硫化物沉淀法处理含镍废镀液

本以治理工艺实例，介绍了利用硫化物沉淀法处理高浓度化学镀镍废液并回收金属镍的具体工艺及治理效果。结果表明：对Ni^2 浓度30g／L以上的含镍废镀液，运用本所提方法，处理后的废水中Ni^2 ≤0．1mg/L(完全达到国家污水综合排放标准1．0mg／L)，对Ni^2 的去除率(回收率)达99．9％以上。     

三、催化汽油废碱水处理工艺试验研究报告

一、处理废碱水的意义: 我厂81年1月试验用碱水洗涤催化汽油脱除硫醇时,排出大量高浓度含酚废水,使污水处理场中浮选,曝气受到明显危害,不能正常运转,排水水质严重恶化。本试验对此废碱水常用中和、萃取的方法处理后,脱酚率达64～95％以上,脱氰率96％以上。高速离心萃取机的萃取效率为95％,投资小,操作简单,为煤油厂处理酚废碱水开辟了一条经济易行的途径。     

高浓度有机硅废水生物处理技术研究

对生物接触氧化法用于高浓度有机硅废水的处理进行了试验研究，试验结果表明，ＣＯＤＣｒ、ＢＯＤ５去除率分别为７８．２％，９０．６％，达到国家二极排放标准。     

PAC－SBR法处理高浓度有机废水

ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ法处理高浓度有机废水针对高浓度有机废水无稀释好氧处理中存在的问题，提出了ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ生化法。试验表明，采用＊＊ＩＳ＊Ｒ法处理高浓度废水比Ｓ＊Ｒ法有优越性。其＊ＯＤ。＊ＯＤ的去除率分别高达８５．９％、９７．３％、污泥负荷及容积负荷均高于...     

铁碳微电解预处理高浓度酒精废液

采用废铁屑-焦碳组成微电解工艺预处理高浓度酒精废液。通过正交试验和单因素分析试验考察了反应时间、铁碳比、曝气强度对铁碳微电解工艺降解有机物,提高废水可生化性和pH的影响,最终确定了最佳反应条件。试验结果表明,反应时间、铁碳比和曝气强度对铁碳微电解处理酒精废液的影响程度依次降低,且最佳反应条件为反应时间2小时,铁水比125：500,曝气强度4m^3／m^2h,CODcr的去除率达到50％,废水的BOD5／CODcr值可由O．3提升到0．48,pH由3．5提高到5．2左右。作为高浓度酒精废液预处理工艺,铁碳微电解能够经济、有效降低后续处理工艺的负荷,提高废水的可生化性和碱度。     

石灰—聚铁法处理高浓度砷、氟酸性废水

采用石灰－聚铁法对高浓度砷，氟酸性废水进行处理试验，当一级反应条件控制在pH值9.5,Fe/As比2．5和二级反应条件控制在pH值9.0,Fe/As比10．0时，可以却除坤99．5％，氟95％以上，实现达标排放。     

固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂氟治理的初步研究

首次将固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂的氟治理试验，结果表明，在所选用的４种固氟剂中，以白泥的固氟效果最佳，经过烧制，对以红壤和青紫泥为材料制成的红砖的固氟率，在实验室模拟条件试验中分别为３８．０７％和５２．９０％，在砖瓦厂生产条件试验分别为４８．０３％和５１．３５％，白泥作为一种工业废物，应用于砖瓦厂氟治理，特别是无组织排放的控制，不仅颇具良好前景，而且为白泥的处置利用提供一条“以废治废”的新途径。     

“老龄”垃圾渗滤液的厌氧毒性试验研究

本文通过厌氧毒性试验（ATA），研究“老龄”垃圾渗滤液对厌氧微生物的毒性抑制作用。试验结果表明，渗滤液的厌氧毒性随着其体积浓度的增加而增强，当渗滤液浓度达80％时，污泥产甲烷活性开始出现中度抑制，而100％渗滤液能够使污泥相对活性下降55．5个百分点，最大产甲烷活性区间滞后14d。渗滤液对污泥的抑制类型是多种毒物共同作用的结果，在低浓度主要表现为代谢毒素，高浓度时表现出生理毒素作用。     

碱法制浆造纸中段废水处理技术研究

介绍了“纸浆纤维回收＋混凝迷宫沉淀＋砂滤”的碱法制浆中段废水处理技术，通过试验规模2m^3/h的生产性试验，提出了该项处理技术工艺必要的设计参数和设计、运行要点。试验证明该处理工艺科学合理，流程简单，处理效率高，对BOD5、COD、SS、色度的去除率分别为72．5％、85．2％、92．1％、94．4％，处理后的水能用于生产，回收的纸浆纤维也可以再利用。该技术适用于制浆造纸中段废水及其不制浆造纸的综合废水处理。     

水热氧化技术研究的进展

叙述水热氧化法的基本原理和研究进展，并重点介绍在高浓度乳化废水、含酚废水、含油污水和废碱液的处理中，最新试验研究以及它的优缺点和发展前景。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.