南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤重金属环境基线研究

运用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定南极长城站所在的菲尔德斯半岛50个陆域表层土壤样品中8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量(mg/kg):Cr(4.21~42.13),Ni(6.37~29.01),Cu(28.12~165.32),Zn(14.32~102.16),As(0.28~30.83),Cd(0.01~0.88),Hg(0.005~0.214),Pb(0.10~2.80)。运用统计学方法中的相对累计频率分析方法计算了这些重金属元素的环境地球化学基线值(mg/kg):Cr(6.51),Ni(13.81),Cu(81.62),Zn(36.40),As(1.54),Cd(0.09),Hg(0.019),Pb(0.65)。运用主成分分析方法来识别重金属的影响因素,表明菲尔德斯半岛陆域表层土壤重金属元素Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Cr的分布可能受到人为污染影响。     

上海工业区大气中挥发性有机物组成特征研究

文章采用预浓缩-GC-MS方法分析了上海某工业区大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,共检测出102种,其中工业区中心区域的大气主要成分是饱和烷烃(48.5%),卤代烷烃(14.4%),芳香烃(15.4%),卤代芳香烃(0.1%),炔烃(8.8%),烯烃(4.4%),卤代烯烃(0.5%),醇(0.1%),醛(0.4%),酮(5.1%),酯(1.7%),醚(0.6%)。在检出物中有79种是有毒有害物质,主要成分是苯系物、卤代芳烃、烷烃,其中甲苯是含量最高的组分。     

我国首次制成染料脱色优良菌菌剂

最近,中国科学院微生物研究所分离到一批优良脱色细菌,它们属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonos),副球菌(Paracoccus),芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes),克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella),棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium),徽球菌(Micrococcus),肠细菌(Enterobacter),转化单胞菌(Alteromonas)等属的细菌,这些细菌脱色能力强,脱除染料的品种多,对试验的媒介、直接、酸性、碱性、分散、活性、硫化、还原等八类染料的50多种染料都有脱色能力,其中一     

长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征

为弄清长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征,于2006年5月26日—2007年6月12日采用被动采样技术分采暖期和非采暖期共收集大气干湿沉降样品24件,采用全谱直读电感藕合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光度法(AFS),分析了其w(As),w(Hg),w(Cd),w(Cu),w(Pb),w(Zn)和w(Cr). 结果表明:长春市大气干湿沉降样品中w(As),w(Cd),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)分别为38.9,2.24,92.3,76.2,0.27,115.2和462 mg/kg,均明显高于表层土壤,且w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)在采暖期均显著低于非采暖期;经估算,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb和Zn大气年干湿沉降量的平均值分别为4.79,0.25,10.67,8.22,0.030,12.31和48.15 mg/(m2·a),明显高于北美和欧洲,且As,Cd和Cr在采暖期的日均干湿沉降量高于非采暖期;根据目前的重金属大气干湿沉降速率估算,重金属大气干湿沉降有可能造成长春市表层土壤中重金属不同程度的累积,其中Zn的累积最为明显.      

Integration of chemical and biological methods: A case study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution monitoring in Shandong Peninsula, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), as persistent toxic substances(PTS), have been widely monitored in coastal environment, including seawater and sediment. However, scientific monitoring methods, like ecological risk assessment and integrated biomarker response, still need massive researches to verify their availabilities. This study was performed in March, May, August and October of 2018 at eight sites, Yellow River estuary(S1), Guangli Port(S2), Xiaying(S3), Laizhou(S4), Inner Bay(S5), Ou...     

全球气候变化对南极淡水藻类的影响

1982～2008年对中国南极长城站和中山站地区主要湖泊、溪流、雪地等淡水藻类进行了调查研究.结果表明,淡水藻类优势种类为:双尖菱板藻(Hantzschiaa mphioxys),端泥生藻(Luticola mutica),拟钝泥生藻(Lutiola muticopsis),细小隐球藻(Aphanocapsa elachista),极小色球藻(Chroococcus minimus),寒冷席藻(Phormidium frigidum),赖氏鞘氏藻(Lyngbya lagerheimii),拉氏黏球藻(Gloecapsa ralfsiana),易脆席藻(Phormidium fragile),雪衣藻(Chlamydomo nasnivalis),南极侧果藻(Pleurococcus antarcticus),南极螺翼藻(Scotiella antarctica)和细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongates).回归分析显示了微、小型藻类细胞丰度与水温呈显著的正相关,而与磷酸盐和硝酸盐呈显著负相关.南极气候尤其是水温的变化,引起湖泊藻类丰度与种群结构发生改变.     

运用水质指数法评价南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库水质

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,水库水质的好坏直接影响工程效益的发挥. 根据2005年雨季和枯季的水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅱ类水质标准,将21项水质监测指标分为难处理的毒性指标(ρ(As),ρ(Hg),ρ(Cd),ρ(Cr),ρ(Pb)和ρ(Se))、易净化的污染指标(pH,ρ(DO),I_Mn,ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(NH₃-N))及其他指标(ρ(DP),ρ(DIN),ρ(F-),ρ(Cl-),ρ(SO₄2-),ρ(NO₃--N),ρ(Cu),ρ(Zn),ρ(Fe)和ρ(Mn))3类,首先计算单项水质指数,然后分类别计算分类指数,最后得到综合水质指数(WQI). 结果表明:①重金属Hg,Se,Cd和Pb危及库区水质安全;②易净化污染指标及其他指标的WQI值小于20,但氮已对水质构成极大威胁;③水库水质在枯季好于雨季;④水质空间格局为汉江库区好于丹江库区,丹江库区好于库区下游. 对于水源地,在评价有毒重金属时应结合地表水环境标准和饮用水标准. 另外,就污染物成因及水资源保护措施进行了初步探讨.      

巢湖十五里河沉积物污染特征及来源分析

在巢湖十五里河河道上采集15个沉积物柱样,按10 cm厚度分层,得到85个沉积物样品. 通过实验室分析得到沉积物中w(TN),w(TP),w(TOC),w(Cu),w(Zn),w(Pb),w(Cd),w(Cr)以及w(Al). 在此基础上,对十五里河沉积物中营养元素和重金属污染特征及来源进行分析. 结果表明,沉积物中w(TN),w(TP)和w(TOC)存在显著相关性;w(TOC)与w(Cu),w(Zn),w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(Cr)等均具有较强的正相关关系. 由富集系数分析判定,表层沉积物中Cd和Cu为中度污染,Zn,Pb和Cr为轻度污染. 人为贡献率分析表明,Cd受人为活动影响最大. 根据多变量分析结果,结合流域主要污染源情况,初步断定化肥企业生产排污是十五里河沉积物营养元素和重金属的最主要来源,而农田水土流失和生活污水排放也是不可忽视的重要因素.      

太湖流域重金属湿沉降特征

为研究太湖流域湿沉降中重金属含量特征及污染现状,采用ICP-MS对2009年8月—2010年4月期间太湖周边10个采样点湿沉降中的ρ(Cr),ρ(Cd),ρ(Pb),ρ(Ni),ρ(Mn)和ρ(Zn)进行监测,结果表明:湿沉降中ρ(Zn)最高(年均值为79.54 μg/L),超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002),占重金属总量的66.3%; 其他依次为ρ(Mn),ρ(Pd),ρ(Ni),ρ(Cr)和ρ(Cd),分别为26.90,6.36,5.12,1.74和0.26 μg/L. 湿沉降中重金属含量季节变化和空间分布存在显著差异,ρ(Cr)和ρ(Mn)以西北部湖区较高,ρ(Cd)和ρ(Zn)以南部湖区较高,ρ(Ni)以西部湖区较高,ρ(Pb)以东部和西部湖区较高. Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni,Zn及Mn的湿沉降率分别为2.14,0.34,7.57,6.18,101和33.1 mg/(m2·a),通过湖面湿沉降年入湖量分别为5.00,0.79,17.7,14.5,236及77.4 t.      

Profiling the ionome of rice and its use in discriminating geographical origins at the regional scale, China

Element profile was investigated for their use to trace the geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples. The concentrations of 13 elements (calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd)) were determined in the rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry. Most of the essential elements for human health in rice were within normal ranges except for Mo and Se. Mo concentrations were twice as high as those in rice from Vietnam and Spain. Meanwhile, Se concentrations were three times lower in the whole province compared to the Chinese average level of 0.088 mg/kg. About 12% of the rice samples failed the Chinese national food safety standard of 0.2 mg/kg for Cd. Combined with the multi-elemental profile in rice, the principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Fibonacci index analysis (FIA) were applied to discriminate geographical origins of the samples. Results indicated that the FIA method could achieve a more effective geographical origin classification compared with PCA and DFA, due to its efficiency in making the grouping even when the elemental variability was so high that PCA and DFA showed little discriminatory power. Furthermore, some elements were identified as the most powerful indicators of geographical origin: Ca, Ni, Fe and Cd. This suggests that the newly established methodology of FIA based on the ionome profile can be applied to determine the geographical origin of rice.     

嘉兴农村不同土地利用方式下沟渠底泥中的氮磷形态分布特征

沟渠是农田氮、磷营养物质排入地表水体的通道. 对嘉兴大田、集约化菜地、集约化果园、集约化养殖场4种土地利用方式下的农村沟渠0～5 cm表层底泥氮、磷的形态分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:67个沟渠底泥样品的w(全氮)为1 560～7 480 mg/kg,其中w(交换态氮)为31.15～704.38 mg/kg,占w(全氮)的1.29%～10.01%;交换态氮中以铵态氮为主,占w(交换态氮)的62.15%～100%. 沟渠底泥样品的w(全磷)为580～6 420 mg/kg,w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)为19.53～359.72 mg/kg,占w(全磷)的2.05%～18.96%;w(水溶性磷)为0.29～18.88 mg/kg,占w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的1.11%～14.63%. 土地利用方式对沟渠底泥氮、磷的形态分布有显著影响(P<0.01),集约化养殖场沟渠底泥中的w(全氮), w(交换态氮),w(铵态氮), w(硝态氮), w(交换态氮)/w(全氮), w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)均显著高于其他土地利用方式. 底泥w(全氮), w(交换态氮), w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)两两间以及w(全磷), w(水溶性磷), w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)两两间均在α0.01时显著相关,w(全磷)与w(碳酸氢钠溶解磷)的相关性(r0.81,P<0.01)好于与w(水溶性磷)的相关性(r0.51,P<0.01).      

Catchment soils as a factor of trace metal accumulation in sediments of the reservoir Klingenberg (eastern Ore Mountains, Germany)

The release and accumulation dynamics of trace metals in soils and aquatic sediments were exemplarily investigated in the catchment area of the Reservoir Klingenberg(Germany). Catchment soils were examined for mobilizable and total concentrations of arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), chrome(Cr), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb),and zinc(Zn) and compared with trace metal quantities accumulated in riverbed and reservoir sediments. The comparison of all samples showed relatively small variations of Cr(7.96–46.0 mg/kg), Fe(7.79–40.4 g/kg), and Ni(6.06–56.5 mg/kg), while stronger differences were found for As(11.2–164 mg/kg), Cd(0.14–30.5 mg/kg), Mn(0.08–1.84 g/kg), Pb(20.7–183 mg/kg), and Zn(69.1–916 mg/kg). The catchment soils were slightly enriched by Cd, Pb, and Zn. Especially Cd and Zn were characterized by large mobilizable proportions.The mean trace metal concentrations in riverbed sediments were higher than in catchment soils, while reservoir sediments accumulated the highest amounts of the analyzed elements. The enrichment of trace metals in reservoir sediments was generally determined by the sedimentation of fine particles, while the distribution of As, Fe, and Mn was additionally impacted by redox conditions. For Cd and Zn, which in comparison were most enriched in riverbed and reservoir sediments, a significant release from soils by leaching processes was observed. The accumulation of As and Pb in reservoir sediments was influenced to a greater extent by soil erosion and by anthropogenic or chalcogen sources in the catchment.     

Microbial population dynamics and changes in main nutrients during the acidification process of pig manures

This study evaluated the impact of pig manure acidification on anaerobic treatment and composition of the fecal microbial community.According to the different chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the anaerobic treatment processes,pig manure was diluted 4 times (×4),16 times (×16),or 64 times (×64) and subjected to acidification.During the acidification process,pH,soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD),volatile fatty acids (VFAs),nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined along with microbial po...     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

河北海域荧光法测定叶绿素含量周年季节分层分布

2006～2007年春夏秋冬在河北海域进行了四个航次分层叶绿素a调查,结果表明:春季(4月),全海域表层叶绿素a平均值为0.65 mg/m~3(0.12～2.69 mg/m~3),中层为1.02 mg/m~3(0.08～3.47 mg/m~3),底层为1.03 mg/m~3(0.12～5.05 mg/m~3);夏季(7月),全海域表层叶绿素a平均值为3.45 mg/m~3(0.63～11.28 mg/m~3),中层为3.40 mg/m~3(0.88～11.50 mg/m~3),底层为3.37 mg/m~3(1.00～11.39 mg/m~3);秋季(10月),全海域表层叶绿素a平均值为5.83 mg/m~3(1.80～13.50 mg/m~3),中层为4.54± 3.33 mg/m~3(1.60～12.80 mg/m~3),底层为5.40 mg/m~3 (2.50～12.70 mg/m~3);冬季(11月),全海域表层叶绿素a平均值为1.21 mg/m~3 (0.47～7.79 mg/m~3),中层为0.79 mg/m~3 (0.47～1.41 mg/m~3),底层为0.86 mg/m~3(0.39～1.93 mg/m~3).总体趋势是春季唐山外部海域叶绿素a浓度较高,夏季秦皇岛和黄骅近岸海域叶绿素a浓度较高,秋季秦皇岛近岸海域叶绿素a浓度较高,冬季唐山近岸海域叶绿素a浓度较高.     

干旱区气候条件对道路灰尘及土壤 Pd、Rh累积的影响

以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,选取河滩路、友好南路、温泉西路、乌奎高速公路及七道湾路等5条典型道路,对道路灰尘与土壤中Pd、Rh季节变化特征进行研究.结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬的灰尘中Pd含量分别为74.61(31.59~126.3),134.26(54.59~332.51),100.49(20.935~244.9), 83.43(47.97~125.40)ng/g;灰尘中Rh含量分别为8.41(4.56~14.63),18.48(11.62~31.56),10.27(3.83~19.1),9.20(5.34~16.68)ng/g;土壤中Pd含量分别为44.42(13.59~109.40),30.47(13.24~70.87),30.01(21.55~49.19),26.28(14.85~44.83)ng/g;土壤Rh含量分别为8.47(5.93~13.40), 8.11(4.65~ 13.45),3.81(1.67~8.02),3.22(2.56~4.26)ng/g. Pd、Rh含量均表现出明显的季节变化,其中,灰尘中Pd、Rh含量在夏秋季高,冬春季低;土壤中Pd、Rh含量在春夏季高,冬季最低,秋季为中间水平,地域气候条件是PGEs季节变化的主要影响因素.冬、春季节的降雪、扫雪及积雪堆积习惯使乌鲁木齐道路环境中灰尘与土壤的季节变化并没有完全相同. 湿润区与干旱区城市PGEs的季节变化明显不同,两类地区的气候特征不同是造成这种差异存在的根本原因.     

Spirulina platensis extract improves the production and defenses of the common bean grown in a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil

Plants have to cope with several abiotic stresses, including salinity and heavy metals (HMs). Under these stresses, several extracts have been used as effective natural biostimulants, however, the use of Spirulina platensis (SP) extract (SPE) remains elusive. The effects of SPE were evaluated as soil addition (SA) and/or foliar spraying (FS) on antioxidant defenses and HMs content of common bean grown in saline soil contaminated with HMs. Individual (40 or 80 mg SPE/hill added as SA or 20 or 40 mg SPE/plant added as FS) or integrative (SA+FS) applications of SPE showed significant improvements in the following order: SA-80+FS-40 > SA-80+FS-20 > SA-40+FS-40 > SA-40+FS-20 > SA-80 > SA-40 > FS-40 > FS-20 > control. Therefore, the integrative SA+FS with 40 mg SP/plant was the most effective treatment in increasing plant growth and production, overcoming stress effects and minimizing contamination of the edible part. It significantly increased plant growth (74%–185%) and yield (107%–227%) by enhancing net photosynthetic rate (78.5%), stomatal conductance (104%), transpiration rate (124%), and contents of carotenoids (60.0%), chlorophylls (49%–51%), and NPK (271%–366%). These results were concurrent with the marked reductions in malondialdehyde (61.6%), hydrogen peroxide (42.2%), nickel (91%–94%), lead (80%–9%), and cadmium (74%–91%) contents due to the improved contents of glutathione (87.1%), ascorbate (37.0%), and α-tocopherol (77.2%), and the activities of catalase (18.1%), ascorbate peroxidase (18.3%), superoxide dismutase (192%), and glutathione reductase (52.2%) as reinforcing mechanisms. Therefore, this most effective treatment is recommended to mitigate the stress effects of salinity and HMs on common bean production while minimizing HMs in the edible part.     

Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants in the treatment of landfill leachate by combined anaerobic-membrane bioreactor technology

Organic micropollutants,with high toxicity and environmental concern,are present in the landfill leachate at much lower levels than total organic constituents (chemical oxygen demand (COD),biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),or total organic carbon (TOC)),and few has been known for their behaviors in different treatment processes.In this study,occurrence and removal of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs),16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),and technical 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in landfill leachate in a comb...     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...     

几种吸附材料对水中砷(Ⅲ)去除效果比较

As(Ⅲ)是一种高毒性的化学物质,对人体具有致癌作用。研究调查了实验室合成的纳米铁和其它几种价格低廉的吸附剂对水中As(Ⅲ)的去除效率。通过批实验对八种不同吸附材料进行了比较:自制纳米铁(ZZ-NZVI),尊业纳米铁(ZY-NZVI),活性炭(AC),铸铁屑(CSI),膨润土(B),石墨化碳黑(GCB),纳米碳(NC)和红砖(RB)。这些吸附材料对As(Ⅲ)吸附动力学速率常数顺序依次为LS-NZVIZY-NZVICSI。反应1h时,0.25g纳米铁对起始质量浓度为910g/LAs(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99%以上,被处理后的水中As(Ⅲ)浓度低于10g/L.结果表明,具有高反应活性的纳米铁将成为饮用水中砷去除非常有效的吸附材料。