共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The south east basin of France shelters deep CO 2 reservoirs often studied with the aim of better constraining geological CO 2 storage operations. Here we present new soil gas data, completing an existing dataset (CO 2, 222Rn, 4He), together with mineralogical and physical characterisations of soil columns, in an attempt to better understand the spatial distribution of gas concentrations in the soils and to rule on the sealed character of the CO 2 reservoir at present time.Anomalous gas concentrations were found but did not appear to be clearly related to geological structures that may drain deep gases up to the surface, implying a dominant influence of near surface processes as indicated by carbon isotope ratios. Coarse grained, quartz-rich soils favoured the existence of high CO 2 concentrations. Fine grained clayey soils preferentially favoured the existence of 222Rn but not CO 2. Soil formations did not act as barriers preventing gas migrations in soils, either due to water content or due to mineralogical composition. No abundant leakage from the Montmiral reservoir can be highlighted by the measurements, even near the exploitation well. As good correlation between CO 2 and 222Rn concentrations still exist, it is suggested that 222Rn migration is also CO 2 dependent in non-leaking areas - diffusion dominated systems. 相似文献
2.
Oxidation of hydrocarbon in asphalt binder leads to the production of carbon dioxide (CO 2) during the production of hot mix asphalt. The objective of this laboratory study was to investigate the effects of the asphalt additive Sasobit ®, asphalt content and mixing/placement temperature on CO 2 emissions from binder with laboratory measurements. The isolated effects of Sasobit on asphalt absorption into the aggregate were also looked at. Temperature was found to be the only statistically significant factor on emissions. This would suggest that warm mix asphalt technology, which employs the use of Sasobit in asphalt mixtures, is a very effective way of lowering the industry's CO 2 emission impact, both directly and by the use of less energy for heating. This work predicts that greater than 30% reduction of CO 2 emissions is possible with typically used levels of Sasobit. 相似文献
3.
Establishing positive and urgent targets for CO 2 reduction and emission peak, and promoting energy conservation and energy structure adjustment are among the strategies to address global climate change and CO 2 emissions reduction. They are also means to break through the constraints of domestic resources and environment, and internal needs, to achieve sustainable development. Generally speaking, a country's CO 2 emission peak appears after achieving urbanization and industrialization. By then, connotative economic growth will appear, GDP will grow slowly, energy consumption elasticity will decrease, and energy consumption growth will slow down – dependent mainly on new and renewable energies. Fossil fuel consumption will not increase further. When CO 2 emission reaches its peak, the annual reduction rate of CO 2 intensity of GDP is greater than GDP annual growth rate; and the annual reduction rate of CO 2 intensity of energy use is greater than the annual growth rate of energy consumption. Therefore, three important approaches to promotion of CO 2 emission peak can be concluded: maintaining reasonable control of GDP growth, strengthening energy conservation to significantly reduce the GDP energy intensity, and optimizing the energy mix to reduce the CO 2 intensity of energy use. By around 2030, China will basically have completed its rapid development phase of industrialization and urbanization. Connotative economic growth will appear with the acceleration of industrial structure adjustment. The target of GDP energy intensity will still be to maintain an average annual reduction of 3% or higher. The proportion of non-fossil fuels will reach 20–25%, and the aim will be to maintain an average annual growth rate of 6–8%. The total annual energy demand growth of 1.5% will be satisfied by the newly increased supply of non-fossil fuels. The annual decline in CO 2 intensity of GDP will reach 4.5% or higher, which is compatible with an average annual GDP growth rate of approximately 4.5% in order to reach CO 2 emission peak. This corresponds to the level of China's potential economic growth. Achieving CO 2 emission peak will not impose a rigid constraint on economic development, but rather promote economic development and accelerate the transformation of green, low-carbon development. The CO 2 emission peak can be controlled with a cap of 11 billion tons, which means that CO 2 emission will increase by less than 50% compared with 2010. The per capita emission peak will be controlled at a level of less than 8 tons, which is lower than the 9.5 tons in the EU and Japan and much lower than the 20 tons in the US, future economic and social development faces many uncertainties in achieving the CO 2 emission peak discussed above. It depends on current and future strategies and policies, as well as the pace and strength of economic transformation, innovation, and new energy technologies. If the economic transformation pattern fails to meet expectations, the time required to reach CO 2 emission peak would be delayed and the peak level would be higher than expected. Therefore, we need to coordinate thoughts and ideas and deploy these in advance; to highlight the strategic position of low-carbon development and its priorities; to enact mid- to long-term energy development strategies; and to establish and improve a system of laws, regulations, and policies as well as an implementation mechanism for green, low-carbon development. Oriented by positive and urgent CO 2 reduction and peak targets, the government would form a reversed mechanism to promote economic transformation and embark on the path of green, low-carbon development as soon as possible. 相似文献
4.
We are living in a period of exponential growth of world population and energy consumption. Forecasts suggest that the atmospheric
CO 2 concentration could reach 750 p.p.m. by 2100. At this level, the coral reefs and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet would be lost
and thermohaline circulation in the N. Atlantic could possibly shut down. Crippling the ocean conveyor system would have a
major impact on world climate and jeopardize our chances of feeding an enlarged world population. Consumption of the total
global hydrocarbon reserves would increase the atmospheric CO 2 concentration to about 2200 p.p.m. We can therefore utilize less than 20% of the global hydrocarbon reserves without an accompanying
massive programme for the sequestration of CO 2 if we do not wish to cross the threshold atmospheric CO 2 concentration of 750 p.p.m. and risk a major environmental catastrophe. Attention to the global CO 2 problem will be the major task of the 21st Century. 相似文献
5.
Climate change is one of hot spots all around the world. China, the second biggest CO 2 emitter, is facing increasingly severe pressure to reduce CO 2 emission. The article first describes Kaya Identity and its policy implications. Second, it uses the modified Kaya Identity and makes decomposition without residues on CO 2 emission during the period 1971-2005. Taking into account the changes of macroeconomic background, it conducts a detailed analysis in terms of CO 2 emission trend from 4 th Five Year Plan through 10 th Five Year Plan. The decomposition results indicate that economic development and increase in population are major driving forces, and that improvement in energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of CO 2 emission, and that decarbonization in primary energy structure is also an important strategic choice. Finally, the article stresses that in CO 2 order to realize the binding target of 20% reduction in GDP energy intensity during the 11 th Five Year Plan, China should speed up the readjustment of the industrial structure and energetically develop the energy-efficient technologies and clean fuel technology, which will effectively promote the country to reduce CO 2 emission and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. 相似文献
6.
Although the power of elite issue frames to shape public attitudes toward different policies is well established, the relative influence of different types of frames in competitive framing environments remains uncertain. For example, we do not fully understand the relative influence of economic versus normative frames on the public's policy attitudes, despite the common use of both types of frames to promote the same policy in many settings. Using data from a 2010 national Internet survey, this paper investigates the relative influence of economic versus normative frames on public attitudes toward the contentious policy issue of biofuels. The results indicate the importance of normative frames in shaping public attitudes on this issue, suggesting the relevance of normative frames more generally in shaping public opinion beyond the narrow confines of typical “morality” policies such as abortion or gambling. 相似文献
7.
Abstract Co-integration theory has been employed in this paper and Granger causes are found between urbanization rate and GDP, between capital stock and GDP. Scenario analysis of GDP is performed using the GDP model established in the paper. The energy consumptions in Germany, Japan and other developed countries are analyzed and compared with the energy consumption in China. Environmental friendly scenario of energy demand and CO 2 emissions for sustainable China has been formed based on the results of comparison. Under environmental friendly scenario, the primary energy consumption will be 4.31 billion ton coal equivalence (tce) and CO 2 emissions will be 1.854 billion t-c in 2050; energy per capital will be 3.06 tce that is 1.8 times of energy consumed in 2005 in China and 51% of consumed energy per capital in Japan in 2003. In 2050, the energy requirement of unit GDP will be 20% lower than that of Germany in 2003, but will be still 37% higher than that in Japan in 2003. It is certain that to fulfill the environmental friendly Scenario of energy demand and CO 2 emissions is a difficult task and it needs long term efforts of the whole society, not only in production sectors but also in service and household sectors. 相似文献
8.
Carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel consumption are well recognized as a major contributor to climate change. In the debate on dealing with this threat, expectations are high that agriculture based economies of the developing world can help alleviate this problem. But, the contribution of agricultural operations to these emissions is fairly small. It is the clearing of native ecosystems for agricultural use in the tropics that is the largest non-fossil fuel source of CO 2 input to the atmosphere. Our calculation show that the use of fossil energy and the concomitant emission of CO 2 in the agricultural operational sector - i.e. the use of farm machinery, irrigation, fertilization and chemical pesticides - amounts to merely 3.9% of the commercial energy use in that part of the world. Of this, 70% is associated with the production and use of chemical fertilizers. In the absence of fertilizer use, the developing world would have converted even more land for cultivation, most of which is completely unsuitable for cultivation. Current expectations are that reforestation in these countries can sequester large quantities of carbon in order to mitigate excessive emissions elsewhere. But, any program that aims to set aside land for the purpose of sequestering carbon must do so without threatening food security in the region. The sole option to liberate the necessary land for carbon sequestration would be the intensification of agricultural production on some of the better lands by increased fertilizer inputs. As our calculations show, the sequestration of carbon far outweighs the emissions that are associated with the production of the extra fertilizer needed. Increasing the fertilizer use in the developing world (without China) by 20%, we calculated an overall net benefit in the carbon budget of between 80 and 206 Mt yr ?1 dependent on the carbon sequestration rate assumed for the regrowing forest. In those regions, where current fertilizer use is low, the relative benefits are the highest as responding yield increases are highest and thus more land can be set aside without harming food security. In Sub-Saharan Africa a 20% fertilizer increase, which amounts to 0.14 Mt of extra fertilizer, can tie up somewhere between 8 and 19 Mt of CO 2 per year (average: 96 t CO 2 per 1 t fertilizer). In the Near East and North Africa with a 20%-increased fertilizer use of 0.4 Mt yr -1 between 10 and 24 Mt of CO 2 could be sequestered on the land set aside (40 t CO 2 per 1 t fertilizer). In South Asia this is 22–61 Mt CO 2 yr?1 with an annual additional input of 2.15 Mt fertilizer (19 t CO 2 per 1 t fertilizer). In fact, carbon credits may be the only way for some of the farmers in these regions to afford the costly inputs. Additionally, in regions with already relatively high fertilizer inputs such as in South Asia, an efficient use of the extra fertilizer must be warranted. Nevertheless, the net CO 2 benefit through implementation of this measure in the developing world is insignificant compared to the worldwide CO 2 output by human activity. Thus, reforestation is only one mitigating measure and not the solution to unconstrained fossil fuel CO 2 emissions. Carbon emissions should, therefore, first of all be reduced by the avoidance of deforestation in the developing world and moreover by higher energy efficiency and the use of alternative energy sources. 相似文献
9.
The historic development of the scientific interest in monitoring CO 2 in the atmosphere is the subject of this article. Particular emphasis is placed upon activities initiated by the USA in the 1950s which led to the establishment of the Mauna Loa Observatory and further developed into the existing world-wide monitoring system for air constituents and air pollution operated under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization, a major contributer to the Global Environmental Monitoring System of the UN Environment Programme. Recent studies on the feasibility of monitoring the background level of CO 2 at stations throughout the world have indicated considerable difficulties resulting from the influences of the biosphere. These problems have led WMO to adopt new criteria for CO 2 monitoring station locations which are presented in a discussion of future needs and plans for global monitoring of CO 2 in the atmosphere. 相似文献
10.
A chemical pathway combining reverse water gas shift, Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis and hydro‐cracking was considered to re‐synthesise jet fuel from CO 2 captured at high purity by oxy‐fuelling of a typical coal‐fired power station (Drax, UK). The oxygen for oxy‐fuelling and hydrogen for the fuel re‐synthesis process are sourced by electrolysis of water. According to material and energy balances , 3.1 MT/year of jet fuel and 1.6 MT/year each of gas oil and naphtha can be produced from the Drax annual emissions of 20 MT of CO 2, sufficient to supply 23% of the UK jet fuel requirements. The overall re‐synthesis requires 16.9 GW, to be sourced renewably from (offshore) wind power, and releases 4.4 GW of exothermic energy giving scope for improvements via process integration. The energy re‐synthesis penalty was 82% ideally and 95% on a practical basis. With the cost of offshore wind power predicted to reduce to 2.0 p/kWh by 2020, this ‘re‐syn’ jet fuel would be competitive with conventional jet fuel, especially if carbon taxes apply. The re‐use of CO 2 sequestrated from coal power stations to form jet‐fuel would halve the combined CO 2 emissions from the coal power and aviation sectors. 相似文献
11.
Carbon dioxide exchange was studied in the photosynthetic apparatus of Siberian spruce ( Picea obovata Ledeb.), Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and weeping birch ( Betula pendula Roth.) in a mature spruce forest. Parameters of CO 2 balance in different weather were characterized quantitatively on the basis of daily measurements of CO 2 exchange in needles and leaves of woody plants. The percent ratios of the components of carbon balance in needles and leaves of woody plants depending on daily photosynthetic fixation of carbon were determined. In summer, trees consumed 210 kg CO 2/ha (57 kg C/ha) in variable weather and 117 kg CO 2/ha (32 kg C/ha) in cloudy weather. Species specificity of CO 2 consumption was revealed, and the effects of environmental factors on the assimilatory activity of trees were determined. 相似文献
12.
Abstract In this paper, using the input-output model, the author first calculated the CO 2 emissions embodied in exports of China in 2002 and 2007. Then, the author empirically analyzed problems existing in the composition of exported products and analyzed its possible reasons. The research results of this paper are as follows: Since China’s entry into WTO, the CO 2 emissions embodied in exports of China have been increasing rapidly; the value of exported products of high-carbon emissions industries accounts for a relatively higher proportion to China’s total exports value because China’s carbon intensive products have a certain competitive advantage. Additionally, this paper has put forward relevant suggestions based on these results. 相似文献
13.
This study was performed to investigate the concentration of PM 10 and PM 2.5 inside trains and platforms on subway lines 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. PM 10, PM 2.5, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored using real-time monitoring instruments in the afternoons (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 inside trains were significantly higher than those measured on platforms and in ambient air reported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (Korea MOE). This study found that PM 10 levels inside subway lines 1, 2 and 4 exceeded the Korea indoor air quality (Korea IAQ) standard of 150 μg/m 3. The average percentage that exceeded the PM 10 standard was 83.3% on line 1, 37.9% on line 2 and 63.1% on line 4, respectively. PM 2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 μg/m 3 to 158.2 μg/m 3, which were found to be much higher than the ambient air PM 2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 h arithmetic mean: 65 μg/m 3). The reason for interior PM 10 and PM 2.5 being higher than those on platforms is due to subway trains in Korea not having mechanical ventilation systems to supply fresh air inside the train. This assumption was supported by the CO 2 concentration results monitored in tube of subway that ranged from 1153 ppm to 3377 ppm. The percentage of PM 2.5 in PM 10 was 86.2% on platforms, 81.7% inside trains, 80.2% underground and 90.2% at ground track. These results indicated that fine particles (PM 2.5) accounted for most of PM 10 and polluted subway air. GLM statistical analysis indicated that two factors related to monitoring locations (underground and ground or inside trains and on platforms) significantly influence PM 10 ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.230) and PM 2.5 concentrations ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.172). Correlation analysis indicated that PM 10, PM 2.5, CO 2 and CO were significantly correlated at p < 0.01 although correlation coefficients were different. The highest coefficient was 0.884 for the relationship between PM 10 and PM 2.5. 相似文献
14.
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from agricultural farming practice contribute significantly to European GHG inventories. For example, CO 2 is emitted when grassland is converted to cropland or when peatlands are drained and cultivated. N 2O emissions result from fertilization. Enabling farmers to reduce their GHG emissions requires sufficient information about its pressure–impact relations as well as incentives, such as regulations and funding, that support climate-friendly agricultural management. This paper discusses potentials to improve the supply of information on: farm-specific climate services or impacts, present policy incentives in Germany and England that support climate-friendly farm management and related adaptation requirements. Tools which have been developed for a farm environmental management software (to be added after review because of potential identification) are presented. These tools assess CO 2 emissions from grassland conversion to cropland and peatland cultivation, as well as N 2O emissions from nitrogen fertilization. As input data, the CO 2 tool requires a classification of soil types according to soil organic carbon storage. The input data based on soil profile samples was compared with reference data from the literature. The N 2O tool relies on farm data concerning fertilization. These tools were tested on three farms in order to determine their viability with respect to the availability of required data and the differentiation of results, which determines how well site-specific conservation measures can be identified. Assessing CO 2 retention function of grassland conservation to cropland on the test farms leads to spatially differentiated results (~100 to ~900 potentially mitigated t CO 2 ha ?1). Assessed N 2O emissions varied from 0.41 to 1.1 t CO 2eq. ha ?1 a ?1. The proposed methods support policies that promote a more differentiated funding of climate conservation measures. Conservation measures and areas can be selected so that they will have the greatest mitigation effects. However, even though present policy instruments in Germany and England, such as Cross Compliance and agri-environmental measures, have the potential to reduce agricultural GHG, they do not appear to guide measures effectively or site-specifically. In order to close this gap, agri-environmental measures with the potential to support climate protection should be spatially optimized. Additionally, the wetland restoration measures which are most effective in reducing GHG emissions should be included in funding schemes. 相似文献
15.
Abstract This paper proposes to use DEA models with undesirable outputs to construct the Malmquist index that can be use to investigate the dynamic changes of CO 2 emission performance. With the index, the authors have measured the CO 2 emission performance of 28 provinces and autonomous regions in China from 1996 to 2007; with the convergence theory and panel data regression model, the authors analyze the regional differences and the influencing factors. It is found that the performance of CO 2 emissions in China has been continuously improved mainly due to the technological progress, and the average improvement rate is 3.25%, with a cumulative improvement rate of 40.86%. In addition, the CO 2 emission performance varies across four regions. As a whole, the performance score of eastern China is the highest. The northeastern and central China has relatively lower performance scores, and the western China is relatively backward. The regional differences are decreasing, and the performance of CO 2 emissions is convergent. The influence of some factors on the performance of CO 2 emissions is significant, such as the level of economic development, the level of industrial structure, energy intensity, and ownership structure. The influence of some factors, such as opening-up to the outside world, on the performance of CO 2 emissions is not significant. 相似文献
16.
Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission has drawn a great attention in recent years all over the world, and it plays a very important role in the process of global warming. The off-road equipment, which includes construction equipment, accounted for 7.5% emission of CO 2. The objective of this article is to propose a groundwork for a methodology that can be used to estimate the total fuel use and CO 2 emissions from construction equipment activities based on its productivity rate. Currently, there is not a methodology or technique for estimating productivity, fuel use and emissions at once. The multiple linear regression analysis has successfully modelled the productivity rate and good to be used as a benchmark for estimating fuel use and CO 2 emissions from various types of construction equipment performing earthwork activities. The proposed methodology will help the contractor to estimate the total expected pollutant emissions for the project, which would be valuable information for a preliminary environmental assessment of the project. By using construction plans and specifications, the methodology and tool presented in this research can be used to estimate cost, fuel use and emissions from commercial, residential, industrial or heavy highway. By the proposed approach, it is possible to develop new fuel use and emissions inventories for construction industry in general. 相似文献
17.
Despite overwhelming scientific consensus, millions of Americans fail to view climate change as a pressing threat. How can we address this disconnect between science and public opinion? In the present study, we investigated the role of metaphorical framing in shaping attitudes toward climate change. Participants read a brief article that metaphorically described US efforts to reduce carbon emissions as a war or race against climate change, or non-metaphorically described it as the issue of climate change. We further manipulated whether these emission-reduction goals emphasized the relatively near or distant future. We found that, compared to the race frame, the war metaphor made people perceive more urgency and risk surrounding climate change and express a greater willingness to increase conservation behavior, irrespective of the time horizon. Those who read the non-metaphorical report tended to respond in between these two extremes. We discuss the implications of these findings for climate communications. 相似文献
18.
The income inequality-economy link has been argued by researchers a long time. But the impact of income inequality on environmental pollution is a new investigation topic for developing countries. Turkey is well known as an emerging economy which has a high level of income inequality and CO2 emissions. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the income inequality-CO2 emissions link in Turkish economy by applying a nonlinear analysis. This paper integrates economic growth and financial development to the CO2 emissions specification over the period of 1987–2019. We employ the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach to explore the long-run nonlinear linkages between the series. Our findings reveal an asymmetric cointegration among variables. Positive and negative income inequality shocks positively affect CO2 emissions implying that positive and negative shocks of income inequality enhance CO2 emissions in the long run. Negative economic growth shocks decrease CO2 emissions, while positive shocks to financial development increase CO2 emissions in the long run. We provide important policy suggestions that might be useful to the policymakers to decrease CO2 emissions in Turkey. 相似文献
19.
For buildings in which the emissions from people is the main source of pollution, the number of people is the limiting factor for air ventilation. When such buildings are not used at full capacity, the ventilation, and consequently the energy consumption, is unnecessarily high. A great deal of the energy could be saved if the ventilation system could be developed to adjust the air flow to the actual requirements. One possible system would allow the amount of CO 2 in the exhaust air to control the ventilation rate. To study if this principle is practicable and economic, a CO 2 indicator has been installed in an office building in Helsinki. The mixture of exterior air and recirculated air is adjusted so that the amount of CO 2 during working hours is kept on ca 700 ppm (μL/L). The equipment was used during winter 1981-82, and the variation of CO 2 and the exterior air flow has been registered. The proportion of CO 2 has also been measured locally in order to study occasional variations that may occur. The proportion of other pollutants in the room air has been studied simultaneously with a gas chromatograph. Different types of CO 2 indicators were used to study the efficiency of the control system. The successful results indicate that the system can be used in new constructions, as well as in existing buildings. 相似文献
20.
Carbon dioxide exchange in the intact and reclaimed sites of a woodless mesooligotrophic dwarf shrub–cotton grass–sphagnum bog was studied in field experiments. The average values of gross respiration in the ecosystem over the warm period (including respiration of plant cover, CO 2emission from peat, and CO 2flow from the litter) were 3.17 and 6.11 g CO 2/m 2per day in the natural and drained sites, respectively. 相似文献
|