism development in protected areas in China. 相似文献
12.
Visitor use surveys and water quality data indicates that high visitor use levels of two rivers in Puerto Rico does not appear
to adversely affect several water quality parameters. Optimum visitor use to maximize visitor defined satisfaction is a more
constraining limit on visitor use than water quality. Our multiple regression analysis suggests that visitor use of about
150 visitors per day yields the highest level of visitor reported satisfaction, a level that does not appear to affect turbidity
of the river. This high level of visitor use may be related to the gregarious nature of Puerto Ricans and their tolerance
for crowding on this densely populated island. The daily peak visitation model indicates that regulating the number of parking
spaces may be the most effective way to keep visitor use within the social carrying capacity. 相似文献
13.
Lewis T.O. Cheung 《Natural resources forum》2013,37(4):231-241
This study identified the changing preferences of country park visitors in Hong Kong and the potential for such changes to have further negative impacts on the ecologically sensitive areas of country parks. A questionnaire was used to collect feedback from 644 country park visitors to understand their preferences and visitation patterns. To investigate visitors’ preferences and behaviours and to develop better visitor management strategies, the survey data were compared with studies conducted 20 years ago. The results showed that the most popular nature‐based activities of 20 years ago, namely, picnicking and barbecuing, have significantly declined in popularity, while other activities, namely, nature studies and nature photography, have surged in popularity in recent years. These changes in visitor preferences have directly increased the negative impacts of visitors on country parks as they dispersed away from the high intensity recreation zones to the ecological sensitive areas. This emerging group of country park visitors has not been fully considered in the existing approach to visitor management and may irreversibly impact the ecological value of country parks. In this study, visitor management in Hong Kong's country parks was reviewed based on these research findings, and potential improvements were suggested. 相似文献
14.
Elwood L. Shafer Robert Carline Richard W. Guldin H. Ken Cordell 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):669-682
The travel clost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) were used to evaluate the economic value of six different
ecotourism activities involving observation of wildlife in Pennsylvania. The six activities were: catch-and-release trout
fishing; catch-and-release trout fishing with fly-fishing equipment; viewing waterfowl; watching elk; observing migration
flights of raptors; and seeing live wildlife in an environmental education setting. TCM results provided significant statistical
relationships between level of use and travel costs for the two types of trout fishing activities. CVM provided estimates
of consumer surplus for the other four sites. The consumers' surplus value (1988 dollars) of all six activities to participants
amounted to a total of more than $1.28 million annually—twice the total out-of-pocket expenditures of approximately $640,000
spent to visit the sites. The economic amenity values of the six activities compare favorably with similarly derived values
in other studies for hunting, fishing, hiking, and backpacking in dispersed recreation environments and wilderness areas in
western states. 相似文献
15.
Protected area management involves balancing environmental and social objectives. This is particularly difficult at high-use/high-impact
recreation sites, because resource protection objectives may require substantial site management or visitor regulation. This
study examined visitors’ reactions to both of these types of actions at Annapolis Rocks, Maryland, a popular Appalachian Trail
camping area. We surveyed visitors before and after implementation of camping policies that included shifting camping to designated
newly constructed campsites and prohibiting campfires. Survey results reveal that visitors were more satisfied with all social
and environmental indicators after the changes were enacted. An Importance-Performance analysis also determined that management
actions improved conditions for factors of greatest concern to campers prior to the changes. Posttreatment visitors were least
satisfied with factors related to reduced freedom and to some characteristics of the constructed campsites. Although there
was evidence of visitor displacement, the camping changes met management goals by protecting the camping area’s natural resources
and improving social conditions. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of environmental psychology》1987,7(1):45-64
The residential environment occupies a special place in the lives of older adults, and satisfaction with the residential environment has been linked with general psychological well-being among the elderly. While older residents may be especially sensitive to environmental conditions, few studies have established strong empirical linkages between objective residential variables and subjective satisfaction with living units (LUs) and local areas (LAs). The purpose of this study is to explore critical issues in environmental assessment using a case study sample of 88 elderly female residents. Alternative techniques for defining multi-item variables are discussed, including a multiple regression process employing Perceived Environmental Quality Indices (PEQIs) as initial criteria. In the case study, the PEQI-based scaling technique was used to develop 26 environmental variables representing objective resource attributes of LUs and LAs. Twelve of the fifteen environmental scales at the LU level were significantly correlated with general living unit satisfaction, and seven of the eleven environmental scales at the LA level were significantly correlated with general satisfaction with the local area. Multiple regression analyses using the PEQI-based variables explained 31% of the variance in LU satisfaction and 20% of the variance in LA satisfaction after controlling for personal characteristics of residents. Interpretation and application of the environmental scales for assessing residential settings are discussed. Although qualified in their generalizability, positive results of the case study support further development and validation of the PEQIbased scaling technique. 相似文献
17.
He G Chen X Liu W Bearer S Zhou S Cheng LY Zhang H Ouyang Z Liu J 《Environmental management》2008,42(6):1017-1025
Ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. Theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. The disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. Using Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas (China) as an example, we demonstrate two types of uneven distribution of economic benefits among four major groups of stakeholders. First, a significant inequality exists between the local rural residents and the other types of stakeholder. The rural residents are the primary bearers of the cost of conservation, but the majority of economic benefits (investment, employment, and goods) in three key ecotourism sectors (infrastructural construction, hotels/restaurants, and souvenir sales) go to other stakeholders. Second, results show that the distribution of economic benefits is unequal among the rural residents inside the reserve. Most rural households that benefit from ecotourism are located near the main road and potentially have less impact on panda habitat than households far from the road and closer to panda habitats. This distribution gap is likely to discourage conservation support from the latter households, whose activities are the main forces degrading panda habitats. We suggest that the unequal distribution of the benefits from ecotourism can be lessened by enhancing local participation, increasing the use of local goods, and encouraging relocation of rural households closer to ecotourism facilities. 相似文献
18.
To investigate how the perceptions and behaviour of visitors to coral reefs are influenced by their prior experience and knowledge
of marine life, a questionnaire-based study was undertaken at sites in the Ras Mohammed National Park and at Sharm El Sheikh,
South Sinai, Egypt. It was evident that over the 10–20 years during which these reefs have deteriorated (mainly due to reef-flat
trampling), there have been interrelated shifts in the nature of visitors making use of them. First, there has been a shift
from experienced divers and snorkellers to inexperienced snorkellers and non-snorkellers with a poorer knowledge of reef biology.
Second, there has been a shift in the predominant nationalities of visitors, from German and British, through Italian, to
Russian. More recent user groups both stated and showed that they had less experience of snorkelling; they also showed less
knowledge of marine life and less interest in learning about it. Visitor perceptions of both the state of the marine life
on the reefs and the acceptability of current visitor numbers also varied between groups. More recent visitor groups and visitors
with less knowledge were more satisfied with reef health. In general, however, visitor perceptions of reef health did not
correlate well with actual reef conditions, probably because more experienced visitors preferred less impacted sites with
which they were nevertheless less satisfied than inexperienced visitors at heavily impacted sites. More recent visitor groups
were also less bothered by crowding on the shore or in the water. Consequently, the apparent “social carrying capacity” of
sites seems to be increasing to a level well above the likely “ecological carrying capacity”. 相似文献
19.
Po-Hsin Lai Michael G. Sorice Sanjay K. Nepal Chia-Kuen Cheng 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):985-998
High demand for outdoor recreation and increasing diversity in outdoor recreation participants have imposed a great challenge
on the National Park Service (NPS), which is tasked with the mission to provide open access for quality outdoor recreation
and maintain the ecological integrity of the park system. In addition to management practices of education and restrictions,
building a sense of natural resource stewardship among visitors may also facilitate the NPS ability to react to this challenge.
The purpose of our study is to suggest a segmentation approach that is built on the social marketing framework and aimed at
influencing visitor behaviors to support conservation. Attitude toward natural resource management, an indicator of natural
resource stewardship, is used as the basis for segmenting park visitors. This segmentation approach is examined based on a
survey of 987 visitors to the Padre Island National Seashore (PAIS) in Texas in 2003. Results of the K-means cluster analysis
identify three visitor segments: Conservation-Oriented, Development-Oriented, and Status Quo visitors. This segmentation solution
is verified using respondents’ socio-demographic backgrounds, use patterns, experience preferences, and attitudes toward a
proposed regulation. Suggestions are provided to better target the three visitor segments and facilitate a sense of natural
resource stewardship among them. 相似文献
20.
通过问卷调查法对甘肃省农村居民的环境知识、环境认知、环境保护参与意愿与行为进行了调查与分析。结果表明,甘肃农村居民总体环境知识欠缺,环境意识薄弱;农村居民环境保护的支付意愿受支付额度的影响,环境行为尚有较大的改善空间;较低的文化素质是引起农村环境问题的主要原因之一。甘肃省新农村建设环境保护应做好以下工作:加大教育力度,提高农村居民的整体素质;加大资金投入,加强环境基础设施建设;改变不合理的生产生活方式,加强各方面的监督和管理。 相似文献