发展中国家气候变化技术需求及技术转移障碍

为促进我国气候变化适用技术向其他发展中国家转移,通过文献分析、问卷调查和专家咨询等方式,对联合国发展中国家气候变化技术需求评估报告进行了分析,确定了发展中国家气候变化技术需求的重点领域和技术、需求特点和技术转移障碍等。研究发现:1在减缓领域,发展中国家技术需求的优先领域为能源和农业,次优先领域为废弃物处理和工业节能,能源领域的优先方向为能源工业、交通和家用节能,农业领域的优先技术为改进作物管理、养殖废弃物管理、家畜饮食配方改良;2在适应领域,优先领域为农业和水资源,次优先领域为海岸带管理、卫生健康,农业领域的优先技术为作物管理、土地管理、农田水利和节水灌溉、高效牧场和牲畜管理,水资源领域的优先技术为雨水收集利用、供水渗漏控制、城市污水处理与回用、气候监测与预警系统、水井技术;3利用科技应对气候变化已成为广大发展中国家的共识,不同类型国家因国情和自然条件不同,其气候变化技术需求也各有侧重,但普遍以成熟适用技术为主,且与本国的优先发展事项紧密关联,同时发展中国家对于能力建设的需求十分强烈;4在技术转移的障碍方面,技术受方的障碍包括资金和市场障碍、能力条件障碍、信息障碍、法律政策障碍、知识产权和技术障碍、传统文化和公众意识障碍,技术供方的障碍(以我国为例)包括资金不足,存在多头管理,信息不对称,机构缺乏走出去的意愿等。最后,提出了我国加强气候变化南南科技合作的政策建议。     

长江三峡库区极端大雾天气的气候变化特征

为了进一步认识长江三峡库区大雾天气特征,采用线性趋势估计和Molet小波分析方法,研究了库区持续12 h以上和连续3 d以上极端大雾天气气候变化特征,探讨了库区蓄水后大雾天气气候变化的原因。结果表明：三峡库区年平均雾日数呈弱的下降趋势,存在准8、18、32 a的年代际周期振荡。持续12 h以上和连续3 d以上大雾天气有明显增加趋势,分别存在准10、17、32 a和准12、32 a的年代际周期振荡。在蓄水后,库区西段年平均雾日数明显减少、东段略有增加,持续12 h以上大雾年平均日数变化不大,连续3 d以上大雾年平均日数明显减少。库区年平均雾日数的总体减少在很大程度上是受全球气候变暖以及城市化共同影响的结果,没有证据说明三峡库区蓄水对大雾天气有明显影响。     

中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策

基于气候变化对生物多样性影响的总结分析,初步提出了我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策。气候变化对生物物候、分布、迁移活动、群落结构、栖息地质量、生态系统和景观多样性都产生了一定影响,未来将产生更深刻的影响。我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化需要从物种有效保护、自然保护区规划与管理、灾害防御等方面进行。     

Cognition Research on Global Climate Change

Researchers are looking for an effective solution to mitigate climate change along with the growth of global average temperature and the frequent occurrence of extreme climate disasters. However, after the ratification of Kyoto Protocol, which is the international agreement dedicated to solve the problem, climate change is getting more serious in the recent decade. It is considered that the ultimate reason is not from the limitation of current technology or policy instrument but from the cognition part, which is the basis guiding people to comprehend problems and search for solutions. Until now, the research on the climate change issue is consistently based on a deficient assumption that climate change is a kind of “the tragedy of the commons.” This phenomenon could be considered as the “Pluto phenomenon” and directly cause the inefficiency of current solution. Therefore, the cognition's reconstruction is vital to guide researchers and relevant stakeholders to search for an efficient approach to mitigate climate change.     

气候变化下21世纪上海长江口地区降水变化趋势分析

近百年来,以全球变暖为主要特征的气候与环境发生了重大变化,在此条件下,气候变化对自然生态系统的影响越来越大,特别是对水资源的负面影响尤为明显,包括水资源数量、质量及其时空分布,水资源开发利用程度,供用水结构以及产水、供水、用水、耗水、排水之间的关系等。上海长江口地区是我国经济发展核心区,而南水北调东线工程实施后,长江口的流量,以及海水的入侵都会直接影响到上海的发展,因此未来百年该区域的降水量在气候变化影响下的变化趋势对区域发展有着一定的影响作用。利用IPCC 数据分发中心提供的CCCma模式的4种模拟结果,分析了在全球气候变化下,由于人类活动影响、温室气体增加等共同作用时,长江口地区未来50～100年的降水量变化情景。结果表明,降水量总的会呈现上升趋势,并且降水强度的变化也越来越明显。     

气候变化·城市化·长江三角洲

长江三角洲,是中国经济社会最发达、人口和产业最密集、发展最具活力的地区之一,正在成长为具有重要国际影响的世界级城市群,在中国经济社会发展中具有举足轻重的地位。长江三角洲的城市化与建设环境互为影响。一方面,用2008年数据概括了长江三角洲城市化现状特征,重点分析了长江三角洲城市化的发展趋势是城市化过程进一步加速;另一方面,综述了常见三角洲海平面上升研究,在未来20 a长江三角洲海平面上升估计将达到220～380 mm;在未来50 a,长江三角洲海平面上升保守的估计将达到270~610 mm。未来气候变化导致海平面上升,必然对长江三角洲城市化过程造成影响,主要是：土地淹没面积大,洪涝灾害加剧,影响生产和能源,以及进一步滋生环境问题。     

Between Guilt and Obligation: Debating the Responsibility for Climate Change and Climate Politics in the Media

ABSTRACT

The “common but differentiated responsibility” of developed and developing countries to mitigate climate change is a core principle of international climate politics—but there is disagreement about what this “differentiated responsibility” amounts to. We investigate how newspapers in developed countries (Australia, Germany, United States) and emerging economies (Brazil, India) covered this debate during the UN climate summits in 2004, 2009, and 2014. Newspapers in both types of countries attributed more responsibility to developed than to developing countries. In line with social identity theory, however, media in developed countries attributed less causal responsibility (blame) to other developed countries than media in emerging economies. The latter countries’ media, in turn, attributed less responsibility to other developing countries than media in developed countries. At the same time, in line with the “differentiated responsibility”, media in developed countries attributed more responsibility to their own countries than media in emerging economies.     

三峡库区21世纪气候变化的情景预估分析

利用政府间气候变化委员会第四次评估报告提供的新一代气候系统模式的模拟结果（IPCC AR4）,通过多模式集合方法预估分析了3种排放情景(高排放SRES A2、中等排放SRES A1B和低排放SRES B1)下三峡库区21世纪气候的可能变化。结果表明,挑选模拟性能较好的模式进行的多模式集合对库区气温和降水的变化具有较好的模拟能力,21世纪库区气候总体有显著变暖、变湿的趋势,年平均气温变暖趋势为2.1~4.2℃/100 a,年降水增加趋势为6.1%~9.7%/100 a。就季节变化而言,冬季的变暖幅度最大,降水增加幅度最大。库区年平均气温在21世纪将持续呈上升趋势,而年降水在21世纪前期有减少趋势,在中期和后期逐渐增多。在A2、A1B和B1排放情景,21世纪后期气温分别比常年偏暖3.7、3.3和2.2℃,年降水分别比常年偏多4.4%、5.5%和3.5%。     

气候变化对长江源地区高寒草甸生态系统的影响

近十几年来,长江源区气候暖干化趋势明显,冰川退缩、湖泊萎缩、草场退化、土地沙漠化、水土流失等环境问题日益严重。高寒草甸是长江源地区主要的植被类型之一,在全球变化影响下,以耐低温寒冷的嵩草属（Kobresia）植物为建群种的高寒草甸将面临更严重的生态胁迫。以长江源地区高寒草甸生态系统为研究对象,采用国际通用的生物地球化学模型模拟高寒草甸生物量、生产力和土壤有机质等的动态变化,并综合考虑人类活动对生态系统生产力和营养元素生物地球化学循环的影响,探讨了全球气候变化对高寒草甸生态系统可能造成的影响。     

“Stop Blaming the Cows!”: How Livestock Production is Legitimized in Everyday Discourse on Facebook

In 2016, Swedish climate reporting declined in quantity and shifted focus somewhat from climate change as such to the harmful climate impacts of meat consumption. The latter prompted discussions in social media—an increasingly important forum for public debate but infrequently studied in environmental communication research. Despite strong evidence that a meat and dairy-based diet is harmful for the environment, meat consumption is increasing, and this qualitative study aims to—through the lens of social representation theory—contribute knowledge about how livestock production is legitimized in everyday discourse on Facebook. The article identifies representations that legitimize livestock production through polarization between (1) livestock production and other (environmental) issues, (2) environmentally “good” and “bad” countries, and (3) “reliable” and “unreliable” information. It concludes by discussing the influence of national ideology on the legitimization of livestock production and the potential of social media to counter the post-politicization of environmental issues.     

碳中和的缘起、实现路径与关键科学问题：气候变化与可持续城市化

碳中和是我国应对气候变化的新目标,提出以来引起国内外广泛关注。碳中和目标实现是一个复杂系统科学问题,涉及大气圈、岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、人类圈等多圈层耦合过程与作用机制,需要跨学科交叉、综合与协同研究。简要梳理碳中和提出的气候变化和温控目标缘起,归纳碳中和实现的碳源、碳汇的多元路径,强调从碳源的需求侧推动可持续城市化对于碳中和目标实现的重要作用,并且可能是成本低、潜力大、更直接有效的方案途径。提出适应与减缓气候变化下碳中和与可持续城市化研究领域8个方面的科学问题：气候变化—碳中和—可持续城市化关联关系、中国及各地区碳中和实现的路线图与时间表、城市区域尺度碳排放的精准核算、绿色生活方式与低碳社会、绿色生产方式与低碳经济、能源结构优化、风险与不确定性和碳中和长效机制的治理创新等,以及该领域当前研究面临的机遇和挑战。     

跨国气候伙伴关系治理及其对中国的启示

《巴黎协定》为全球应对气候变化确立了"自下而上"的治理路径,有助于增强各类行为体的参与动力,而后续的巴黎进程更适用于建立以跨国气候伙伴关系为代表的治理模式。在这一模式下,主要施动者是地方政府和包括气候NGO、市民社会在内的非国家行为体。他们不仅在议程设定、透明度、监督执行和代表利益攸关方等方面具有不可替代的作用,而且还具有擅长短期本土化项目管理等优势。本文从国际关系的跨国行为体视角出发,对这类伙伴关系的兴起及其合法性、有效性进行分析,所获得的基本结论为:(1)各国达成《巴黎协定》的内在逻辑有助于跨国伙伴关系发挥作用;(2)当前跨国气候伙伴关系参与全球气候治理的路径呈现不断制度化的趋势;(3)跨国伙伴关系治理的合法性和有效性具有一定特殊性;(4)非国家行为体在参与治理的过程中逐渐交叉,更易形成联盟且相关的观念外溢也更为便利。这一新兴治理关系对中国的启示包括:(1)重新审视非国家行为体在全球气候治理中的作用;(2)评估一些具有重大影响力的跨国伙伴关系,并适当鼓励国内相关机构和组织参与全球进程;(3)在国内层面,以渐进的方式,有针对性地参与、建立一些跨国气候伙伴关系,有助于提升中国的城市与地方政府的气候治理能力;(4)在国际合作中,利用非国家行为体的优势推动中国所提出的南南气候合作倡议及相关项目的落实,进一步提升中国气候治理的话语权,并弥补资金、技术及能力建设上的不足。     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Based on the flood affected area （FA） data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze-Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattem in China. The pattern of ＂flood in the south and drought in the north＂ depends on the north-south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong＇s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

Regional features of the radial growth of larch in north central Siberia according to millennial tree-ring chronologies

A 1138-year tree-ring chronology has been constructed for the region of the Bol’shoi Avam River (the Putoran Plateau). Its comparison with millennial chronologies for the Taimyr Peninsula and Mangazeya has shown that all these chronologies are fairly synchronous with respect to both high-frequency (annual) and low-frequency (long-term) components, although each has its specific regional features. The results of dendroclimatic analysis provide evidence for the prevailing influence of air temperature in July (compared to that in June) on the radial growth of larch in the middle reaches of the Bol’shoi Avam. Consistent long-term changes in radial tree increment (and in summer air temperature) in a large sector of the Subarctic over the past 1000 years have been revealed.