贫困山区名牌战略初探：以渝鄂湘黔接壤区为例

渝鄂湘黔接壤区是全国闻名的贫困山区。在这里，开发名牌产品，实行名牌战略，不仅是必要的，而且是可能的。有可能发展成为名牌的产品包括：历史上已有一定知名度的传统产品；山区无污染的绿色产品；拥有较强的科技含量又已有质量优势的工业产品；以天然植物为开发对象的现代生物化工产品；精美的少数民族工艺产品等。推行名牌战略，应提高认识，坚定信心，搞好计划；应巩固和扩大已有的名牌产品；对有潜力的产品应分层次、顺序，先     

韶山灌溉工程对区域社会经济的影响研究

韶山灌溉工程是湖南省最大的水利灌溉工程,到目前已安全运行了３０多年,该工程的兴建,使该地区摆脱了旱魔的长期威胁,促进了区内农业经济持续,稳定,快速发展,从而带动了区域经济的全面提高。从纵向与横向和定性与定量的计算,对比分析研究中,总结了该工程对区域社会经济的深远影响。     

Positive environmental effects of the coronavirus 2020 episode: a review

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The outbreak of COVID-19 has made a global catastrophic situation that caused 1,039,406 deaths out of 35,347,404 infections, and it will also cause...     

An efficient neural network model for aiding the coagulation process of water treatment plants

Environment, Development and Sustainability - In a water treatment plant, the decision to carry out a jar test, for determining the required coagulant dosage, is made based on notable changes in...     

我国草地资源生产潜力分析及其可持续利用对策

本文分析了我国草地资源生产力的现状及区域分布特征 ,初步建立了草地资源生产潜力预测分析的方法 ,估算了各农业生态区草地资源的生产潜力 ,在此基础上提出了我国草地综合生产能力可持续发展的基本对策     

长江流域粮食资源及生产发展方向

论述长江流域发展粮食生产的重要性，分析粮食资源分布，生产状况，生产结构和地域差异，指出粮食合理布局的方向，提出以粮食集中产区为重点，建设长江流域粮食生产专业化地并以建设商品粮基地为建带突破口。     

Carbon Budget Proposal： An Institutional Framework for an Equitable and Sustainable World Climate Regime

Consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level.However,as the issue involves economic costs and the right to develop,the international institutional framework for addressing greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of impartiality and sustainability.However,a sustainable carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint.If a preliminary distribution was made among the world’s population on a per capita basis,the total limited global carbon budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure the proposal’s equitable.Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs,we should carry out carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding funding mechanism to ensure efficient allocation under the proposal.Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol,the carbon budget proposal outlined above is a comprehensive and holistic package.Due to the politicization of the climate change issue,however,many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.     

中国城市能源系统可持续性评价体系实证研究

为明确城市能源系统状况,需对城市能源体系进行全面而细致的了解,本文在全面分析城市能源系统的基础上,建立了城市能源系统能源流动图,并对其进行简化建立适合建模的简化模型。进而对城市能源系统进行研究,归纳出城市能源系统的影响指标。然后利用层次分析法筛选出其中对评价对象辨别能力较强的关键因素,结合相应环境因素,建立了能够全面反映城市能源系统的综合评价指标体系。本文首次将模糊综合评价模型引入到能源评价体系权重确定中来,建立了多级城市能源系统综合评价指标体系模糊综合评价模型。通过对北京市2000-2007年相关能源数据进行实证分析,结果表明所建评价体系能够根据优化权重结果找出评价对象问题所在,加大评价对象的差异性,放大评价对象间的对比程度,使得评价结果更加明显;同时和等权重计算结果比较分析发现,优化后的评价结果更加合理,并更加接近城市能源的实际状况,能够为城市能源系统规划提供合理的量化依据。     

Atmospheric radon in Hong Kong

For the first time in Hong Kong, atmospheric radon concentration was continuously monitored between November 2007 and October 2008. This paper presents the results obtained during the 12-month period. The annual mean atmospheric radon concentration in Hong Kong was found to be 9.3 Bq m⁻³ which was close to the level at neighbouring places like Guangdong and Taiwan. An estimation of the dose arising from atmospheric radon to the Hong Kong population was made. The meteorological effects on the variation of atmospheric radon concentration were discussed. It was found that the origin of the airmass and stability of the local atmosphere played vital roles in the seasonal and diurnal variations respectively, whereas precipitation caused abrupt changes in rainy days. An attempt was also made to find out the contribution of atmospheric radon to the ambient gamma dose rate.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to im- prove land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

高科技发展与环境承载力关系研究

从高科技发展角度论述了高科技发展与环境承载力之间的关系，并对已有的环境承载力理论做了补充和改进，使之更能体现持续发展的新发现观。还对不同国家在处理高科技发展与持续发展关系的途径做了概要阐释。最后指出，高科技产品对环境的污染也是一个不容忽视的问题。     

Equity and sustainability over the next fifty years: An exercise in economic visioning

A simplistic aggregate model of global economic activity supports a 50-year visioning exercise with targets defined in terms of aggregate measures of global equity (convergence) and sustainability (contraction). Some ambitious combinations of these targets turn out to be infeasible even under the most favorable modeling assumptions. No contraction target (no reduction in fossil fuel consumption relative to the present) was possible, for example, if international capital transfers pushed per capita incomes in low-income countries above 33% of levels achieved in high-income countries. Lower prices for renewable alternatives to exhaustible resources generally made sustainability targets easier to achieve, but lower prices for renewable resources also made equity targets more difficult to achieve. Improved substitution between capital and labor made equity targets easier to achieve in relative terms, but improved substitution between capital and labor could make any given sustainability target more or less difficult to achieve. All the results suggest that it is possible to overstate the purported conflict between achieving sustainability and equity targets. The very transfers of international capital that would promote relative equity between high-income and low-income countries could also work to spread the incidence of achieving any sustainability target more evenly across their boundaries.     

黄山贫困山区资源特点与治贫开发对策

黄山是我国十大风景名胜区之一，但全区经济发展水平十分落后，属安徽省贫困地区之一。本文对黄山贫困山区的资源特点与存在问题进行了综合分析，指出了本区贫困落后的主要原因，并就治贫开发提出了相应对策。     

Equity and sustainability over the next fifty years: An exercise in economic visioning

A simplistic aggregate model of global economic activity supports a 50-year visioning exercise with targets defined in terms of aggregate measures of global equity (convergence) and sustainability (contraction). Some ambitious combinations of these targets turn out to be infeasible even under the most favorable modeling assumptions. No contraction target (no reduction in fossil fuel consumption relative to the present) was possible, for example, if international capital transfers pushed per capita incomes in low-income countries above 33% of levels achieved in high-income countries. Lower prices for renewable alternatives to exhaustible resources generally made sustainability targets easier to achieve, but lower prices for renewable resources also made equity targets more difficult to achieve. Improved substitution between capital and labor made equity targets easier to achieve in relative terms, but improved substitution between capital and labor could make any given sustainability target more or less difficult to achieve. All the results suggest that it is possible to overstate the purported conflict between achieving sustainability and equity targets. The very transfers of international capital that would promote relative equity between high-income and low-income countries could also work to spread the incidence of achieving any sustainability target more evenly across their boundaries.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

水稻流入施肥法及流入肥料效果研究

进行了流入施肥法可行性，流入肥肥效及替代进口肥料试验。结果表明：流入施肥法与人工撒施，均能使肥料在田间分布均匀，流入施肥法比人工撒施增产3．4％，流入施肥法是可行的，日本流入肥和国产复合肥流入施肥田间3－4d后，在田间分布都较均匀，水稻追施分蘖肥和穗肥时水的温度都在30℃左右，两种肥料的溶解度比较大，易配成溶液，适合作流以施用，日本流入肥和中国复合肥对水稻的增产效果相差不大，可用国产复合肥料替代进口肥料；吸附试验表明，施肥5d后，流入肥料和其它氮素肥料中氮素的吸附率达82．5％－89．3％，流入施肥后5d内不要排水。流入施肥法适合土地平整，田块较大，灌溉条件好，人多地少或农业人口老龄化和血吸虫疫区等平原湖区稻田。     

Preparedness of households and catering establishments for incidents involving radioactive contamination

This short paper describes a number of investigations carried out to ensure preparedness for crises involving radioactivity to catering operations and private households in Finland. The specific recommendations for catering kitchens during crises were published in 1994. A study to determine the level of adherence to these recommendations is summarised here, together with its findings and subsequent recommendations. Another study on the pre-planning of crisis menus is described. New challenges for the catering kitchens are touched upon. A crisis food preparation booklet for households is described and based on consumers' attitudes suggestions are made for how this can be improved in the future.     

论长江流域生态危机与生态建设的对策

揭示了长江流域大面积山丘、水系生态系统普遍恶化,特别是中上游地区水土流失严重,以及因此而带来的一系列严重后果。根据史料、统计资料及实测成果等,分析了生态环境恶化的原因,着重研究了水土流失等生态失调现象与森林植被的紧密关系及其演变规律,探讨了进行绿色生态建设的必要性、可能性与可行性。最后提出了建设长江流域防护林体系的宏观战略和微观措施。     

丘陵山区耕地质量的空间格局分析

耕地质量的时空分布特征在人类活动的诱导下发生巨大变化,研究耕地自然质量向耕地经济质量转变的过程及其空间分布格局,拓宽了耕地质量的研究内涵。以重庆市合川区为例,将农用地分等定级的斑块数据与农户调查相结合,应用“影响力系数”获取修正后的耕地质量指数,从真正意义上反映土地的现实生产能力,并进一步采用空间自相关分析的方法讨论其空间分布格局。研究发现,利用影响力系数修正后的耕地质量等级指数能够真实反映土地生产能力,农户对耕地投入产出水平使耕地自然质量呈现下降的趋势,新获取的质量等级系数具有经济学意义;水田和旱地的质量等级分布存在非常显著的空间正相关关系。高质量的水田斑块与高质量的水田斑块相邻,低质量的水田斑块与低质量的水田斑块相邻,旱地图斑也遵循该分布规律,总体上空间分布集聚现象显著。     

基于数值模拟的小流域泥石流危险性评价研究

通过重点研究岷江小流域内6条泥石流沟,采用野外实地调查和遥感影像解译,以及在同实际降雨频率相同的条件下运用FLO 2D进行的数值模拟,重现了泥石流暴发现状,得出其堆积扇危险特征,与实际作出对比验证,计算出其堆积扇面积的误差比率在-25%~12%之间,冲出量的误差比率在-16%~-1%之间,模拟结果较好。并同时对研究区内高、中、低3种危险类型的面积及特征进行分析,得出小流域内的泥石流堆积扇危险面积所占比例。根据相同参数设计模拟5%、1%降雨频率下泥石流结果,得出3种不同频率下的堆积扇平均堆积深度、堆积扇面积和冲出量,可为研究区的泥石流风险评估、预警预报、工程治理和危险范围分区提供有效的参考依据