臭氧强化BAF工艺处理微污染窖水

采用臭氧-BAF组合工艺处理西北地区微污染窖水,使用比紫外吸收值(SUVA)、有机物分子量分布和三维荧光光谱等指标分析了臭氧预氧化对微污染窖水有机物特性的影响,研究了组合工艺对不同污染物的去除效果。结果表明:原水经臭氧预氧化后类腐殖质、类色氨酸物质含量分别下降65%、18%;水中小分子有机物含量增加,进水可生化性提高;经臭氧预氧化后BAF反应器出水类色氨酸物质含量低于未经臭氧预氧化的BAF反应器出水,臭氧预氧化起到了强化后续生物处理的作用。反应器出水CODMn、NH_3-N浓度分别为2.97 mg·L~(-1)、0.12 mg·L~(-1),满足生活饮用水卫生标准的要求;TOC、UV254和TN去除率分别为55%、53%和45%,水中污染物质得到有效去除。     

2种组合工艺处理靛蓝废水的中试实验研究

分别采用水解酸化/好氧MBBR/BAF和水解酸化/好氧MBBR/臭氧氧化/BAF 2种组合工艺对实际靛蓝废水进行处理规模为24 m3/d的中试研究。实验结果表明,当进水COD平均初始浓度为2 100 mg/L、平均色度为90倍、系统总水力停留时间为40 h时,前一种组合工艺对COD和色度的去除率分别达93.27%和89.87%;而后一种组合工艺对COD和色度的去除率分别达97.96%和100%,工艺中臭氧氧化单元可使处理后出水中有机物的数量大大降低。表明水解酸化/好氧MBBR/臭氧氧化/BAF组合工艺处理靛蓝废水更为有效,但增加臭氧氧化单元会使每吨废水处理成本增加0.55元。     

臭氧催化氧化-BAF组合工艺深度处理抗生素制药废水

针对抗生素制药废水组分复杂、毒性强、难生物降解的特点,以Ce负载天然沸石作为催化剂(Ce/NZ),采用臭氧催化氧化-曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对抗生素制药废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理。结果表明,Ce/NZ催化剂可显著改善臭氧预处理单元的处理效率,在臭氧进气浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、臭氧进气量为600 mL·min~(-1)、催化剂用量为1 g·L~(-1)、臭氧反应时间为120 min的条件下,臭氧催化氧化预处理对抗生素制药废水的COD去除率达到43%,平均COD由220 mg·L~(-1)降至125 mg·L~(-1),BOD_5/COD由0.12升至0.28,废水的可生化性得到显著提高。臭氧预处理单元出水采用BAF进行生化处理,在进水平均COD为125 mg·L~(-1)、平均NH_4~+-N为12 mg·L~(-1)、水力停留时间为4 h、气水比为4∶1的条件下,COD和NH_4~+-N的平均去除率分别为62%和64%。组合工艺处理后出水平均COD和NH_4~+-N分别为46 mg·L~(-1)和4.1 mg·L~(-1),出水水质可以稳定达到《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21903-2008)。相较于单独BAF工艺,组合工艺出水COD和NH_4~+-N平均去除率分别提高了66%和15%,出水水质明显优于单独BAF工艺出水。     

水厂常规工艺去除有机物和总磷

有机物、总磷是我国地表水源主要污染物,涉及范围广,污染浓度高,是影响水厂出水安全的重要因素。以某水厂净水系统为依托,分析水厂常规工艺对有机物和总磷的去除效果及影响因素。研究表明,地表水源水厂所采用的混凝+沉淀+过滤+消毒的传统工艺对有机物的去除率不高,在22.1%～61.3%之间,平均去除率为38.3%;其中,混凝沉淀是常规工艺中去除CODMn的关键环节,占总去除效果的43%～68%,过滤环节去除率约为10%;温度和混凝剂投加量是影响CODMn去除效果的主要因素。常规工艺对总磷的去除效果较好,去除率约为60%～90%,冬季略低,其他季节略高;混凝沉淀单元与过滤单元对总磷均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为25%～77%和40%～76%。在当前水质条件下,水厂现行工艺可满足常规状况下有机物和总磷的去除需要。     

气水比对曝气生物活性炭处理原水的影响

针对从臭氧-活性炭工艺中开发出来的预臭氧-曝气生物活性炭,在不同气水比工况下进行实验,分析了不同气水比对曝气生物活性炭处理微污染原水的影响与作用。结果表明:在滤速为8～12 m/h,空床接触时间为11.5～15.4 min,装填密度为510 g/L条件下,不同气水比对去除氨氮的影响大于对CODMn的影响。气水比为0.3∶1时,对氨氮浓度为1.65～2.10 mg/L范围的进水平均去除率为81.9%,亚硝酸盐氮平均积累率为1.4%,CODMn去除率为70.6%。当气水比逐渐增加时,氨氮平均去除率有所提高,亚硝酸盐氮积累率则有所下降,对较低浓度的CODMn影响不大。     

O_3-BAC工艺臭氧优化和有机物分子质量分布研究

为了确定3种工艺:混凝-沉淀-砂滤-后臭氧-生物活性炭滤池(工艺Ⅰ)、预臭氧-混凝-沉淀-砂滤-生物活性炭滤池(工艺Ⅱ)和预臭氧-混凝-沉淀-砂滤-后臭氧-生物活性炭滤池(工艺Ⅲ)中臭氧的最优投加量和投加方式,采用动态实验进行了不同工况下有机物的去除效果研究,并从臭氧利用率的角度对3种工艺进行比较。同时,为了明晰工艺Ⅲ中各个单元对有机物的去除机制,研究了各处理阶段的有机物分子质量分布情况。结果表明,工艺Ⅲ在最佳工况下出水水质最优,但单位臭氧利用率较低,单位臭氧去除CODMn、TOC分别为0.92 mg/L和0.55 mg/L。该工艺中预臭氧可显著降低有机物分子质量水平,混凝沉淀砂滤主要去除分子质量3 k Da的有机物,后臭氧则将大分子有机物进一步氧化为分子质量3k Da的有机物,后者通过生物活性炭滤池得到有效地去除。因此,通过臭氧和生物活性炭的联用,能够有效去除有机物,是一种适宜的饮用水深度处理工艺。     

镀镍漂洗废水中有机物的臭氧氧化处理研究

用臭氧氧化处理镀镍漂洗废水中的有机物,主要考察pH、臭氧投加量、废水初始COD浓度、温度等因素对处理效果的影响,并对反应机理进行初步的探讨.实验结果表明,废水的COD去除率随pH的增大而升高,比较适宜的pH为6～7;适当地增加臭氧投加量有利于提高COD去除率;在一定温度范围(15～35℃)内,提高反应温度有利于废水中有机物的降解;当臭氧投加量为20 mg/(min·L),对于初始COD为56 mg/L、pH 6.5的实际镀镍漂洗废水,在25 ℃的条件下氧化100min,出水COD降至10mg/L,COD去除率达到82%;在臭氧氧化镀镍漂洗废水的反应中,部分有机物的降解是在Ni2 的催化下由臭氧分解生成氧化能力更强的自由基来完成.臭氧氧化可作为镀镍漂洗废水处理回用的预处理工艺.     

水介质中微气泡臭氧化处理高浓度甲苯气体

高浓度挥发性有机物(VOC)气体高效处理技术是大气污染控制领域关注的重点。采用微气泡臭氧化在水介质中通过吸收-氧化过程对高浓度甲苯气体进行处理,考察微气泡臭氧化强化甲苯吸收-氧化去除性能、机理以及水介质pH对该工艺处理效果的影响。结果表明,微气泡能够强化甲苯气体在水介质中的吸收过程,氮气/甲苯微气泡在水介质中的甲苯去除率和吸收量均显著高于氮气/甲苯传统气泡,同时氮气/甲苯微气泡通过产生·OH氧化反应,使得平均甲苯氧化矿化率达到40.97%。微气泡臭氧化在水介质中对甲苯气体具有更高效的去除性能,臭氧/甲苯微气泡处理中甲苯平均去除率为97.08%,甲苯可被完全矿化而几乎无中间产物积累,其平均氧化矿化率为88.56%、平均臭氧利用率为82.54%、臭氧投加量与甲苯矿化量比值为1.26,处理性能显著优于臭氧/甲苯传统气泡处理。水介质pH对臭氧/甲苯微气泡处理甲苯气体具有一定影响,不同pH条件下甲苯气体去除率基本相当,但中性条件下甲苯氧化矿化率最高;碱性和酸性条件下甲苯氧化矿化率有所下降。微气泡臭氧化为高浓度VOC气体高效处理提供了新的解决途径。     

O3-生物沸石-GAC处理宁波姚江微污染水源水试验研究

根据宁波姚江水源水的特点，进行了臭氧（O3）、生物沸石、活性炭（GAC）的除污染组合工艺试验，结果表明，该工艺能去除CODMn、氨氮及亚硝酸盐的量分别为30％、60％及80％以上，从而为微污染源水处理提供了一种新的方法。     

O3／GAC-常规处理珠江水系不同原水

以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象,采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理,研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明,东江、西江和北江水中CODMn、UV254、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致;CODMn总去除率分别为60％、51％和39％,uV。总去除率分别为74％、96％和97％,最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0．004mg／L、0mg／L和0mg／L,B-O3-分别为3．1μg／L、8．7μg/L和35．5μg／L;CODMn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元,预臭氧对UV254总去除率贡献最大,甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值（西江甲醛除外）;氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水,出水溴酸盐浓度最高。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.